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Psyc 474 > Sept 26 > Flashcards

Sept 26 Flashcards

1
Q

interdependence

A

exists when we NEED OTHERS and THEY NEED US

in order to obtain VALUABLE REWARDS

behaviour of each partner affects the outcomes of the other

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2
Q

interdependence theory

A

explains how partners in a relationship INFLUENCE EACH OTHER’S

experiences and outcomes

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3
Q

interdependence theory is derived from…

A

social exchange theory

interdependence theory is essentially social exchange theory applied to close relationships

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4
Q

social exchange theory: relationship partners are…

A

rational actors

engaged in cost-benefit analyses

economic view: maximizing rewards and minimizing costs

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5
Q

social exchange theory: relationships begin when…

A

when you give me some of what I want

and I give you some of what you want

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6
Q

social exchange

A

process in which two people give and take desirable rewards from each other

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7
Q

social exchange theory: rewards and costs

A

rewards: DESIRABLE experiences and commodities

costs: UNDESIRABLE experiences

we’re driven to max rewards and min costs

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8
Q

rewards

A

any of the ways a relationship may satisfy our needs and desires

something that’s gratifying and pleasant

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9
Q

2 types of rewards

A
  1. tangible/material
  2. intangible/social
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10
Q

tangible/material rewards

A

ie. financial assistance

ie. dinner waiting for you when you get home

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11
Q

intangible/social rewards

A

rewards that meet our EMOTIONAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL needs

ie. feeling loved & secure

ie. validation, companionship, self-expansion

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12
Q

costs

A

any of the ways a relationship may PREVENT us from meeting our needs and desires

or

something that is PUNISHING/FRUSTRATING

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13
Q

2 types of costs

A
  1. material
    ie. financial cost
  2. social
    ie. jealousy, frequent arguments, uncertainty
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14
Q

opportunity cost

A

cost of NOT PURSUING a possible reward

ie. taking a job in another city, pursuing an attractive acquaintance, having more time for hobbies

costs occur even in super great relationships ^

because all relationships take lots of time and energy, and we have finite resources

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15
Q

how do people evaluate the relationship as a whole, according to social exchange theory?

A

simple formula

outcome = rewards - costs

if rewards > costs, net positive outcome

if rewards < costs, net negative outcome

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16
Q

interdependence theory: same outcome may not…

A

necessarily lead to the SAME AMOUNT OF SATISFACTION for different people

level of outcome doesn’t equal relationship satisfaction

think comparison levels

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17
Q

satisfaction: we evaluate the outcomes wee receive relative to…

A

what we EXPECT from our relationships

comparison level (CL)

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18
Q

comparison level (CL)

A

personal standard

what we feel we deserve

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19
Q

satisfaction formula

A

satisfaction = outcomes - CL

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20
Q

when our outcomes exceed our comparison levels…

A

we’re HAPPY & CONTENT

but when outcomes fall below our CL, we’re DISGRUNTLED & DISTRESSED

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21
Q

comparison levels mean that even if relationship is highly rewarding…

A

can be dissatisfied if CL is super high

and even if relationship is costly, it can be satisfying if CL is super low

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22
Q

sacrifice

A

giving up one’s own IMMEDIATE PREFERENCES/GOALS

for the good of the PARTNER or RELATIONSHIP

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23
Q

perceiving that a partner has sacrificed can lead to…

A

increased appreciation

potential positive consequences for the relationship

BUT may depend on EXPECTATIONS AROUND SACRIFICE

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24
Q

expectations around sacrifice: daily diary study

A

perceiving a partner’s sacrifice led to increase in:

  1. partner appreciation
  2. relationship satisfaction

ONLY if recipient’s EXPECTATIONS WERE LOW (positive expectancy violation)

