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IMMUNOSEROLOGY > Serological test > Flashcards

Serological test Flashcards

1
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Trichinosis.

A

Trichinosis Bachman Intradermal Test.

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2
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Tuberculosis.

A

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST).

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3
Q

Name of the tuberculin skin test associated with von Pirquet’s method.

A

Von Pirquet’s Test.

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4
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Brucellosis.

A

Brucellergin skin test.

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5
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Coccidiomycosis.

A

Coccidiodin skin test.

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6
Q

Test used for diagnosing Lymphogranuloma venereum.

A

Frei Test.

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7
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Histoplasmosis.

A

Histoplasmin skin test.

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8
Q

Test used for diagnosing Diphtheria.

A

Schick test.

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9
Q

Test used for diagnosing Scarlet fever.

A

Dick test.

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10
Q

Test used for diagnosing Glanders.

A

Mullein test.

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11
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Toxoplasmosis.

A

Toxoplasmin skin test.

Different from Sabin Feldman as it uses blood

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12
Q

Test used for diagnosing Anthrax.

A

Ascoli test.

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13
Q

Test used for diagnosing Ascariasis.

A

Moan test.

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14
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Hydatid disease.

A

Casoni Intradermal Test.

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15
Q

Skin test used for diagnosing Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

A

Francis skin test.

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16
Q

Test used for diagnosing Leishmania infection.

A

Montenegro Test.

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17
Q

Test used for diagnosing Toxoplasmosis.

using blood

A

Sabin Feldman Test.

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18
Q

Test used for diagnosing Schistosoma infection, detects antibody.

A

Circumoval Precipitin Test.

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19
Q

Test used for diagnosing Trichinella infection through xenodiagnosis.

A

Beck’s Test.

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20
Q

Bacterial infection caused by Group A streptococcal infection with beta-hemolysis and pus production

A

S. pyogenes

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21
Q

Protein in Group A Streptococcus that inhibits phagocytosis and complements activation

A

M protein.

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22
Q

Test to measure antibodies in response to S. pyogenes infection

A

ASO Titration.

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23
Q

Test for Group A streptococcal infection estimating the amount to inhibit hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells

A

ASO Titration (Macrotechnique of Rantz and Randall).

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24
Q

Streptococcal virulence factor that dissolves clots

A

Streptokinase.

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25
Q

Enzyme in Group A Streptococcus acting as a spreading factor

A

Hyaluronidase.

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26
Q

Toxin in Group A Streptococcus that causes subsurface hemolysis

A

Streptolysin O (SLO).

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27
Q

Reagent used in ASO Titration to test for neutralization of SLO

A

5% rabbit RBC suspension.

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28
Q

Principle of ASO Titration test involving the reaction of Streptolysin O (SLO) with the patient’s antibodies

A

Neutralization reaction - The reduced form of SLO is neutralized by ASO in the patient’s serum.

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29
Q

Endpoint indicating a positive result in ASO Titration test

A

(+) No hemolysis.

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30
Q

Unit used to express ASO titer based on the reciprocal of serum volume needed to neutralize SLO

A

International units (recommended), Todd units

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31
Q

Normal ASO Titer for children (in Todd units)

A

<125 Todd units.

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32
Q

Normal ASO Titer for adults (in Todd units)

A

<166 Todd units.

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33
Q

Indication of moderately elevated ASO titer in adults

A

> 240 Todd units.

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34
Q

Indication of moderately elevated ASO titer in children

A

> 320 Todd units.

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35
Q

Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pyogenes infection

A

Upper respiratory tract infection (Pharyngitis)
Skin infections (Erysipelas, Impetigo, Cellulitis)
Streptococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome
Otitis media
Puerperal sepsis
Sinusitis
Septic arthritis
Acute bacterial endocarditis
Meningitis.

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36
Q

Scarlet fever manifestation associated with Streptococcus pyogenes infection

A

Strawberry-colored tongue.

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37
Q

Complications of Streptococcus pyogenes infection

A

Acute Rheumatic Fever (molecular mimicry)
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (characterized by RBC casts).

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38
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes infection (screening test)

A

Culture - Susceptibility to bacitracin.

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39
Q

Confirmatory test for Streptococcus pyogenes infection

A

PYR test (L-pyrolidonyl-B-napthylamide activity).

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40
Q

Method for detecting Group A Streptococcal antigens

A

Lateral flow immunochromatographic assay.

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41
Q

Important antibodies for diagnosing Streptococcus pyogenes infection complications

A

Antistreptolysin O, Anti-DNase B, Anti-NADase, Anti-hyaluronidase.

