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IMMUNOSEROLOGY > hepatitis > Flashcards

hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

Primary hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver due to viral infection

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2
Q

Hepatitis A AKA

A

Enterovirus 72

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3
Q

Hepatitis A Family

A

Picornaviridae

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4
Q

Hepatitis A Characteristics

A

Non-enveloped, icosahedral, RNA virus

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5
Q

Hepatitis A Disease Nature

A

Self-limited, does not result in chronic infection; same with Hepa E

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6
Q

Hepatitis A Vaccine

A

Available

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7
Q

Hepatitis A Causative Agent

A

Hepatitis A virus

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8
Q

Hepatitis A Common Cause

A

Infectious hepatitis, most common cause of hepatitis

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9
Q

Hepatitis A Onset

A

Abrupt onset

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10
Q

Hepatitis A Incubation Period

A

15 to 50 days (average 28 days)

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11
Q

Hepatitis A Detection

A

Detected in stool, not serum

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12
Q

Hepatitis A Mode of Transmission

A

Fecal-oral route

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13
Q

Hepatitis A Risk Factors

A

Travellers, sex contacts, household contacts, MSM, drug users, clotting-factor disorders

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14
Q

Hepatitis A Transmission Routes

A

Close person-to-person contact, sexual contact, contaminated food or drinks

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15
Q

Hepatitis A Markers of Infection

A

Early virus shedding in stool, IgM Anti-HAV, IgG Anti-HAV

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16
Q

Hepatitis A Test Methods

A

ELISA (indirect and direct), Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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17
Q

Hepatitis A Serology - Acute Infection

A

IgM anti-HAV positive, IgG anti-HAV negative

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18
Q

Hepatitis A Serology - Old Infection

A

IgM anti-HAV negative, IgG anti-HAV positive

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19
Q

Hepatitis A Serology - Incubation/No Infection

A

IgM anti-HAV negative, IgG anti-HAV negative

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20
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Characteristics

A

32-34 nanometers, calicivirus, resembles Hepatitis A

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21
Q

Hepatitis E Mode of Transmission

A

Fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water

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22
Q

Hepatitis E Genus

A

Hepevirus

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23
Q

Hepatitis E Genotypes

A

HEV 1, 2 (waterborne), HEV 3, 4 (zoonotic)

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24
Q

Hepatitis E Diagnosis

A

Based on symptoms or exposure in endemic regions, serology

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25
Q

Hepatitis E Risk for Pregnant Women

A

May develop fulminant liver failure and death

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26
Q

Hepatitis E Mortality Rate

A

High mortality rate in women

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27
Q

Hepatitis E Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Electron microscopy, Indirect ELISA, RT-PCR

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28
Q

Hepatitis G Virus Characteristics

A

RNA virus, enveloped, Flaviviridae family

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29
Q

Hepatitis G Mode of Transmission

A

Contact with blood, sexually transmitted, transplacental

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30
Q

Hepatitis G Pathogenicity

A

Common worldwide, but seems non-pathogenic

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31
Q

Hepatitis B is also known as

A

Serum hepatitis, Australian hepatitis

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32
Q

1st hepatitis to be discovered by Dr. Baruch Blumberg in 1963

A

Hepatitis B

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33
Q

Type of genome in Hepatitis B virus

A

Double-stranded DNA

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34
Q

Family of Hepatitis B virus

A

Hepadnaviridae

35
Q

Hepatitis B virus is also known as

A

Dane Particle

36
Q

Primary organ targeted by Hepatitis B virus

A

Liver

37
Q

Incubation period of Hepatitis B

A

45 to 160 days (average 120 days)

38
Q

Modes of transmission for Hepatitis B

A

Direct contact with infectious blood, semen, or other body fluids, including birth to an infected mother, sexual contact, and sharing contaminated needles or equipment

39
Q

Best indicator for early or acute Hepatitis B infection

A

HBsAg (Australia antigen)

40
Q

Marker found in the core of the intact Hepatitis B virus but not in serum

A

HBcAg (core antigen)

41
Q

Serologic marker indicating high levels of Hepatitis B virus and high infectivity

A

HBeAg (envelope antigen)

42
Q

First antibody to appear during Hepatitis B infection, seen during the window period

A

Anti-HBc

43
Q

Serologic evidence of recovery phase in Hepatitis B

A

Anti-HBe

44
Q

Marker for long-term immunity to Hepatitis B

A

Anti-HBs

45
Q

HBsAg, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs are all negative

A

Susceptible to acquire Hepatitis B infection

46
Q

Anti-HBc positive only

A

Window period

47
Q

Anti-HBc is positive, Anti-HBs is positive

A

No active infection, has immunity due to natural infection (previously infected with Hepatitis B)

