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Psyc 474 > Sept 26 > Flashcards

Sept 26 Flashcards

1
Q

interdependence

A

exists when we NEED OTHERS and THEY NEED US

in order to obtain VALUABLE REWARDS

behaviour of each partner affects the outcomes of the other

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2
Q

interdependence theory

A

explains how partners in a relationship INFLUENCE EACH OTHER’S

experiences and outcomes

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3
Q

interdependence theory is derived from…

A

social exchange theory

interdependence theory is essentially social exchange theory applied to close relationships

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4
Q

social exchange theory: relationship partners are…

A

rational actors

engaged in cost-benefit analyses

economic view: maximizing rewards and minimizing costs

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5
Q

social exchange theory: relationships begin when…

A

when you give me some of what I want

and I give you some of what you want

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6
Q

social exchange

A

process in which two people give and take desirable rewards from each other

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7
Q

social exchange theory: rewards and costs

A

rewards: DESIRABLE experiences and commodities

costs: UNDESIRABLE experiences

we’re driven to max rewards and min costs

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8
Q

rewards

A

any of the ways a relationship may satisfy our needs and desires

something that’s gratifying and pleasant

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9
Q

2 types of rewards

A
  1. tangible/material
  2. intangible/social
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10
Q

tangible/material rewards

A

ie. financial assistance

ie. dinner waiting for you when you get home

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11
Q

intangible/social rewards

A

rewards that meet our EMOTIONAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL needs

ie. feeling loved & secure

ie. validation, companionship, self-expansion

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12
Q

costs

A

any of the ways a relationship may PREVENT us from meeting our needs and desires

or

something that is PUNISHING/FRUSTRATING

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13
Q

2 types of costs

A
  1. material
    ie. financial cost
  2. social
    ie. jealousy, frequent arguments, uncertainty
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14
Q

opportunity cost

A

cost of NOT PURSUING a possible reward

ie. taking a job in another city, pursuing an attractive acquaintance, having more time for hobbies

costs occur even in super great relationships ^

because all relationships take lots of time and energy, and we have finite resources

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15
Q

how do people evaluate the relationship as a whole, according to social exchange theory?

A

simple formula

outcome = rewards - costs

if rewards > costs, net positive outcome

if rewards < costs, net negative outcome

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16
Q

interdependence theory: same outcome may not…

A

necessarily lead to the SAME AMOUNT OF SATISFACTION for different people

level of outcome doesn’t equal relationship satisfaction

think comparison levels

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17
Q

satisfaction: we evaluate the outcomes wee receive relative to…

A

what we EXPECT from our relationships

comparison level (CL)

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18
Q

comparison level (CL)

A

personal standard

what we feel we deserve

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19
Q

satisfaction formula

A

satisfaction = outcomes - CL

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20
Q

when our outcomes exceed our comparison levels…

A

we’re HAPPY & CONTENT

but when outcomes fall below our CL, we’re DISGRUNTLED & DISTRESSED

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21
Q

comparison levels mean that even if relationship is highly rewarding…

A

can be dissatisfied if CL is super high

and even if relationship is costly, it can be satisfying if CL is super low

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22
Q

sacrifice

A

giving up one’s own IMMEDIATE PREFERENCES/GOALS

for the good of the PARTNER or RELATIONSHIP

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23
Q

perceiving that a partner has sacrificed can lead to…

A

increased appreciation

potential positive consequences for the relationship

BUT may depend on EXPECTATIONS AROUND SACRIFICE

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24
Q

expectations around sacrifice: daily diary study

A

perceiving a partner’s sacrifice led to increase in:

  1. partner appreciation
  2. relationship satisfaction

ONLY if recipient’s EXPECTATIONS WERE LOW (positive expectancy violation)

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25
Q

sacrifice and satisfaction takeaway

A

even if a relationship is PROFITABLE and REWARDING

you may not be satisfied if the “profit” isn’t big enough to MEET YOUR EXPECTATIONS

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26
Q

CLs are _________ - everyone has…

A

idiosyncratic

their own CL

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27
Q

what influences CL?

