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IMMUNOSEROLOGY > Cellular defense mechanism > Flashcards

Cellular defense mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

Components of primary granules in neutrophils

A

Myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase, lysozyme, cathepsin, defensins

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2
Q

Components of secondary granules in neutrophils

A

Collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, reduced NADPH oxidase

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3
Q

Components of tertiary granules in neutrophils

A

Gelatinase, plasminogen activator

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4
Q

Percentage of total WBC population represented by neutrophils and their primary function

A

50-70%; major phagocyte

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5
Q

Role of eosinophils and granule contents

A

Neutralizing basophils and mast cell products; contain major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and peroxidase

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6
Q

Function of mast cells in immune response

A

Initiators of the inflammatory response

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7
Q

Role of eosinophils in inflammation

A

Homeostatic regulators of inflammation

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8
Q

Largest macrophage in peripheral blood and condition with increased levels

A

Monocytes; chronic infections such as tuberculosis

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9
Q

Components of type 1 granules in monocytes

A

Peroxidase (absent in macrophages)

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10
Q

Components of type 2 granules in monocytes

A

Glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase

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11
Q

Reason macrophages are less efficient than neutrophils in phagocytosis

A

Slower motility compared to neutrophils

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12
Q

Role of macrophages in the immune response

A

Initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses

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13
Q

Question

A

Answer

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14
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells): remove particulate matter and pathogens from inhaled air

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15
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in liver

A

Kupffer cells: remove pathogens and dead red blood cells in the liver sinusoids

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16
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in brain

A

Microglial cells: provide immune defense in the central nervous system

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17
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in skin

A

Langerhans cells: capture and present antigens to T-cells in the skin

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18
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in kidneys

A

Mesangial cells: support and clear debris in the glomerular capillaries

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19
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in connective tissues

A

Histiocytes: remove debris and dead cells in connective tissues

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20
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in bones

A

Osteoclasts: resorb bone tissue during remodeling and repair

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21
Q

Resemble basophils but from a different lineage; larger than basophils with a small round nucleus; associated with IgE

A

Mast cells

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22
Q

Granules of mast cells

A

Contain acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protease, and histamine

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23
Q

Most potent phagocyte and best antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

Dendritic cells

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24
Q

Appearance of dendritic cells resembles

A

Nerve cell dendrites

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25
Primary function of dendritic cells
Phagocytose antigens and present them to T cells
26
Sensors for extracellular functions such as phagocytosis
Pathogen recognition receptors
27
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) detected by pathogen recognition receptors
Peptidoglycan (Gram-positive), lipoproteins (Gram-negative), zymosan (yeast), flagellin (flagellated bacteria)
28
Discoverer of Toll-like receptors
Charles Janeway
29
Function of Toll-like receptors
Recognize molecules commonly found in microbial pathogens but not on host cells
30
Cells with the highest concentration of Toll-like receptors
Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils
31
TLR 1 target and ligand
Lipopeptides; targets mycobacteria
32
TLR 2 target and ligands
Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan; targets Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, and yeasts
33
TLR 4 target and ligands
Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan; targets Gram-negative bacteria, RSV, and fungi
34
TLR 5 target and ligand
Flagellin; targets bacteria with flagella
35
TLR 6 targets and ligands
Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan; targets mycobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and yeasts
36
TLR receptors located on the cell surface
TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
37
TLR receptors located in endosomal compartments
TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, 10
38
TLR 3 target and ligand
Double-stranded RNA; targets RNA viruses
39
TLR 7 target and ligand
Single-stranded RNA; targets RNA viruses
40
TLR 8 target and ligand
Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA); targets RNA viruses
41
TLR 9 target and ligand
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA); targets DNA viruses and bacterial DNA
42
TLR 10 target and ligand
Unknown
43
Process involving adherence, engulfment, and destruction of foreign cells by leukocytes or macrophages
Phagocytosis
44
Steps of phagocytosis in sequential order
Adherence, engulfment, formation of phagosome, granule contact, formation of phagolysosome, digestion of microorganism, excretion via exocytosis
45
Movement type caused by the absence of chemotaxin
Random movement
46
Process aided by opsonins that establishes physical contact between a phagocyte and microorganism
Adherence
47
Outflowing of cytoplasm to surround and enclose a microorganism
Engulfment
48
Structure formed when a microorganism is surrounded by the phagocyte membrane
Phagosome
49
Structure formed when lysosomal granules contact and fuse with the phagosome
Phagolysosome
50
Enzymes used for digestion of microorganisms within the phagolysosome
Hydrolytic enzymes
51
Substance released by bacteria or injured tissues to stimulate neutrophil migration
Chemotaxin (e.g., C5a)
52
Substances that coat organisms to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonins
53
Mechanism for releasing cellular substances from phagocytes via fusion of vesicular and plasma membranes
Exocytosis
54
Key molecules in phagocytes responsible for microbial killing
NADPH oxidase and hypochlorite
55
Oxygen-dependent killing mechanism triggered during pseudopodia enclosure
Oxidative burst
56
Oxygen-independent mechanism involving antimicrobial proteins in phagocytosis
Defensins and cathepsin G
57
Process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane for T cell recognition
Antigen presentation
58
Condition with abnormal movement of phagocytes and impaired chemotaxis
Lazy leukocyte syndrome
59
Condition with impaired chemotaxis, abnormal movement, and elevated IgE levels
Job's syndrome
60
Condition characterized by the inability to kill ingested organisms due to defective neutrophil microbicidal action
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
61
Key enzyme affected in CGD that impairs microbial killing
NADPH oxidase
62
Traditional test for CGD that results in yellow to blue precipitate when NADPH oxidase is present
Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test
63
Flow cytometric assay used to diagnose CGD with decreased fluorescence in patients; neutrophil is labeled with
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR)
64
Neutrophil activator used in the flow cytometric assay
Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
65
Immune cells serving as the first line of defense against intracellular organisms and tumor cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
66
Percentage of NK cells in the lymphocyte population
10-15%
67
Receptor on NK cells that enables the lysis of antibody-coated cells
CD16
68
Surface markers associated with NK cell cytotoxic action
CD16 and CD56
69
Key molecules released by NK and cytotoxic T-cells to induce target cell death
Granzymes and perforins
70
Membrane-disrupting protein released by NK cells to kill target cells
Perforins
71
Programmed cell death induced by granzymes released from NK cells
Apoptosis
72
Role of NK cells in bridging the immune response
Connects innate and adaptive immunity through nonspecific killing

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (22 decks)

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