Adaptive immunity Flashcards
Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammation
Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by redness and increased blood flow due to vasodilation
Rubor
Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by swelling due to exudation of fluid
Tumor
Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by heat due to increased blood flow and exudation of fluid
Calor
Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by pain due to stretching pain receptors and chemical mediators
Dolor
Cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by loss of function due to pain and tissue structure disruption
Functio laesa
Stage of inflammation involving histamine release and primary hemostasis
Vascular response
Stage of inflammation with neutrophils as the first responders followed by macrophages
Cellular response
Pro-inflammatory cytokine inducing fever, increasing acute phase reactants, and stimulating T-cell production
IL-1
Cytokine involved in activation and proliferation of T and B cells during inflammation
IL-2
Stage of inflammation initiated by fibroblast proliferation to repair damaged tissue
Resolution and repair
Process where phagocytes pass through the blood vessel wall during inflammation
Diapedesis
Type of immunity obtained through natural exposure to infection or administration of a vaccine
Active immunity
Key advantage of active immunity
Long-term immunity
Key disadvantage of active immunity
Slow to develop
Type of immunity involving the infusion of serum or plasma with high antibody concentrations from an immunized individual
Passive immunity
Key advantage of passive immunity
Fast response
Key disadvantage of passive immunity
Short-term immunity
Type of immunity resulting from the transfer of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, from an immunized host to a nonimmune individual
Adoptive immunity
Type of immunity naturally acquired through the placental transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus
Passive natural immunity
Type of immunity artificially acquired through vaccination
Active artificial immunity
Type of immunity artificially acquired through gamma globulin injection
Passive artificial immunity
Type of vaccine based on cross-reactivity with a weakened organism
Live, attenuated vaccine
Type of vaccine made from intact, killed viruses or bacteria
Inactivated vaccine
Type of vaccine containing only a portion of a bacterium or virus
Subunit vaccine
Type of vaccine made using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria
Toxoid vaccine
Type of vaccine produced by conjugating bacterial polysaccharides to a protein molecule
Polysaccharide vaccine
Type of vaccine composed of proteins from a pathogen
Purified protein vaccine
Type of vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant vaccine
Why should vaccines containing live organisms not be administered to immunocompromised individuals?
They may cause severe, disseminated, and potentially fatal infections in patients with immunodeficiency diseases or those receiving immunosuppressive treatments.
What rare risk can occur with live vaccines in immunocompromised individuals?
Mutations may occur in the vaccine organism, causing it to lose its attenuation and revert to the pathogenic form.
What is the potential danger of live vaccines in immunodeficient persons?
Live vaccines have the potential for uncontrolled replication and may cause disseminated disease.
Substance administered with an immunogen that enhances the immune response
Adjuvants
Type of adjuvant that preferentially stimulates Th2 responses, commonly used in vaccines
Aluminum salts
Adjuvant that stimulates immune response by inducing chemokine release, enhancing antigen uptake, and promoting APC migration
Oil in water emulsion
Adjuvant that facilitates antigen presentation by fusing with antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Microparticles
Immunity that occurs when a population is immune to a disease, either by vaccination or previous infection, protecting the unvaccinated
Herd immunity
Virus that hampers vaccine development by infecting and killing CD4+ T cells, integrating into the host genome, and rapidly mutating
HIV
Parasite that challenges vaccine development by altering its surface antigens in different stages of its life cycle
Plasmodium falciparum
Reason why the BCG vaccine for TB is not optimally effective
Mycobacteria can establish a carrier state and reactivate during periods of immune suppression.
Examples of infections that have posed global challenges for effective vaccine development
Hepatitis C, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex, rhinovirus, leishmaniasis
Duration of effectiveness for the tetanus vaccine
10 years
Duration of effectiveness for the flu vaccine
1 year
Factor influencing the effectiveness of a vaccine
The organism’s ability to mutate
