Nov 28 Flashcards

Question

insula may interpret what as anxiety?

Answer 1

interoception/sympathetic NS activation as anxiety

Answer 2

1. FAST-conducting mechanoreceptors ^ allow for FINE discrimination 2. SLOW-conducting mechanoreceptors ^ respond to LOW PRESSURE, LOW VELOCITY tactile stimulation

Answer 3

respond to low pressure, low velocity tactile stimulation this type of stimulation = found in INTIMATE AFFILIATIVE interactions is experienced as SUBJECTIVELY PLEASANT

Answer 4

directly to insula may serve as an ALL CLEAR signal

Answer 5

once contact with caregiver is regained, experience strong feelings of PLEASURE & COMFORT reinforces the attachment bond

Answer 6

restore sense of comfort & security ie. THINKING of a loved one some parallels to literature on physical pain & PLACEBOS - cognitive factors like MERE EXPECTATION of pain relief can alleviate pain

Answer 7

relief from pain (ie. omission/reduction of an aversive event/punishment) is more than simply an attenuation of pain it's REWARDING/PLEASURABLE pleasure of relief derived from VIOLATION OF NEGATIVE EXPECTANCY

Answer 8

pessimists (who generally hold more negative expectations) experience: 1. GREATER DREAD of adverse event 2. GREATER RELIEF when adverse event is avoided

Answer 9

system of OPIOID RECEPTORS & their respective LIGANDS (chem messengers that bind to a receptor) u-opioid receptors bind drugs like MORPHINE and HEROIN - mediate their analgesic and rewarding effects

Answer 10

internally produced (endogenous) chemical messengers like beta-endorphins ^ play role in pain relief, placebo effects, hedonic responses to rewards like food

Answer 11

brain opioid theory of social attachment

Answer 12

opioids mediate attachment through DUAL MECHANISMS DECLINING LEVELS of opioids during SEPARATION contribute to SOCIAL PAIN/separation distress INCREASING LEVELS of opioids during REUNION contribute to feelings of REWARD/COMFORT

Answer 13

if separation distress reflects state of endogenous opioid withdrawal then stimulation of opioid activity should diminish behavioural manifestations of separation distress ie. distress vocalizations, clinging

Answer 14

chemical substance that binds and ACTIVATES a certain receptor acts like the endogenous ligand

Answer 15

chemical substance that binds to a receptor and BLOCKS it thereby BLOCKS/DAMPENS the normal biological response

Answer 16

the neurochemical mechanism behind the typical response

Answer 17

naloxone naltrexone

Answer 18

1. pharmacological approach 2. brain stimulation approach

Answer 19

administration of u-opioid receptor agonists like morphine or beta-endorphin reduces DVs & proximity-seeking behaviour like clinging in variety of non-human animal species

Answer 20

electrical stimulation of the periventricular gray (PVG) produces release of beta-endorphin, physical analgesia, and reduction of DVs in isolated guinea pigs both analgesia & reduction in DVs can be REVERSED with administration of an opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone)

Answer 21

social contact leads to release of endogenous opioids

Answer 22

if the release of endogenous opioids (caused by social contact) mediates/drives the comforting effects of social contact, we should be able to BLOCK the COMFORTING EFFECTS of SOCIAL CONTACT by blocking endogenous opioids

Answer 23

large increases in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of beta-endorphin following GROOMING IN MONKEYS

Answer 24

young animals treated with opioid receptor antagonists like naltrexone continue to cry/cling to mom even after reunion

Answer 25

genetic knock-down of the u-opioid receptor in mouse pups causes deficits in attachment - knockouts emit FEWER SEPARATION DISTRESS CALLS relative to control - DON'T DEVELOP PREFERENCE for mother's olfactory cues in contrast to controls

Answer 26

the pain of separation is the price we pay for attachment

Answer 27

indirect evidence only social contact DECREASES PHYSICAL PAIN in real life and experimental settings even viewing PIC OF LOVED ONE decreases pain in lab task BUT IT'S UNCLEAR IF THIS IS OPIOID MEDIATED

Answer 28

when thinking of an experience of SOCIAL LOSS, DEACTIVATION of opioid neurotransmission in regions related to PAIN affect

Answer 29

NALTREXONE (vs placebo control) DECREASES FEELINGS OF WARMTH/CONNECTION participants experience while: a) reading affectionate notes from close others b) looking at their photographs also decreases activity in the LEFT VENTRAL STRIATUM (reward related brain region) while looking at pics of close others