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42
Q

Significant titer rise for diagnosing recent Streptococcus pyogenes infection

A

A four-fold rise in titer in acute and convalescent phase sera.

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43
Q

Recommendation for antibody testing in Streptococcus pyogenes infections

A

Use at least two tests for antibodies to different exotoxins.

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44
Q

Components detected in Streptozyme testing

A

Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), Anti-hyaluronidase (AHase), Anti-streptokinase (ASKase), Anti-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (anti-NAD), Anti-DNase B antibodies.

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45
Q

False positive result in Streptozyme testing

A

Prone to false positive results.

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46
Q

Principle of Rapid Latex Agglutination Test

A

Passive agglutination - SLO (soluble toxin) is attached to latex carrier to detect antibody.

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47
Q

Positive result in Rapid Latex Agglutination Test

A

Agglutination ≥ 200 units per mL.

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48
Q

Negative result in Rapid Latex Agglutination Test

A

Agglutination < 200 units per mL.

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49
Q

Principle of ASO Titer Test

A

Automated procedure measuring ASO titers via Nephelometry.

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50
Q

Measurement and reporting of ASO Titer Test

A

Reported in international units based on light scatter of immune complexes.

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51
Q

Principle of Anti-DNase B Testing

A

Neutralization.

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52
Q

Use of Anti-DNase B Testing

A

Highly specific for group A streptococcal sequelae.

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53
Q

Agent responsible for Gastric and Duodenal ulcers and Gastric Carcinoma

A

Helicobacter pylori.

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54
Q

Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori

A

CagA (dysfunction of cell signal transduction pathway) and VacA (codes for toxin precursor).

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55
Q

Helicobacter pylori’s survival factors in the gastric environment

A

Spiral shape, flagella, urease, and flagellar sheath.

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56
Q

Invasive diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori

A

Endoscopy and biopsy.

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57
Q

Noninvasive diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori

A

Urea breath testing, enzyme or lateral flow immunoassays, molecular tests for H. pylori DNA.

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58
Q

Primary screening method for Helicobacter pylori infection

A

Serological test for detection of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies.

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59
Q

Leading cause of upper respiratory infections worldwide

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia)

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60
Q

Condition associated with high titer of cold agglutinin (IgM) causing intravascular agglutination when exposed to cold

A

Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS).

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61
Q

Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

A

Abnormal cold IgM antibodies with Anti-I specificity.

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62
Q

Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) in Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Cold autoantibody with Anti-i specificity.

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63
Q

Primary method for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

A

Culture in Trypticase soy broth, SP4 medium, or viral transport medium (requires freezing at -70°C).

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64
Q

Antibodies detected for current infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

M pneumoniae-specific IgM.

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65
Q

Antibodies detected for past infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

M pneumoniae-specific IgG.

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66
Q

Gold standard for diagnosing Mycoplasma infections

A

Molecular diagnosis.

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67
Q

Principle of rapid screening test for cold agglutinins

A

Hemagglutination.

68
Q

Antigen used in rapid screening test for cold agglutinins

A

Fresh human group O cell (Anti-H) to prevent ABO antibody cross-reaction.

69
Q

Procedure for cold agglutinin testing

A

Incubate at 4ºC for 18-24 hours, heat to 37ºC for 30 minutes to check for agglutination changes.

70
Q

Positive result in cold agglutinin screening test

A

No hemagglutination at 37ºC, hemagglutination at 4ºC.

71
Q

Negative result in cold agglutinin screening test

A

No hemagglutination at 37ºC or 4ºC.

72
Q

Significant titer for cold agglutinin syndrome

73
Q

Weil Felix Test Principle

A

Direct Agglutination.

74
Q

Why is the Weil Felix Test nonspecific?

A

Because of cross-reaction with Proteus antigen.

75
Q

Significant titer for Weil Felix test

A

> 160 (strongly suggestive of infection).

76
Q

Which antigens are used in the Weil Felix Test?

A

P.vulgaris: OX-19, OX-2; P.mirabilis: OX-K.

77
Q

Scrub typhus result in Weil Felix test

A

OX-19 (-) OX-2(-), OX-K (4+).

78
Q

RMSF (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) result in Weil Felix test

A

OX-19 (++++) OX-2(+), OX-K (-).

79
Q

Q Fever & Rickettsial Pox result in Weil Felix test

A

OX-19 (-) OX-2(-), OX-K (-).

80
Q

Preferred method for diagnosing Rickettsial infections

A

Serodiagnosis.

81
Q

Question

82
Q

Agent of Typhoid Fever

A

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhi.