A
  1. previous relationship experiences
    (how we’ve been treated in the past)
  2. observing others’ relationships
    (personal experience or media)
  3. personality dispositions
    (attachment orientation, self-esteem)
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28
Q

satisfaction as a predictor of couples staying tgt

A

partner’s satisfaction with relationship

is a FAIRLY SMALL PREDICTOR of staying together over time

other factors are involved in the decision

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29
Q

dependence

A

how FREE a person FEELS to LEAVE the relationship

how strongly tied a person is to another

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30
Q

dependence is a function of

A

dependence is a function of how our OUTCOMES in a GIVEN RELATIONSHIP

compare

to POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE outcomes

essentially how well current outcomes compare to how well you think you could do elsewhere

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31
Q

comparison level for alternatives

A
  1. what we realistically expect we could get in another relationship or situation

or

  1. other alternatives currently available

includes OTHER PARTNERS or SINGLEHOOD

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32
Q

what is the standard against which we decide to stay in or leave a relationship?

A

comparison level for alternatives

it’s the LOWEST LEVEL we’ll tolerate from present partner

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33
Q

even if we’re currently unhappy in a relationship, we won’t leave it unless…

A

a better alternative presents itself

can be another relationship OR being single

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34
Q

factors influencing CL alt

A
  1. individual differences
  2. cultural & structural factors
  3. opportunity to encounter alternatives
  4. motivated reasoning
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35
Q

individual differences (factors influencing CL alt)

A

ie. higher self-esteem = greater perception of available options

ie. fear of being single

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36
Q

cultural & structural factors (factors influencing CL alt)

A

how socially acceptable is single hood?

feasibility of living on a single income

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37
Q

opportunity to encounter alternatives (factors influencing CL alt)

A

ie. ability to move/proximity

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38
Q

barriers

A

all the forces outside of the relationship that act to KEEP PARTNERS TGT

ie. social disapproval of divorce

39
Q

investments

A

resources tied to the relationship that WOULD BE LOST if relationship were to end

ie. pets, children, furniture, shared friends, loved in-laws

40
Q

what both reduce the attractiveness of leaving a current relationship?

A

barriers and investments

41
Q

barriers and investments are both factored…

A

into the CL alts

42
Q

our CL alts include both

A

rewards and costs of leaving a relationship

43
Q

dependence equation

A

dependence = outcome - CL alt

44
Q

positive versus negative satisfaction

A

positive satisfaction score = happy

negative satisfaction score = unhappy

45
Q

positive versus negative dependence

A

positive dependence score = stable

negative dependence score = unstable
- will look for alternatives to relationship

46
Q

happy and stable

A

CL alt is lowest

then CL

and outcome is at the top

47
Q

unhappy and unstable

A

outcome is at the bottom

then CL alt

and CL is at the top

(you feel you can do better and your CL alt is above your outcome)

48
Q

unhappy and stable

A

CL alt is at the bottom

then your outcome

then CL at the top

(alternatives are still below your outcome, which is below your expectations)

49
Q

simple formula for outcome = rewards - costs… but research suggests that…

A

valuation of rewards and costs is MORE COMPLICATED

costs may be PARTICULARLY INFLUENTIAL

50
Q

cost may be…

A

particularly influential

because they carry MORE PSYCHOLOGICAL WEIGHT

“bad is stronger than good”

we pay more ATTENTION to costs, we REMEMBER costs more than rewards

51
Q

costs: influence ratio

A

magic 5 to 1 ratio for relationships

  • healthy relationships need at least a 5 reward to 1 cost ratio

means costs have roughly 5 times greater influence

52
Q

sacrifice detection

A

a reward has to be NOTICED to enter into our calculations

but may NOT NOTICE all the kind & loving things our partners do for us

53
Q

Visserman sacrifice detection daily diary study setup

A

daily diary study of sacrifices

data collected from BOTH MEMBERS of couple

comparison of partner data allows researchers to see HOW OFTEN sacrifices are DETECTED/MISSED

