Adaptive immunity

Question 1

Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by redness and increased blood flow due to vasodilation

Answer 2

Rubor

Question 3

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by swelling due to exudation of fluid

Answer 3

Tumor

Question 4

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by heat due to increased blood flow and exudation of fluid

Answer 4

Calor

Question 5

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by pain due to stretching pain receptors and chemical mediators

Answer 5

Dolor

Question 6

Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by loss of function due to pain and tissue structure disruption

Answer 6

Functio laesa

Question 7

Stage of inflammation involving histamine release and primary hemostasis

Answer 7

Vascular response

Question 8

Stage of inflammation with neutrophils as the first responders followed by macrophages

Answer 8

Cellular response

Question 9

Pro-inflammatory cytokine inducing fever, increasing acute phase reactants, and stimulating T-cell production

Answer 9

IL-1

Question 10

Cytokine involved in activation and proliferation of T and B cells during inflammation

Answer 10

IL-2

Question 11

Stage of inflammation initiated by fibroblast proliferation to repair damaged tissue

Answer 11

Resolution and repair

Question 12

Process where phagocytes pass through the blood vessel wall during inflammation

Answer 12

Diapedesis

Question 13

Type of immunity obtained through natural exposure to infection or administration of a vaccine

Answer 13

Active immunity

Question 14

Key advantage of active immunity

Answer 14

Long-term immunity

Question 15

Key disadvantage of active immunity

Answer 15

Slow to develop

Question 16

Type of immunity involving the infusion of serum or plasma with high antibody concentrations from an immunized individual

Answer 16

Passive immunity

Question 17

Key advantage of passive immunity

Answer 17

Fast response

Question 18

Key disadvantage of passive immunity

Answer 18

Short-term immunity

Question 19

Type of immunity resulting from the transfer of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, from an immunized host to a nonimmune individual

Answer 19

Adoptive immunity

Question 20

Type of immunity naturally acquired through the placental transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus

Answer 20

Passive natural immunity

Question 21

Type of immunity artificially acquired through vaccination

Answer 21

Active artificial immunity

Question 22

Type of immunity artificially acquired through gamma globulin injection

Answer 22

Passive artificial immunity

Question 23

Type of vaccine based on cross-reactivity with a weakened organism

Answer 23

Live, attenuated vaccine

Question 24

Type of vaccine made from intact, killed viruses or bacteria

Answer 24

Inactivated vaccine

Question 25

Type of vaccine containing only a portion of a bacterium or virus

Answer 25

Subunit vaccine

Question 26

Type of vaccine made using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria

Answer 26

Toxoid vaccine

Question 27

Type of vaccine produced by conjugating bacterial polysaccharides to a protein molecule

Answer 27

Polysaccharide vaccine

Question 28

Type of vaccine composed of proteins from a pathogen

Answer 28

Purified protein vaccine

Question 29

Type of vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology

Answer 29

Recombinant vaccine

Question 30

Why should vaccines containing live organisms not be administered to immunocompromised individuals?

Answer 30

They may cause severe, disseminated, and potentially fatal infections in patients with immunodeficiency diseases or those receiving immunosuppressive treatments.

Question 31

What rare risk can occur with live vaccines in immunocompromised individuals?

Answer 31

Mutations may occur in the vaccine organism, causing it to lose its attenuation and revert to the pathogenic form.

Question 32

What is the potential danger of live vaccines in immunodeficient persons?

Answer 32

Live vaccines have the potential for uncontrolled replication and may cause disseminated disease.

Question 33

Substance administered with an immunogen that enhances the immune response

Answer 33

Adjuvants

Question 34

Type of adjuvant that preferentially stimulates Th2 responses, commonly used in vaccines

Answer 34

Aluminum salts

Question 35

Adjuvant that stimulates immune response by inducing chemokine release, enhancing antigen uptake, and promoting APC migration

Answer 35

Oil in water emulsion

Question 36

Adjuvant that facilitates antigen presentation by fusing with antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 36

Microparticles

Question 37

Immunity that occurs when a population is immune to a disease, either by vaccination or previous infection, protecting the unvaccinated

Answer 37

Herd immunity

Question 38

Virus that hampers vaccine development by infecting and killing CD4+ T cells, integrating into the host genome, and rapidly mutating

Answer 38

HIV

Question 39

Parasite that challenges vaccine development by altering its surface antigens in different stages of its life cycle

Answer 39

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 40

Reason why the BCG vaccine for TB is not optimally effective

Answer 40

Mycobacteria can establish a carrier state and reactivate during periods of immune suppression.

Question 41

Examples of infections that have posed global challenges for effective vaccine development

Answer 41

Hepatitis C, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex, rhinovirus, leishmaniasis

Question 42

Duration of effectiveness for the tetanus vaccine

Answer 42

10 years

Question 43

Duration of effectiveness for the flu vaccine

Answer 43

1 year

Question 44

Factor influencing the effectiveness of a vaccine

Answer 44

The organism's ability to mutate