83
Q

How is Typhoid Fever acquired?

A

Ingestion.

84
Q

TSI reaction for Salmonella typhi

A

K/A, (-) gas, (+) H2S.

85
Q

IMViC reaction for Salmonella typhi

86
Q

Antigens of Salmonella species

A

O (somatic), H (flagellar), K (capsular).

87
Q

Who was Typhoid Mary?

A

Mary Mallon, a famous carrier of Salmonella typhi.

88
Q

Purpose of the Kauffmann-White Classification

A

Classifies the genus Salmonella into serotypes.

89
Q

Example of a Salmonella serotype in Kauffmann-White Classification

A

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:1,2.

90
Q

Specimens for Salmonella Identification - 1st week of infection

91
Q

Specimens for Salmonella Identification - 2nd week of infection

92
Q

Specimens for Salmonella Identification - 3rd week of infection

93
Q

Principle of Widal Test

A

Direct agglutination.

94
Q

Significant titer in Widal test

A

80 and above.

95
Q

Typhidot test purpose

A

Detection of specific IgM and IgG to Salmonella typhi.

96
Q

Interpretation of O in Widal test tube test

A

Typhoid fever.

97
Q

Interpretation of O and H in Widal test tube test

A

Typhoid fever.

98
Q

Interpretation of H in Widal test tube test

A

Past infection, Convalescence (Recovery), Exposure, and Recent infection.

99
Q

Interpretation of O, H, and PARA A in Widal test tube test

A

Typhoid and Paratyphoid fever (Mixed infection).

100
Q

Interpretation of PARA A, B, and C in Widal test tube test

A

Paratyphoid fever.

101
Q

Characteristics of Spirochetes

A

Slender, flexuous, helically shaped, unicellular; periplasmic flagella (endoflagella); gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria; corkscrew flexion or motility.

102
Q

Cause of Syphilis

A

T. pallidum subspecies pallidum - also known as the great pox, Spanish disease, the great imitator.

103
Q

Cause of Yaws

A

T. pallidum subspecies pertenue.

104
Q

Cause of Bejel (Nonvenereal Syphilis)

A

T. pallidum subspecies endemicum.

105
Q

Cause of Pinta

A

T. carateum.

106
Q

Cause of Syphilis

A

T. pallidum subspecies pallidum.

107
Q

Syphilis Transmission Modes

A

Sexual transmission, parenteral exposure, congenital infections during pregnancy, least blood transfusion (due to labile nature in cold after 3 days).

108
Q

Origin of the Name ‘Syphilis’

A

From a poem written in 1530 describing a mythical shepherd, Syphilus, who was punished for cursing the gods.

109
Q

Primary Syphilis Features

A

Appearance of hard chancre; painless, solitary lesion with raised, well-defined borders; lasts 1-6 weeks.

110
Q

Laboratory Test for Primary Syphilis

A

Direct detection from the chancre using dark field microscopy.

111
Q

Secondary Syphilis Features

A

Occurs 1-2 months after primary chancre disappears; generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, rash, and condylomata lata (flat wart-like lesions).

112
Q

Laboratory Tests for Secondary Syphilis

A

Dark field microscopy, serologic tests for specific and nonspecific antibody production.

113
Q

Latent Syphilis Features

A

Noninfectious, no clinical symptoms, positive serologic test; early latent within 1 year, late latent after 1 year.

114
Q

Tertiary Syphilis Features

A

Occurs 10-30 years after secondary stage; includes gummatous syphilis, cardiovascular disease, and neurosyphilis.

115
Q

Neurosyphilis Clinical Manifestation

A

Asymptomatic CNS involvement, detected by CSF examination.

116
Q

Congenital Syphilis Cause

A

Maternal spirochetemia and transplacental transmission of T. pallidum.

117
Q

Hutchinsonian Triad

A

Hutchinson’s teeth, interstitial keratitis, nerve deafness.

118
Q

Saddle-Nose Deformity in Tertiary Syphilis

A

Perforation of the palate and collapse of nasal bones.

119
Q

Fluorescent Antibody Testing for Syphilis

A

Direct IF using fluorescent-labeled antibody conjugate to detect T. pallidum.

120
Q

Reagin Antibodies in Syphilis

A

Non-specific antibodies detected in serologic tests.

121
Q

Anti-Treponemal Antibodies in Syphilis

A

Specific antibodies directed against T. pallidum.

122
Q

Wasserman Test

A

Complement fixation test detecting reagin antibodies in syphilis.

123
Q

Cardiolipin in Wasserman Test

A

Antigen from beef heart extract used in Wasserman test.

