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IMMUNOSEROLOGY > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by redness and increased blood flow due to vasodilation

A

Rubor

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3
Q

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by swelling due to exudation of fluid

A

Tumor

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4
Q

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by heat due to increased blood flow and exudation of fluid

A

Calor

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5
Q

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by pain due to stretching pain receptors and chemical mediators

A

Dolor

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6
Q

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by loss of function due to pain and tissue structure disruption

A

Functio laesa

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7
Q

Stage of inflammation involving histamine release and primary hemostasis

A

Vascular response

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8
Q

Stage of inflammation with neutrophils as the first responders followed by macrophages

A

Cellular response

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9
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine inducing fever, increasing acute phase reactants, and stimulating T-cell production

A

IL-1

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10
Q

Cytokine involved in activation and proliferation of T and B cells during inflammation

A

IL-2

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11
Q

Stage of inflammation initiated by fibroblast proliferation to repair damaged tissue

A

Resolution and repair

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12
Q

Process where phagocytes pass through the blood vessel wall during inflammation

A

Diapedesis

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13
Q

Type of immunity obtained through natural exposure to infection or administration of a vaccine

A

Active immunity

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14
Q

Key advantage of active immunity

A

Long-term immunity

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15
Q

Key disadvantage of active immunity

A

Slow to develop

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16
Q

Type of immunity involving the infusion of serum or plasma with high antibody concentrations from an immunized individual

A

Passive immunity

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17
Q

Key advantage of passive immunity

A

Fast response

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18
Q

Key disadvantage of passive immunity

A

Short-term immunity

19
Q

Type of immunity resulting from the transfer of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, from an immunized host to a nonimmune individual

A

Adoptive immunity

20
Q

Type of immunity naturally acquired through the placental transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus

A

Passive natural immunity

21
Q

Type of immunity artificially acquired through vaccination

A

Active artificial immunity

22
Q

Type of immunity artificially acquired through gamma globulin injection

A

Passive artificial immunity

23
Q

Type of vaccine based on cross-reactivity with a weakened organism

A

Live, attenuated vaccine

24
Q

Type of vaccine made from intact, killed viruses or bacteria

A

Inactivated vaccine

25
Q

Type of vaccine containing only a portion of a bacterium or virus

A

Subunit vaccine

26
Q

Type of vaccine made using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria

A

Toxoid vaccine

27
Q

Type of vaccine produced by conjugating bacterial polysaccharides to a protein molecule

A

Polysaccharide vaccine

28
Q

Type of vaccine composed of proteins from a pathogen

A

Purified protein vaccine

29
Q

Type of vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology

A

Recombinant vaccine

30
Q

Why should vaccines containing live organisms not be administered to immunocompromised individuals?

A

They may cause severe, disseminated, and potentially fatal infections in patients with immunodeficiency diseases or those receiving immunosuppressive treatments.

31
Q

What rare risk can occur with live vaccines in immunocompromised individuals?

A

Mutations may occur in the vaccine organism, causing it to lose its attenuation and revert to the pathogenic form.

32
Q

What is the potential danger of live vaccines in immunodeficient persons?

A

Live vaccines have the potential for uncontrolled replication and may cause disseminated disease.

33
Q

Substance administered with an immunogen that enhances the immune response

A

Adjuvants

34
Q

Type of adjuvant that preferentially stimulates Th2 responses, commonly used in vaccines

A

Aluminum salts

35
Q

Adjuvant that stimulates immune response by inducing chemokine release, enhancing antigen uptake, and promoting APC migration

A

Oil in water emulsion

36
Q

Adjuvant that facilitates antigen presentation by fusing with antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Microparticles

37
Q

Immunity that occurs when a population is immune to a disease, either by vaccination or previous infection, protecting the unvaccinated

A

Herd immunity

38
Q

Virus that hampers vaccine development by infecting and killing CD4+ T cells, integrating into the host genome, and rapidly mutating

A

HIV

39
Q

Parasite that challenges vaccine development by altering its surface antigens in different stages of its life cycle

A

Plasmodium falciparum

40
Q

Reason why the BCG vaccine for TB is not optimally effective

A

Mycobacteria can establish a carrier state and reactivate during periods of immune suppression.

41
Q

Examples of infections that have posed global challenges for effective vaccine development

A

Hepatitis C, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex, rhinovirus, leishmaniasis

42
Q

Duration of effectiveness for the tetanus vaccine

A

10 years

43
Q

Duration of effectiveness for the flu vaccine

A

1 year

44
Q

Factor influencing the effectiveness of a vaccine

A

The organism’s ability to mutate

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (22 decks)

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