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25
sacrifice and satisfaction takeaway
even if a relationship is PROFITABLE and REWARDING you may not be satisfied if the "profit" isn't big enough to MEET YOUR EXPECTATIONS
26
CLs are _________ - everyone has...
idiosyncratic their own CL
27
what influences CL?
1. previous relationship experiences (how we've been treated in the past) 2. observing others' relationships (personal experience or media) 3. personality dispositions (attachment orientation, self-esteem)
28
satisfaction as a predictor of couples staying tgt
partner's satisfaction with relationship is a FAIRLY SMALL PREDICTOR of staying together over time other factors are involved in the decision
29
dependence
how FREE a person FEELS to LEAVE the relationship how strongly tied a person is to another
30
dependence is a function of
dependence is a function of how our OUTCOMES in a GIVEN RELATIONSHIP compare to POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE outcomes essentially how well current outcomes compare to how well you think you could do elsewhere
31
comparison level for alternatives
1. what we realistically expect we could get in another relationship or situation or 2. other alternatives currently available includes OTHER PARTNERS or SINGLEHOOD
32
what is the standard against which we decide to stay in or leave a relationship?
comparison level for alternatives it's the LOWEST LEVEL we'll tolerate from present partner
33
even if we're currently unhappy in a relationship, we won't leave it unless...
a better alternative presents itself can be another relationship OR being single
34
factors influencing CL alt
1. individual differences 2. cultural & structural factors 3. opportunity to encounter alternatives 4. motivated reasoning
35
individual differences (factors influencing CL alt)
ie. higher self-esteem = greater perception of available options ie. fear of being single
36
cultural & structural factors (factors influencing CL alt)
how socially acceptable is single hood? feasibility of living on a single income
37
opportunity to encounter alternatives (factors influencing CL alt)
ie. ability to move/proximity
38
barriers
all the forces outside of the relationship that act to KEEP PARTNERS TGT ie. social disapproval of divorce
39
investments
resources tied to the relationship that WOULD BE LOST if relationship were to end ie. pets, children, furniture, shared friends, loved in-laws
40
what both reduce the attractiveness of leaving a current relationship?
barriers and investments
41
barriers and investments are both factored...
into the CL alts
42
our CL alts include both
rewards and costs of leaving a relationship
43
dependence equation
dependence = outcome - CL alt
44
positive versus negative satisfaction
positive satisfaction score = happy negative satisfaction score = unhappy
45
positive versus negative dependence
positive dependence score = stable negative dependence score = unstable - will look for alternatives to relationship
46
happy and stable
CL alt is lowest then CL and outcome is at the top
47
unhappy and unstable
outcome is at the bottom then CL alt and CL is at the top (you feel you can do better and your CL alt is above your outcome)
48
unhappy and stable
CL alt is at the bottom then your outcome then CL at the top (alternatives are still below your outcome, which is below your expectations)
49
simple formula for outcome = rewards - costs... but research suggests that...
valuation of rewards and costs is MORE COMPLICATED costs may be PARTICULARLY INFLUENTIAL
50
cost may be...
particularly influential because they carry MORE PSYCHOLOGICAL WEIGHT "bad is stronger than good" we pay more ATTENTION to costs, we REMEMBER costs more than rewards
51
costs: influence ratio
magic 5 to 1 ratio for relationships - healthy relationships need at least a 5 reward to 1 cost ratio means costs have roughly 5 times greater influence
52
sacrifice detection
a reward has to be NOTICED to enter into our calculations but may NOT NOTICE all the kind & loving things our partners do for us
53
Visserman sacrifice detection daily diary study setup
daily diary study of sacrifices data collected from BOTH MEMBERS of couple comparison of partner data allows researchers to see HOW OFTEN sacrifices are DETECTED/MISSED
54
Visserman sacrifice detection daily diary study results
possibilities: hit, miss, false alarm or correct rejection thinking (rightly or wrongly) the partner has made a sacrifice boosts gratitude but individuals MISS PARTNERS' sacrifices about 50% of the time
55
missed sacrifices leave sacrificing partners feeling...
under-appreciated and dissatisfied so tallying of rewards and costs is limited - not straightforward as it depends on what we notice
56
2 things we try to do in our close relationships
1. gain positive outcomes: APPROACH MOTIVATION 2. avoid negative outcomes: AVOIDANCE MOTIVATION
57
approach and avoidance motivations, importantly, are...
2 different things with different emotional and rational consequences resulting behaviour can look the same, but the underlying motivation makes a difference
58
avoidance goals are thwarted
INSECURITY and DISCORD are present relationship is DANGEROUS and THREATENING
59
avoidance goals are fulfilled
AGGRAVATION and ANNOYANCE are AVERTED so relationship is SAFE and SECURR
60
approach goals are fulfilled
plenty of NOVEL, ENTICING rewards are PRESENT so relationship is PASSIONATE and INVIGORATING
61
approach goals are thwarted
monotonous LACK OF STIMULATION makes relationship DULL and STAGNANT
62
avoidance goals thwarted x approach goals fulfilled
PRECARIOUS relationship many delights and many dangers
63
avoidance goals thwarted x approach goals thwarted
DISTRESSED relationship few rewards and many costs
64
approach goals fulfilled x avoidance goals fulfilled
FLOURISHING relationship many delights and few costs
65
approach goals thwarted x avoidance goals fulfilled
BORING relationship safe but dull
66