124
Q

Positive Wasserman Test

A

No hemolysis in complement fixation indicates positive result.

125
Q

VDRL Test Principle

A

Flocculation reaction detecting reagin antibodies.

126
Q

VDRL Serum Preparation

A

Heated serum (56°C for 30 mins)

127
Q

VDRL Reagents

A

Cardiolipin (main reagent), lecithin (neutralizes anticomplementary properties), cholesterol (increases reacting surface of cardiolipin).

128
Q

VDRL Rotator Settings

A

180 rpm for 4 mins (serum), 180 rpm for 8 mins (CSF).

129
Q

VDRL Ring Diameter

A

14 mm for serum, 16 mm for CSF; depth 1.75 mm.

130
Q

VDRL Antigen Delivery Needle for qualitative serum

A

Gauge 18; 60 drops/mL

131
Q

VDRL Antigen Delivery Needle for quantitative serum

A

Gauge 19; 75 drops/mL

132
Q

VDRL Antigen Delivery Needle for saline

A

Gauge 23; 100 drops/mL

133
Q

VDRL Antigen Delivery Needle for CSF

A

Gauge 21/22; 100 drops/mL

134
Q

VDRL Reporting Results: No clumps

A

Non-reactive

135
Q

VDRL Reporting Results: Small clumps

A

Weakly reactive

136
Q

VDRL Reporting Results: Medium to large clumps

137
Q

RPR Reagents

A

Cardiolipin, lecithin, charcoal, choline chloride (serum inactivator), thimerosal (preservative)

138
Q

VDRL False Positives

A

SLE, RA, infectious mononucleosis, malaria, pregnancy.

139
Q

RPR Test Principle

A

Flocculation reaction detecting reagin antibodies; macroscopically read.

140
Q

RPR Serum Preparation

A

Unheated serum used.

141
Q

RPR Ring Diameter

A

18 mm for antigen suspension.

142
Q

RPR Antigen Delivery Needle

A

Gauge 20 (Hamilton syringe needle, 60 drops/mL).

143
Q

Treponemal Serologic Tests detection

A

Treponemal antibodies with treponemal antigens

144
Q

FTA ABS Principle

A

Indirect Fluorescent Immunoassay, used with Dark Field Microscopy

145
Q

FTA ABS Reagent

A

Nichol’s strain fixed on a slide

146
Q

FTA ABS Absorbent

A

Reiter Treponemes capture patient antibodies

147
Q

Treponemal Antigens

A

Reiter strain (non-pathogenic), Nichol’s strain (pathogenic)

148
Q

HATTS Principle

A

Hemagglutination test

149
Q

HATTS Reagent

A

Turkey RBCs with treponemal antigen

150
Q

MHA-TP Principle

A

Hemagglutination test

151
Q

MHA-TP Reagent

A

Sheep RBCs with treponemal antigen

152
Q

TPI Principle most specific for syphilis

A

Antibody-complement mix immobilizes T. pallidum

153
Q

TPI Reagent

A

Live T. pallidum from infected rabbits

154
Q

TPI Positive Result

A

> = 50% immobilization of T. pallidum

155
Q

Borrelia Characteristics

A

Arthropod-borne, less tightly coiled than leptospires, easily stained, visualized with Giemsa staining under bright field microscope

156
Q

Lyme Disease Causative Agent

A

Borrelia burgdorferi senu lato complex

157
Q

Lyme Disease Transmission

A

Ixodes spp ticks; coinfection with Babesia spp possible

158
Q

Lyme Disease Reservoir

A

White-footed mouse

159
Q

Lyme Disease Stages

A

Localized rash (Erythema chronicum migrans), early dissemination, late disseminated with arthritic symptoms

160
Q

Lyme Disease Rash

A

Bull’s eye rash

161
Q

Lyme Disease Serological Test - Western Blot (IgM)

A

Reactivity for two of the following bands: 24, 39, 41 kDa

162
Q

Lyme Disease Serological Test - Western Blot (IgG)

A

Reactivity for five of the following bands: 18, 28, 39, 45, 66, 21, 30, 41, 58, 93 kDa

163
Q

Leptospira Characteristics

A

Spirals with hooks at one or both ends, can be impregnated with silver

164
Q

Leptospirosis Causative Agent

A

Leptospira interrogans

165
Q

Leptospirosis Infection Stages

A

Septicemic stage (fever, headache), Immunological stage (jaundice)

166
Q

Leptospirosis Culture Medium

A

Fletcher semisolid, Stuart liquid, or EMJH semisolid medium

167
Q

Leptospirosis Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Culture, microscopy, serological test

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (22 decks)

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