54
Q

Visserman sacrifice detection daily diary study results

A

possibilities: hit, miss, false alarm or correct rejection

thinking (rightly or wrongly) the partner has made a sacrifice boosts gratitude

but individuals MISS PARTNERS’ sacrifices about 50% of the time

55
Q

missed sacrifices leave sacrificing partners feeling…

A

under-appreciated and dissatisfied

so tallying of rewards and costs is limited - not straightforward as it depends on what we notice

56
Q

2 things we try to do in our close relationships

A
  1. gain positive outcomes: APPROACH MOTIVATION
  2. avoid negative outcomes: AVOIDANCE MOTIVATION
57
Q

approach and avoidance motivations, importantly, are…

A

2 different things

with different emotional and rational consequences

resulting behaviour can look the same, but the underlying motivation makes a difference

58
Q

avoidance goals are thwarted

A

INSECURITY and DISCORD are present

relationship is DANGEROUS and THREATENING

59
Q

avoidance goals are fulfilled

A

AGGRAVATION and ANNOYANCE are AVERTED

so relationship is SAFE and SECURR

60
Q

approach goals are fulfilled

A

plenty of NOVEL, ENTICING rewards are PRESENT

so relationship is PASSIONATE and INVIGORATING

61
Q

approach goals are thwarted

A

monotonous LACK OF STIMULATION

makes relationship DULL and STAGNANT

62
Q

avoidance goals thwarted x approach goals fulfilled

A

PRECARIOUS relationship

many delights and many dangers

63
Q

avoidance goals thwarted x approach goals thwarted

A

DISTRESSED relationship

few rewards and many costs

64
Q

approach goals fulfilled x avoidance goals fulfilled

A

FLOURISHING relationship

many delights and few costs

65
Q

approach goals thwarted x avoidance goals fulfilled

A

BORING relationship

safe but dull

66
Q

individual differences in avoidance and approach

A

chronic strength of approach and avoidance motivations differs between individuals

67
Q

approach/avoidance: measure of interpersonal goals statement examples

A

“I’ll be trying to avoid getting embarrassed, betrayed, or hurt by any of my friends”

“I’ll be trying to make sure nothing bad happens to my close relationships”

“I’ll be trying to enhance the bonding and intimacy in my close relationships”

68
Q

approach/avoidance individual diffs: IMPLICATIONS for processing of social information

A

avoidance motivation:

  1. BIASES towards negative stimuli
  2. ENHANCED MEMORY for negative stimuli
  3. increased NEGATIVE CONSTRUALS for ambiguous/neutral events

opposite pattern of results for approach motivation

69
Q

is it healthy to make sacrifices for your partner?

A

may depend on WHY you do it

  1. approach motives
  2. avoidance motives
70
Q

approach motives for making sacrifices for partner

A

WHY sacrifice?
1. make partner happy
2. grow relationship intimacy

LEAD TO…
1. more positive affect
2. greater relationship & life satisfaction
3. less conflict
4. less chance of breaking up 1 month later

71
Q

avoidance motives for making sacrifices for partner

A

WHY sacrifice?
1. avoid disappointment
2. avoid conflict

LEAD TO…
1. more negative affect
2. less relationship & life satisfaction
3. more conflict

72
Q

what is associated with more positive affect, life satisfaction and relationship satisfaction?

A

perceiving partner sacrificing for APPROACH reasons

perceiving it as motivated by avoidance reasons = less positive affect, life/relationship satisfaction

^experience of reward may not be as simple as getting the outcome we want

73
Q

velocity

A

recall that not just distance from goal, but the VELOCITY with which we approach a desired goal

is an important PREDICTOR of affective experience

emotions as REACTIONS TO CHANGE

74
Q

velocity: satisfaction is based on MORE RECENT IMPROVEMENTS…

A

more recent improvements/changes in relationship quality

rather than overall relationship quality

75
Q

what happens to marital satisfaction on average as the years pass?

