HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

Identify the practice developed by the Chinese to prevent smallpox.

Answer 1

Inhalation of powder made from smallpox scabs (Variolation)

Question 2

State the name of the individual who developed the first vaccine against smallpox.

Answer 2

Edward Jenner

Question 3

The phenomenon where an antibody reacts with a structurally similar antigen.

Answer 3

Cross-reactivity

Question 4

List the two infectious organisms that have been eradicated.

Answer 4

Smallpox and Rinderpest

Question 5

Scientist who developed the first attenuated vaccine.

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur

Question 6

Process of attenuation in vaccine development.

Answer 6

Use of weakened bacteria or viruses through exposure to modifying conditions like chemical treatment, elevated/cold temperatures, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture

Question 7

Discovery of phagocytosis in the 1800s.

Answer 7

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 8

The scientist who demonstrated neutralization of diphtheria and tetanus toxins by the noncellular portion of blood.

Answer 8

Emil von Behring

Question 9

Scientist that attributed the linking of cellular and humoral immune responses to the role of opsonins.

Answer 9

Almroth Wright

Question 10

Role of opsonins in the immune response.

Answer 10

They coat bacteria to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Question 11

Scientist who immunized rabbits with haptens and discovered the importance of three-dimensional antigen configuration.

Answer 11

Karl Landsteiner

Question 12

Vaccination of cowpox against smallpox.

Answer 12

1700: Edward Jenner

Question 13

Live attenuated vaccine against rabies.

Answer 13

1885: Louis Pasteur

Question 14

Antiserum therapy against diphtheria.

Answer 14

1901: Emil von Behring

Question 15

Discovery of tuberculosis.

Answer 15

1905: Robert Koch

Question 16

Theories of immunity and phagocytosis.

Answer 16

1908: Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff

Question 17

Work on organ grafting.

Answer 17

1912: Alexis Carrell

Question 18

Research on anaphylaxis.

Answer 18

1913: Charles Richet

Question 19

Theories of immunity and complement.

Answer 19

1919: Jules Bordet

Question 20

Identification of human blood groups.

Answer 20

1930: Karl Landsteiner

Question 21

Discovery of penicillin.

Answer 21

1945: Alexander Fleming, Ernst Borischain, and Howard Walter Floray

Question 22

Development of the polio vaccine.

Answer 22

1949: Salk and Sabin

Question 23

Development of the yellow fever vaccine.

Answer 23

1951: Max Theiler

Question 24

Discovery of streptomycin as the first antibiotic effective against TB.

Answer 24

1952: Selman Abraham Waksman

Question 25

Antihistamine research.

Answer 25

1957: Daniel Bovet

Question 26

Mechanisms of biological synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Answer 26

1959: Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg

Question 27

Acquired immunological tolerance.

Answer 27

1960: Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Sir Peter Brian Medawar

Question 28

Genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.

Answer 28

1965: Francois Jacob, Andrei Lwoff, and Jacques Monod

Question 29

Tumor-inducing viruses.

Answer 29

1966: Payton Rous

Question 30

Genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

Answer 30

1968: Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall Nirenberg

Question 31

Replication mechanisms and genetic structure of viruses.

Answer 31

1969: Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey, and Salvador Luria

Question 32

Chemical structure of immunoglobulins.

Answer 32

1972: Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman

Question 33

Interactions between tumor viruses and genetic material of cells.

Answer 33

1975: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, and Howard Martin Ternin

Question 34

First monoclonal antibody.

Answer 34

1975: Kohler

Question 35

Radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones.

Answer 35

1977: Rosalyn Yallow

Question 36

Restriction enzymes and molecular genetics.

Answer 36

1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith

Question 37

Immunogenetics and histocompatibility.

Answer 37

1980: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, and George Snell

Question 38

Mobile genetic elements (transposons).

Answer 38

1983: Barbara McClintock

Question 39

Hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies.

Answer 39

1984: Cesar Milstein, George Kohler, and Niels Jerne

Question 40

Immunoglobulin genetics and antibody diversity.

Answer 40

1987: Susumu Tonegawa

Question 41

Cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.

Answer 41

1989: J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus

Question 42

Organ and cell transplantation.

Answer 42

1990: Joseph Murray and E. Donnell Thomas

Question 43

Specificity of cell-mediated immune defense.

Answer 43

1996: Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel

Question 44

Prions as a new biological principle of infection.

Answer 44

1997: Stanley Prusiner

Question 45

Signal transduction.

Answer 45

1999: Gunter Blobel

Question 46

Agglutination studies.

Answer 46

1999: Durham and Gruber

Question 47

Immunoelectrophoresis.

Answer 47

1999: Graber and Williams

Question 48

IgE.

Answer 48

1999: Isihazaka

Question 49

Interferons.

Answer 49

1999: Isaacs and Lindenmann

Question 50

Development of the human papilloma virus vaccine.

Answer 50

2005: Frazer