individual differences in avoidance and approach
chronic strength of approach and avoidance motivations differs between individuals
67
approach/avoidance: measure of interpersonal goals statement examples
"I'll be trying to avoid getting embarrassed, betrayed, or hurt by any of my friends" "I'll be trying to make sure nothing bad happens to my close relationships" "I'll be trying to enhance the bonding and intimacy in my close relationships"
68
approach/avoidance individual diffs: IMPLICATIONS for processing of social information
avoidance motivation: 1. BIASES towards negative stimuli 2. ENHANCED MEMORY for negative stimuli 3. increased NEGATIVE CONSTRUALS for ambiguous/neutral events opposite pattern of results for approach motivation
69
is it healthy to make sacrifices for your partner?
may depend on WHY you do it 1. approach motives 2. avoidance motives
70
approach motives for making sacrifices for partner
WHY sacrifice? 1. make partner happy 2. grow relationship intimacy LEAD TO... 1. more positive affect 2. greater relationship & life satisfaction 3. less conflict 4. less chance of breaking up 1 month later
71
avoidance motives for making sacrifices for partner
WHY sacrifice? 1. avoid disappointment 2. avoid conflict LEAD TO... 1. more negative affect 2. less relationship & life satisfaction 3. more conflict
72
what is associated with more positive affect, life satisfaction and relationship satisfaction?
perceiving partner sacrificing for APPROACH reasons perceiving it as motivated by avoidance reasons = less positive affect, life/relationship satisfaction ^experience of reward may not be as simple as getting the outcome we want
73
velocity
recall that not just distance from goal, but the VELOCITY with which we approach a desired goal is an important PREDICTOR of affective experience emotions as REACTIONS TO CHANGE
74
velocity: satisfaction is based on MORE RECENT IMPROVEMENTS...
more recent improvements/changes in relationship quality rather than overall relationship quality
75
what happens to marital satisfaction on average as the years pass?
it declines this doesn't happen to everyone 1 in every 4 couples don't experience large declines in satisfaction
76
why does satisfaction wane over marriage/time?
1. effort declines 2. interdependency is a magnifying glass for conflict & friction 3. high access to weaponry 4. unwelcome surprises
77
reasons for satisfaction waning over time: effort declines
reduction in impression management "deromantization" spouses display MORE NEGATIVE and FEWER POSITIVE behaviours towards each other than they do towards STRANGERS
77
reasons for satisfaction waning over time: interdependency is a magnifying glass for conflict & friction
something that wasn't a big deal at first can become VERY annoying "social allergies" repeated exposure to irritations results in larger conflict over time
78
reasons for satisfaction waning over time: high access to weaponry
ammunition for conflicts greater ability to hurt feelings can also unintentionally reveal secrets/embarrass partner
79
reasons for satisfaction waning over time: unwelcome surprises
fatal attractions may discover undesirable things about partner when adjusting to new circumstances/roles (ie. parenthood) - worse if we hold UNREALISTIC expectations
80
construal level theory
different mental representations of events based on the PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE from the event psychologically DISTANT events = thought about in ABSTRACT TERMS - imagine settling down with someone in distant future: love, companionship, intimacy psychologically NEAR events = thought about in CONCRETE terms - day to day realities: picking up kids from school, coordinating schedules, picking up dirty socks from floor
81
higher level construals
psychologically distant events thought about in abstract terms
82
lower level construals
psychologically near events thought about in concrete terms
83
optimism is...
good for your relationship optimists enjoy more satisfying relationships key is probably expectation that INEVITABLE DIFFICULTIES can be RESOLVED
84
destiny beliefs
people are either compatible or they are not "relationships that don't start off well will inevitably fail"
85
growth beliefs
relationship challenges can be overcome "a successful relationship evolves through hard work and resolution of incompatibilities"
86
people with destiny beliefs...
1. are INITIALLY HAPPIER with their relationships 2. but when faced with CONFLICT, satisfaction declines 3. especially sensitive to SIGNS that their relationship isn't "meant to be" 4. DISENGAGE from relationship when there's a problem
87
people with growth beliefs...
1. are CONSTRUCTIVE, OPTIMISTIC, COMMITTED IN FACE OF CONFLICTS 2. fewer one-night stands, date partners for LONGER PERIODS of time 3. try to MAINTAIN relationship when there's a problem
88
hedonic treadmill
when we attain positive outcomes our happiness levels may TEMPORARILY INCREASE but SO DO OUR EXPECTATIONS CL increases
89
variety
extent to which events of a given variance vary in their content adaptation occurs to constant/repeated stimuli, not varying ones (in relation to hedonic treadmill) so we need VARIETY in positive events we experience - this may PREVENT ACCUSTOMATION
90
mitigating hedonic adaptation study setup
longitudinal study of happiness intervention students told to: 1. repeat same kind acts every week for ten weeks (low variety condition) 2. vary the acts they performed (high variety condition)
91
mitigating hedonic adaptation study
in high variety condition, INCREASED HAPPINESS following the intervention in low variety condition, HAPPINESS ACTUALLY DECLINED
92
implications for relationships
1. VARIETY may be the spice of relationship satisfaction 2. maintain REASONABLE expectations and aspirations 3. cultivate GRATITUDE - experimental manipulations for cultivating gratitude improve relationship closeness

Psyc 474 (23 decks)

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