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Psyc 474 > Nov 14 > Flashcards

Nov 14 Flashcards

1
Q

qualitative study examining Ps in DISSOLUTION CONSIDERATION phase setup

A

mostly dating couples

some married/common law

focus on Ps CURRENTLY contemplating breakups (this helps mitigate memory biases)

what are some reasons for wanting to STAY/LEAVE current partner?

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2
Q

qualitative study examining Ps in DISSOLUTION CONSIDERATION phase results

A

generated 27 distinct reasons for staying

23 for leaving

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3
Q

reasons for wanting to STAY in relationship

A

(from most to least common)

  1. emotional intimacy
  2. emotional investment
  3. family duty

desirable partner personality traits, enjoyment, emotional security, physical intimacy, financial benefits, compatibility, concern for partner, optimism, validation

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4
Q

reasons for wanting to LEAVE relationship

A

(from most to least common)

  1. partner flaws
  2. breach of trust
  3. partner withdrawal

external reasons (ie. relocation), physical distance, conflict, incompatibility, emotional distance, lack of validation, lack of financial benefits, lack of enjoyment

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5
Q

what is common when partners are deciding whether to stay or leave?

A

AMBIVALENCE

49% report higher-than-midpoint STAY and LEAVE motivation

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6
Q

ambivalence about stay/leave is particularly pronounced for…

A

anxiously attached individuals

strong desire for relationship & reliance on partner for validation

mixed with heightened sensitivity to negativity within relationship

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7
Q

relationship ambivalence associated with…

A
  1. NEG HEALTH OUTCOMES (ie. coronary heart disease)
  2. GREATER PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
  3. MORE NEG EMOTIONS
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8
Q

meta analysis of non-marital breakups SETUP

A

Q = what factors predict breakups?

meta analysis of 137 longitudinal studies, conducted over 30 years, N = 37,700

studies included if they:
- were LONGITUDINAL
- assessed 1+ relevant predictors
- assessed RELATIONSHIP STABILITY at a later time

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9
Q

meta analysis of non-marital breakups LARGE EFFECT PREDICTORS

A

a) positive illusions
b) commitment
c) love

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10
Q

meta analysis of non-marital breakups MODERATE EFFECT PREDICTORS

A

a) self-other overlap
b) trust
c) closeness
d) quality of alternatives
e) investment
f) satisfaction
g) network support

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11
Q

meta analysis of non-marital breakups SMALL EFFECTS

A

a) relationship duration
b) avoidant attachment (leave)
c) conflict
d) anxious attachment (leave)
e) destiny beliefs
f) agreeableness

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12
Q

meta analysis of non-marital breakups EFFECT PATTERN

A

INDIVIDUAL level factors like ATTACHMENT STYLE & BIG 5 personality traits

showed relatively SMALL or NULL effects

RELATIONSHIP-level factors show STRONGER effects

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13
Q

although people in relationships (and often, researchers) tend to focus on INDIVIDUAL & RELATIONAL factors…

A

relationships exist in BROADER CONTEXT

individual, relational and external context factors INTERACT in complex ways to shape BREAKUP RISK

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14
Q

model that takes into account complex stay/leave factors

A

vulnerability-stress-adaptation (VSA) model of marriage

considers individual, relational and external context factors

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15
Q

vulnerability-stress-adaptation model (VSA)

A
  1. enduring Vulnerabilities
  2. Stressful events
  3. Adaptive processes
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16
Q

VSA: enduring vulnerabilities examples

A

adverse experiences in family of origin

insecure attachment

neuroticism

impulsivity

low education levels

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17
Q

VSA: stressful events examples

A

unemployment

life transitions

illness

childbirth

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18
Q

VSA: adaptive processes

A

ways in which couples deal with challenges/conflict

ie. communication styles, stress management

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19
Q

VSA: reciprocal relationship between…

A

adaptive processes and marital quality

ie. low marital quality = less motivated to engage in adaptive processes

ie. less adaptive processes = lower marital quality

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20
Q

stress

A

set of physiological, emotional, cognitive changes in response to a demanding challenge in the environment (a stressor)