48
Q

Anti-HBs is positive only

A

Immune due to Hepatitis B vaccination

49
Q

Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc positive

A

Recovery

50
Q

HBsAg is positive, Anti-HBc is positive, IgM anti-HBc is positive, Anti-HBs is negative

A

Acutely infected with Hepatitis B

51
Q

HBsAg is positive, Anti-HBc is positive, IgM anti-HBc is negative, Anti-HBs is negative

A

Chronically infected with Hepatitis B

52
Q

HBsAg is negative, Anti-HBc is positive, Anti-HBs is negative

A

Possible interpretations: 1. Resolved infection (most common), 2. False-positive anti-HBc (susceptible), 3. ‘Low-level’ chronic infection, 4. Resolving acute infection, 5. Window stage of infection

53
Q

Viral load in HBV infection definition

A

Measurement of the viral agent in the blood; signifies if a patient can be infectious

54
Q

HBV vaccine (introduced in 1982) made by a recombinant strain

A

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (common baker’s yeast)

55
Q

1st generation HBV detection test

A

Ouchterlony test: precipitation reaction using double diffusion in double dimension

56
Q

2nd generation HBV detection tests

A

Include Counter Immunoelectrophoresis (precipitation with electrical current), Rheophoresis (precipitation by evaporation), and Complement Fixation (based on complement binding to antigen-antibody complexes)

57
Q

3rd generation HBV detection tests

A

Include Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (agglutination test for antigen detection), Reverse Passive Hemagglutination (hemagglutination test for antigen detection), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigen/antibody confirmation), and RIA (radioimmunoassay for sensitive antigen/antibody detection)

58
Q

IgM anti-HBcAg

A

Indicates a new Hepatitis B infection

59
Q

IgG anti-HBcAg

A

Indicates an old Hepatitis B infection

60
Q

Both IgG and IgM anti-HBcAg

A

Indicates a mid-stage Hepatitis B infection

61
Q

Anti-HBeAg in serologic testing

A

Indicates low infectivity of Hepatitis B virus

62
Q

Hepatitis C family and genus

A

Family: Flaviviridae; Genus: Hepacivirus

63
Q

Hepatitis C description

A

Blood-borne hepatitis; also known as post-transfusion hepatitis

64
Q

Incubation period for Hepatitis C

A

14 to 180 days (average 45 days)

65
Q

Cause of Hepatitis C

A

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

66
Q

Confirmatory test for Hepatitis C

A

RIBA (Recombinant Immunoblot Assay)

67
Q

Mode of transmission (MOT) for Hepatitis C

A

Parenteral (via blood contact)

68
Q

Surrogate testing for NANBV/HCV in donated blood

A

Includes ALT level detection and Anti-HBc detection (via RIA or ELISA using Enzyme Inhibition Technique)

69
Q

Serologic test for Anti-HCV

A

ELISA and RIA

70
Q

Antibody detection for Hepatitis C

A

If Anti-HCV is negative, no infection; if present, perform RNA testing

71
Q

Interpretation of Hepatitis C antibody and RNA test results

A

If RNA is present, further testing is needed; If antibody is present but RNA is absent, no current infection; If both antibody and RNA are present, active infection

72
Q

Hepatitis D (Delta Hepatitis) agent

A

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), also known as Delta Virus

73
Q

Mode of transmission (MOT) for Hepatitis D

A

Parenteral and sexual transmission

74
Q

Characteristics of Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

A

RNA virus that requires HBV for replication; uses HBV’s envelope (HBsAg) to replicate

75
Q

Co-infection with HBV

A

Simultaneous infection with HBV and HDV

76
Q

Superinfection with HBV

A

HDV infects cells already infected with HBV, leading to faster replication and severe hepatocyte damage

77
Q

Serologic markers for HDV

A

HDV Ag (early stage, not useful due to rapid disappearance), IgM anti-HDV, total anti-HDV (IgM and IgG) for acute phase

78
Q

Chronic infection indicator for HDV

A

Presence of anti-HDV IgG indicates chronic infection

79
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis D

A

Indirect ELISA for Anti-HDV and Anti-HBc IgM

80
Q

Serologic markers for acute HDV infection

A

HDV Ag (early stage), IgM anti-HDV, total anti-HDV

81
Q

Co-infection marker for HDV

A

IgM anti-HDV + HBsAg + IgM anti-HBc

82
Q

Superinfection marker for HDV

A

Absence of IgM anti-HBc

83
Q

Chronic infection marker for HDV

A

Anti-HDV IgG

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (22 decks)

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