A

it declines

this doesn’t happen to everyone

1 in every 4 couples don’t experience large declines in satisfaction

76
Q

why does satisfaction wane over marriage/time?

A
  1. effort declines
  2. interdependency is a magnifying glass for conflict & friction
  3. high access to weaponry
  4. unwelcome surprises
77
Q

reasons for satisfaction waning over time: effort declines

A

reduction in impression management

“deromantization”

spouses display MORE NEGATIVE and FEWER POSITIVE behaviours towards each other than they do towards STRANGERS

77
Q

reasons for satisfaction waning over time: interdependency is a magnifying glass for conflict & friction

A

something that wasn’t a big deal at first can become VERY annoying

“social allergies”

repeated exposure to irritations results in larger conflict over time

78
Q

reasons for satisfaction waning over time: high access to weaponry

A

ammunition for conflicts

greater ability to hurt feelings

can also unintentionally reveal secrets/embarrass partner

79
Q

reasons for satisfaction waning over time: unwelcome surprises

A

fatal attractions

may discover undesirable things about partner when adjusting to new circumstances/roles (ie. parenthood)

  • worse if we hold UNREALISTIC expectations
80
Q

construal level theory

A

different mental representations of events based on the PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE from the event

psychologically DISTANT events = thought about in ABSTRACT TERMS

  • imagine settling down with someone in distant future: love, companionship, intimacy

psychologically NEAR events = thought about in CONCRETE terms

  • day to day realities: picking up kids from school, coordinating schedules, picking up dirty socks from floor
81
Q

higher level construals

A

psychologically distant events

thought about in abstract terms

82
Q

lower level construals

A

psychologically near events

thought about in concrete terms

83
Q

optimism is…

A

good for your relationship

optimists enjoy more satisfying relationships

key is probably expectation that INEVITABLE DIFFICULTIES can be RESOLVED

84
Q

destiny beliefs

A

people are either compatible or they are not

“relationships that don’t start off well will inevitably fail”

85
Q

growth beliefs

A

relationship challenges can be overcome

“a successful relationship evolves through hard work and resolution of incompatibilities”

86
Q

people with destiny beliefs…

A
  1. are INITIALLY HAPPIER with their relationships
  2. but when faced with CONFLICT, satisfaction declines
  3. especially sensitive to SIGNS that their relationship isn’t “meant to be”
  4. DISENGAGE from relationship when there’s a problem
87
Q

people with growth beliefs…

A
  1. are CONSTRUCTIVE, OPTIMISTIC, COMMITTED IN FACE OF CONFLICTS
  2. fewer one-night stands, date partners for LONGER PERIODS of time
  3. try to MAINTAIN relationship when there’s a problem
88
Q

hedonic treadmill

A

when we attain positive outcomes

our happiness levels may TEMPORARILY INCREASE

but SO DO OUR EXPECTATIONS

CL increases

89
Q

variety

A

extent to which events of a given variance vary in their content

adaptation occurs to constant/repeated stimuli, not varying ones

(in relation to hedonic treadmill)

so we need VARIETY in positive events we experience - this may PREVENT ACCUSTOMATION

90
Q

mitigating hedonic adaptation study setup

A

longitudinal study of happiness intervention

students told to:

  1. repeat same kind acts every week for ten weeks (low variety condition)
  2. vary the acts they performed (high variety condition)
91
Q

mitigating hedonic adaptation study

A

in high variety condition, INCREASED HAPPINESS following the intervention

in low variety condition, HAPPINESS ACTUALLY DECLINED

92
Q

implications for relationships

A
  1. VARIETY may be the spice of relationship satisfaction
  2. maintain REASONABLE expectations and aspirations
  3. cultivate GRATITUDE
    - experimental manipulations for cultivating gratitude improve relationship closeness

Psyc 474 (23 decks)

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