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21
Q

stress spillover

A

many of the stressors couples face are EXTERNAL to their relationship

ie. financial strain, debt, high workloads

but these have the power to AFFECT THE RELATIONSHIP

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22
Q

stress drives attentional…

A

shift to what is SALIENT in the environment

heightens SENSITIVITY to THREAT

^ ie. like an insensitive remark made by spouse

INTERFERES with more complex forms of cognitive processing

^ ie. like taking contextual factors into account

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23
Q

stress impedes…

A

ACCOMMODATION

ie. physiological arousal during marital discussion is associated with increased NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY

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24
Q

studies of how stress impedes accommodation

A
  1. dairy study - negative marital interactions more likely to be reported on days that have been stressful

^ also more likely on weekdays vs weekends

  1. air traffic controller study - higher workload predicts greater withdrawal at home
  2. wives more likely to make blame attributions for negative partner behaviour when under stress
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25
Q

enduring vulnerabilities affect both…

A
  1. propensity to EXPERIENCE stress (path C)
  2. ability to COPE with stress (path b)
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26
Q

examples of how enduring vulnerabilities affect both propensity to EXPERIENCE stress and ability to COPE with stress

A
  1. parental discord & divorce associated with lower accomplishment (path C) as well as poorer social skills as adults (path B)
  2. individuals high in negative affectivity (ie. neuroticism) more likely to appraise situations as stressful, and make more negative attributions for partner behaviour
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27
Q

couples who are more supportive & have stronger coping skills are not as…

A

not as negatively impacted by stressful events

may even experience boosts to relationship satisfaction after stressful events

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28
Q

disapproval from couple’s social network…

A

may place ADDITIONAL STRAIN on relationships

^ implications for couples in same-sex relationships (although no evidence that same-sex relationships are less satisfying despite external stressors)

having supportive social network may be especially important when facing other difficulties (ie. financial strain)

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29
Q

although disapproval of relationship from social network may place added strain on relationships…

A

determinants of martial quality and stability are MULTIFACTORIAL

  • individual & relational factors influence adjustment
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30
Q

historical trends in divorce in the US

A

increased since mid-1930s

appears to be slowing down, but 50% of US marriages will end in separation

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31
Q

changes in expectations of marriage quote

A

“today, we turn to one person to provide what an entire village once did: a sense of grounding, meaning and continuity. at the same time, we expect our committed relationships to be romantic as well as emotionally and sexually fulfilling. is it any wonder that so many relationships crumble under the weight of it all?”

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32
Q

trends in “very happily” married people

A

consistently decreasing

maybe marriages aren’t getting objectively worse, but maybe the gap between our expectations and outcomes is widening

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33
Q

what’s one of the best predictors of divorce?

A

the disillusionment model

34
Q

disillusionment model

A

couples typically begin their marriages with rosy, romanticized views of their relationship that are unrealistically positive, setting them up for disappointment

these relationships don’t necessarily turn acrimonious, but the STEEP DECLINES in relationship satisfaction produce instability

35
Q

increasing individualism and divorce

A

another reason why divorce levels are increasing

Western culture is becoming more individualistic

^ less tied to communities and less likely to live near extended family

this means LESS SOCIAL SUPPORT and COMPANIONSHIP which has implications

a) ask more of our spouse than we did in the past

b) can put strain on relationship

36
Q

implications for marriage caused by increasing individualism

A
  1. ASK MORE of our spouses than we did in the past
  2. can put a STRAIN on the relationship
37
Q

“with whom do you discuss important matters?” from 1985 to 2004

A

used to turn to parents, siblings, coworkers, friends

now more people say they turn to SPOUSE

(marker of increasing individualism and people having smaller circles = bigger role of spouse)

