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Cellular defense mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

Components of primary granules in neutrophils

A

Myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase, lysozyme, cathepsin, defensins

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2
Q

Components of secondary granules in neutrophils

A

Collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, reduced NADPH oxidase

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3
Q

Components of tertiary granules in neutrophils

A

Gelatinase, plasminogen activator

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4
Q

Percentage of total WBC population represented by neutrophils and their primary function

A

50-70%; major phagocyte

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5
Q

Role of eosinophils and granule contents

A

Neutralizing basophils and mast cell products; contain major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and peroxidase

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6
Q

Function of mast cells in immune response

A

Initiators of the inflammatory response

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7
Q

Role of eosinophils in inflammation

A

Homeostatic regulators of inflammation

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8
Q

Largest macrophage in peripheral blood and condition with increased levels

A

Monocytes; chronic infections such as tuberculosis

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9
Q

Components of type 1 granules in monocytes

A

Peroxidase (absent in macrophages)

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10
Q

Components of type 2 granules in monocytes

A

Glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase

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11
Q

Reason macrophages are less efficient than neutrophils in phagocytosis

A

Slower motility compared to neutrophils

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12
Q

Role of macrophages in the immune response

A

Initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses

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13
Q

Question

A

Answer

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14
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells): remove particulate matter and pathogens from inhaled air

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15
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in liver

A

Kupffer cells: remove pathogens and dead red blood cells in the liver sinusoids

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16
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in brain

A

Microglial cells: provide immune defense in the central nervous system

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17
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in skin

A

Langerhans cells: capture and present antigens to T-cells in the skin

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18
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in kidneys

A

Mesangial cells: support and clear debris in the glomerular capillaries

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19
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in connective tissues

A

Histiocytes: remove debris and dead cells in connective tissues

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20
Q

Macrophage cell type and role in bones

A

Osteoclasts: resorb bone tissue during remodeling and repair

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21
Q

Resemble basophils but from a different lineage; larger than basophils with a small round nucleus; associated with IgE

A

Mast cells

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22
Q

Granules of mast cells

A

Contain acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protease, and histamine

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23
Q

Most potent phagocyte and best antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

Dendritic cells

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24
Q

Appearance of dendritic cells resembles

A

Nerve cell dendrites

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25
Q

Primary function of dendritic cells

A

Phagocytose antigens and present them to T cells

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26
Q

Sensors for extracellular functions such as phagocytosis

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

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27
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) detected by pathogen recognition receptors

A

Peptidoglycan (Gram-positive), lipoproteins (Gram-negative), zymosan (yeast), flagellin (flagellated bacteria)

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28
Q

Discoverer of Toll-like receptors

A

Charles Janeway

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29
Q

Function of Toll-like receptors

A

Recognize molecules commonly found in microbial pathogens but not on host cells

30
Q

Cells with the highest concentration of Toll-like receptors

A

Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils

31
Q

TLR 1 target and ligand

A

Lipopeptides; targets mycobacteria

32
Q

TLR 2 target and ligands

A

Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan; targets Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, and yeasts

33
Q

TLR 4 target and ligands

A

Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan; targets Gram-negative bacteria, RSV, and fungi

34
Q

TLR 5 target and ligand

A

Flagellin; targets bacteria with flagella

35
Q

TLR 6 targets and ligands

A

Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan; targets mycobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and yeasts

36
Q

TLR receptors located on the cell surface

A

TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, 6

37
Q

TLR receptors located in endosomal compartments

A

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, 10

38
Q

TLR 3 target and ligand

A

Double-stranded RNA; targets RNA viruses

39
Q

TLR 7 target and ligand

A

Single-stranded RNA; targets RNA viruses

40
Q

TLR 8 target and ligand

A

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA); targets RNA viruses

41
Q

TLR 9 target and ligand

A

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA); targets DNA viruses and bacterial DNA

42
Q

TLR 10 target and ligand

43
Q

Process involving adherence, engulfment, and destruction of foreign cells by leukocytes or macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

44
Q

Steps of phagocytosis in sequential order

A

Adherence, engulfment, formation of phagosome, granule contact, formation of phagolysosome, digestion of microorganism, excretion via exocytosis

45
Q

Movement type caused by the absence of chemotaxin

A

Random movement

46
Q

Process aided by opsonins that establishes physical contact between a phagocyte and microorganism

47
Q

Outflowing of cytoplasm to surround and enclose a microorganism

A

Engulfment

48
Q

Structure formed when a microorganism is surrounded by the phagocyte membrane

49
Q

Structure formed when lysosomal granules contact and fuse with the phagosome

A

Phagolysosome

50
Q

Enzymes used for digestion of microorganisms within the phagolysosome

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

51
Q

Substance released by bacteria or injured tissues to stimulate neutrophil migration

A

Chemotaxin (e.g., C5a)

52
Q

Substances that coat organisms to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

53
Q

Mechanism for releasing cellular substances from phagocytes via fusion of vesicular and plasma membranes

A

Exocytosis

54
Q

Key molecules in phagocytes responsible for microbial killing

A

NADPH oxidase and hypochlorite

55
Q

Oxygen-dependent killing mechanism triggered during pseudopodia enclosure

A

Oxidative burst

56
Q

Oxygen-independent mechanism involving antimicrobial proteins in phagocytosis

A

Defensins and cathepsin G

57
Q

Process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane for T cell recognition

A

Antigen presentation

58
Q

Condition with abnormal movement of phagocytes and impaired chemotaxis

A

Lazy leukocyte syndrome

59
Q

Condition with impaired chemotaxis, abnormal movement, and elevated IgE levels

A

Job’s syndrome

60
Q

Condition characterized by the inability to kill ingested organisms due to defective neutrophil microbicidal action

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

61
Q

Key enzyme affected in CGD that impairs microbial killing

A

NADPH oxidase

62
Q

Traditional test for CGD that results in yellow to blue precipitate when NADPH oxidase is present

A

Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test

63
Q

Flow cytometric assay used to diagnose CGD with decreased fluorescence in patients; neutrophil is labeled with

A

Dihydrorhodamine (DHR)

64
Q

Neutrophil activator used in the flow cytometric assay

A

Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)

65
Q

Immune cells serving as the first line of defense against intracellular organisms and tumor cells

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

66
Q

Percentage of NK cells in the lymphocyte population

67
Q

Receptor on NK cells that enables the lysis of antibody-coated cells

68
Q

Surface markers associated with NK cell cytotoxic action

A

CD16 and CD56

69
Q

Key molecules released by NK and cytotoxic T-cells to induce target cell death

A

Granzymes and perforins

70
Q

Membrane-disrupting protein released by NK cells to kill target cells

71
Q

Programmed cell death induced by granzymes released from NK cells

72
Q

Role of NK cells in bridging the immune response

A

Connects innate and adaptive immunity through nonspecific killing

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (22 decks)

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