Branches of Immunity and Acute phase reactants

Question 1

Branches of immunity

Answer 1

Natural and Adaptive

Question 2

Resist infection through normal body functions; No prior exposure needed; Response unchanged with repeated exposures

Answer 2

Natural immunity

Question 3

Specific to each pathogen; Memory cells increase response upon re-exposure

Answer 3

Adaptive immunity (Acquired, specific)

Question 4

Parts of Natural Immunity

Answer 4

External and internal defense mechanisms.

Question 5

External defense system

Answer 5

Anatomical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, cilia) prevent microorganisms from entering.

Question 6

Biochemical barriers in external defense

Answer 6

Lactic acid in sweat, lysozymes in tears and saliva.

Question 7

Role of normal flora

Answer 7

Competes with pathogens for nutrients.

Question 8

Internal defense mechanism

Answer 8

Recognizes specific molecular components of pathogens.

Question 9

Cellular defense: Phagocytes and NK cells

Answer 9

Phagocytes kill extracellular organisms; NK cells kill intracellular organisms.

Question 10

Immunity that includes Acute phase reactants, interferons (A and B), defensins, and complement proteins aid in immunity.

Answer 10

Humoral defense

Question 11

1st line of defense (external, natural)

Answer 11

Skin, mucous membranes

Question 12

2nd line of defense (internal, natural)

Answer 12

Phagocytes, complements

Question 13

3rd line of defense (internal, adaptive)

Answer 13

Lymphocytes and antibodies (T cells and B cells)

Question 14

Acute phase reactants increase by at least _____ during infection, trauma, or injury

Answer 14

0.25

Question 15

Acute phase reactants are primarily produced by the ___________

Answer 15

Hepatocytes; Liver

Question 16

Cytokines involved in acute phase reactant production

Answer 16

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)

Question 17

Discovery of C-reactive protein

Answer 17

Discovered by Tillet and Francis in 1930

Question 18

C-reactive protein was originally thought to be an ______

Answer 18

Antibody to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococcus

Question 19

Structure of C-reactive protein

Answer 19

Consists of five identical subunits held together by noncovalent bonds

Question 20

C-reactive protein functions

Answer 20

Capable of opsonization, agglutination, precipitation, and activation of complement by the classical pathway.

Question 21

Main substrate of C-reactive protein

Answer 21

Phosphocholine.

Question 22

CRP concentration for low cardiovascular disease risk

Answer 22

<1 mg/dL.

Question 23

CRP concentration for average cardiovascular disease risk

Answer 23

1 – 3 mg/dL.

Question 24

CRP concentration for high cardiovascular disease risk

Answer 24

> 3 mg/dL.

Question 25

Has a high affinity for HDL cholesterol, transported by HDL to the site of infection, contributes to localized inflammation in coronary artery disease

Answer 25

Serum Amyloid A

Question 26

Mediation of inflammation with major functions: opsonization, chemotaxis, and lysis of cells

Answer 26

Complement proteins

Question 27

Migration of phagocytes to the site of injury

Answer 27

Chemotaxis

Question 28

Major component of the alpha band in serum electrophoresis; general plasma inhibitor of proteases and counteracts neutrophil invasion during inflammation

Answer 28

Alpha-1-antigen

Question 29

Binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin from intravascular hemolysis; acts as an antioxidant to protect against oxidative damage

Answer 29

Haptoglobin

Question 30

Strengthens clots, stimulates endothelial cell adhesion/proliferation, creates a barrier to prevent microbial spread, increases blood viscosity, promotes RBC and platelet aggregation

Answer 30

Fibrinogen

Question 31

Principal copper-transporting protein in plasma; converts toxic Fe2+ to nontoxic Fe3+

Answer 31

Ceruloplasmin

Question 32

What acute phase protein increases by 1000x within 4-6 hours and functions in opsonization and complement activation?

Answer 32

C-reactive protein

Question 33

Acute phase protein increases by 1000x within 24 hours and functions in cholesterol removal?

Answer 33

Serum amyloid A

Question 34

Acute phase protein increases by 2-5x within 24 hours and functions as a protease inhibitor?

Answer 34

Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Question 35

Acute phase protein increases by 2-5x within 24 hours and is involved in clot formation?

Answer 35

Fibrinogen

Question 36

Acute phase protein increases by 2-10x within 24 hours and binds hemoglobin?

Answer 36

Haptoglobin

Question 37

Acute phase protein increases by 2x within 48-72 hours and binds copper while oxidizing iron?

Answer 37

Ceruloplasmin

Question 38

Acute phase protein increases by 2x within 48-72 hours and is involved in opsonization and lysis?

Answer 38

Complement C3