38
Q

increasing individualism means we’re less affected by…

A

community norms

that might discourage from divorce

recall that BARRIERS reduce the attractiveness of leaving a relationship

39
Q

financial independence of women

A

another reason why divorce is on the rise

women have ECONOMIC FREEDOM to LEAVE dissatisfying relationships

REDUCED BARRIERS, HIGHER QUALITY ALTERNATIVES

40
Q

financial independence of women: spouses report more conflict between…

A

work and family

the more hours a wife works outside the home, the lower the quality of the marriage

HIGHER COSTS

and, the amount of TIME spouses spend together has declined

41
Q

5 reasons for increasing levels of divorce

A
  1. changing expectations
  2. increasing individualism
  3. financial independence of women
  4. changing perceptions of divorce
  5. increased exposure to divorce
42
Q

changing perceptions of divorce

A

now LESS SHAMEFUL (no longer seen as personal failure)

and EASIER TO OBTAIN (from legal perspective)

shared perceptions of divorce are a lot less negative

^ another example of REDUCED BARRIERS

43
Q

reduced barriers to divorce

A
  1. financial independence of women
  2. changing perceptions of divorce
44
Q

if divorce is seen as less negative, there may be less…

A

efforts to save a faltering relationship

divorce may seem like an EASIER ALTERNATIVE

45
Q

increased exposure to divorce

A

there are more CHILDREN OF DIVORCE:

^ children who experience divorce of their parents are more likely to divorce themselves when they become adults

more of us have DIVORCED FRIENDS:

^when others in our social networks divorce, we’re more likely to do so as well

46
Q

what about divorce rates in Canada?

A

lower in Canada compared to US

and are on the DECLINE

47
Q

why are divorce rates in Canada lower than those in the US, and why are they declining?

A
  1. not as many people are getting married
  2. getting married LATER and tend to have MORE EDUCATION (protective factors)
  3. maybe selecting for especially strong unions?

^ enduring dynamics model also predictive of divorce (marriages that start with higher levels of problems & ambiguity are less satisfying & stable)

48
Q

although Canada divorce rates are generally on the decline, in…

A

older populations rates of divorce are increasing

differential shift across age groups

49
Q

7 breakup tactics

A
  1. avoidance/withdrawal
  2. positive tone/self-blame
  3. open confrontation
  4. cost escalation
  5. manipulation
  6. distant/mediated communication
  7. de-escalation
50
Q

avoidance/withdrawal breakup tactic

A

increasing distance

decreasing intimacy & affection

51
Q

positive tone/self-blame breakup tactic

A

“it’s not you, it’s me”

taking responsibility for the breakup

trying to spare partner’s feelings

52
Q

open confrontation breakup tactic

A

direct and honest

openly communicating desire for breakup

53
Q

cost escalation breakup tactic

A

increasing partner’s costs (making relationship less rewarding)

to motivate them to break up with you first

54
Q

manipulation breakup tactic

A

ie. using mutual friends to convey dissatisfaction

spreading rumours, hoping partner will hear them and break up with you

55
Q

distant/mediated communication breakup tactic

A

changing facebook status

breakup texts

56
Q

de-escalation breakup tactic

A

taking a break

57
Q

indirect breakup strategies reflect less…

A

less COMPASSION for the recipient

associated with GREATER DISTRESS post breakup

58
Q

direct breakup strategies are seen…

A

more positively

59
Q

use of positive tone in breakup strategies has…

A

(positive tone ie. taking responsibility for breakup, “it’s not you, it’s me”)

has INCONSISTENT effects

  1. seen as COMPASSIONATE
  2. but associated with NEG outcomes for recipient (ie. depression)
  3. may be used by dis-engagers to decrease current level of intimacy while LEAVING DOOR OPEN for increased intimacy later on
60
Q

using positive tone in breakup is associated with likelihood of…

A

RE-ENTERING relationship

aka CHURNING

61
Q

churning is associated with…

A

greater UNCERTAINTY

STRESS

LESS SATISFACTION

62
Q

positive tone is more likely to be used if the dis-engager feels…

A

feels that the target won’t be able to cope

63
Q

when are direct breakup strategies more likely to be used?

A

HIGH INTIMACY

HIGH CLOSENESS

HIGH SOCIAL NETWORK OVERLAP

64
Q

when are indirect breakup strategies more likely to be used?

A

LOW INTIMACY

LOW CLOSENESS

65
Q

attachment avoidance and breakup strategies

A
  1. more INDIRECT strategies (avoidance/withdrawal)
  2. FEWER strategies that LEAVE DOOR OPEN to reconnection (ie. positive tone)
66
Q

attachment anxiety and breakup strategies

A

more strategies that allow for LATER RECONNECTION

and POSTPONE the breakup

(ie. positive tone/self-blame and de-escalation/taking a break)

^ consistent with research on stay/leave decision conflicts, association between attachment anxiety & tendency to have on-again/off-again relationships

67
Q

ghosting

A

breaking up by AVOIDING ONLINE & OFFLINE CONTACT

lack of EXPLICIT breakup DECLARATION or EXPLANATION for breakup

recall discussion on negative effects of ostracism…

68
Q

ghosting and ostracism

A

surprisingly, research so far has NOT FOUND ghosting to be WORSE than more direct strategies

69
Q

ghosting is seen as more acceptable in…

A

short-term relationships

but in one study of ghosting, relationships in which ghosting occurred lasted 6 months on average and commitment ratings were above 4 on a 1-7 scale

70
Q

ghosting dis-engagers are motivated by…

A

feelings of DISINTEREST

71
Q

those with stronger _______ ______ are more likely to ghost

A

destiny beliefs

if believe relationship isn’t meant to work out, then there’s no point in trying to maintain it

72
Q

what are two of the most highly ranked stressful life events?

A

marital dissolution & death of spouse

73
Q

host of negative effects associated with breakups

A

sadness

anxiety

anger

low self-esteem

loss of appetite

trouble sleeping

74
Q

romantic breakups in young adulthood increase risk for…

A

negative mental health outcomes

including first onset of major depressive disorder

75
Q

reactions to breakups: one-sided vs mutual

A

individuals who INITIATED BREAKUP as well as individuals in MUTUALLY DISSOLVED relationships

generally experience LESS STRESS relative to individuals who were broken up with

^ UNCONTROLLABLE events tend to be more distressing

BUT some mixed evidence for effect of breakup role (recall earlier research on ambivalence around stay/leave decisions)

76
Q

2 theoretical perspectives helpful in understanding the strength of negative reactions to breakups

A
  1. attachment theory
  2. self-expansion theory
77
Q

attachment theory as theoretical explanation for neg reactions to breakups

A

in adulthood, romantic partners serve as PRIMARY ATTACHMENT FIGURE

  1. termination of relationship reps LOSS of SAFE HAVEN and SECURE BASE

^ necessitates RE-ORGANIZATION of attachment hierarchy

  1. potential damage to MODELS of OTHER & SELF
78
Q

social pain theory

A

social attachment system built on top of PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

one potential reason that breakups may hurt so much is because they engage some of the SAME BRAIN MECHANISMS involved in physical pain

79
Q

self expansion theory as theoretical explanation for neg reactions to breakups

A

breakups generate distress by leading to CONTRACTION & DE-STABILIZATION of self-concept

^ SIZE of self-concept & self-concept CLARITY (extent to which feel certain about aspects of the self and perceive them to be internally consistent & temporally stable)

^ particularly true for those who experienced more self-expansion in relationship

“I don’t even know who I am anymore”

^ rediscovery of self is associated with better breakup recovery and breakup-related growth

80
Q

while adjusting to a breakup does take time…

A

distress does fade

81
Q

advice for getting over a breakup

A
  1. don’t stalk their social media
  2. don’t ruminate, but do reflect
  3. seek support
  4. remind yourself of alternatives (esp if you’re higher in attachment anxiety)
  5. pursue self-expanding activities and rediscover your sense of self
  6. remember that you’re a worthwhile human being

Psyc 474 (23 decks)

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