Answer 30

before completing a SELF DISCLOSURE TASK NO EFFECT on feelings of CLOSENESS towards partner but BLOCKED increases in POSITIVE AFFECT & SELF ESTEEM that placebo Ps experienced after the task suggests that opioids may contribute to POSITIVE FEELINGS we experience in different kinds of affiliative situations (not just attachment interactions

Answer 31

OPRM1 A118G ^ linked to variation in both PHYSICAL PAIN SENSITIVITY & REJECTION SENSITIVITY the G allele is the sensitive variant

Answer 32

cohabiting couples filled out QUESTIONNAIRE after each interaction they had over 3 week period 1. QUARRELSOME BEHAVIOUR ie. "I made a sarcastic comment", "I criticised the other" filled out for SELF and PARTNER 2. FELT SECURITY ie. "I felt assured about my partner's feelings/intentions towards me"

Answer 33

individuals carrying at least 1 copy of the G allele reported STEEPER DECLINES in felt security when their partner behaved more coldly/hurtfully towards them than usual

Answer 34

are opioid drugs a substitute for unmet belonging needs? "and they said you know, the first time you do it, you just get this secure feeling. it's almost like a warm embrace, like a hug from your grandma" "when I did yield to temptation - in a fit of rage over a boyfriend's infidelity...it wasn't euphoria that hooked me. it was relief from my dread and anxiety, and a soothing sense that I was safe, nurtured, and unconditionally loved"

Answer 35

neurochemical messenger that plays key role in PARTURITION & LACTATION released during COPULATION also postulated to play important role in SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR & BONDING

Answer 36

precise function still remains somewhat unclear

Answer 37

comparison of two closely related species with very diff social structures 1. PRAIRIE VOLES: ^ typically form PAIR BONDS after mating, exhibit BIPARENTAL care 2. MONTANE VOLES ^ live in ISOLATION, no evidence of pair bonding

Answer 38

prairie voles respond with DVs and stress hormone secretion montane voles don't exhibit behavioural/physiological reaction

Answer 39

high density of OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS in regions related to REWARD & REINFORCEMENT ie. nucleus accumbens whereas montane voles have FEW receptors in these areas

Answer 40

by injecting exogenous oxytocin (even if the voles haven't mated) oxytocin receptor antagonist blocks partner preference formation following mating in the prairie vole

Answer 41

blocks partner preference formation

Answer 42

found that intranasal oxytocin INCREASES TRUST during economic trust game

Answer 43

number of prosocial effects 1. emotion recognition and empathy 2. generosity and cooperation 3. more positive communication behaviours during couple conflict discussions 4. increase in social motivation

Answer 44

became clear that effects of oxytocin AREN'T ALWAYS CONSISTENT some studies found NO effects, VERY SMALL effects, or NEGATIVE/ANTISOCIAL effects ie. oxytocin actually DECREASES trust towards OUT GROUP member and in those with clinically high levels of REJECTION SENSITIVITY (borderline personality disorder)

Answer 45

intrapersonal and interpersonal context ie. effects decreasing outgroup trust ie. effects in high rejection sensitivity individuals

Answer 46

potential explanation for mixed findings regarding oxytocin oxytocin may FOCUS ATTENTION on SOCIAL CUES ie. oxytocin found to INCREASE GAZE to the EYE REGION & lead to changes in FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY among brain regions indicative of heightened attention

Answer 47

in mice, oxytocin enables MATERNAL CARE BEHAVIOUR (pup retrieval) by fine-tuning NEURONS in the AUDITORY CORTEX so that pup distress calls become more salient

Answer 48

contextual - might MAGNIFY PRO-SOCIALITY when dealing with close/trusted others - but DIMINISH PRO-SOCIALITY when situation/individual's disposition biases them to construe info in a negative way ie. oxytocin administration makes individuals low in attachment anxiety remember their mom as more caring & close, with opposite effects for those high in attachment anxiety

Answer 49

(dating 7 months on average) while in scanner, viewed photos of BELOVED and FAMILIAR ACQUAINTANCE activation of VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA and related regions that receive projects from this area ^ part of the DOPAMINE REWARD PATHWAY

Answer 50

fMRI doesn't allow for measuring activity of a SPECIFIC NT but other research has found increased DOPAMINE RELEASE in VTA in response to rewards like money also activated in those very in love when they look at pics of their beloved

Answer 51

cross culturally and in long term marriages who reported being still "madly in love" replicated using strong control condition (close, long-term friend)

Answer 52

1. feelings of passionate love ie. "I want ______ physically, emotionally & mentally" 2. and closeness BUT NOT with scores on friendship-based love scale ie. "my love for my partner involves solid, deep affection"

Answer 53

commonly described as "reward" in neurochemistry unlike opioids, DOESN'T mediate the PLEASURE of sensation rather, it CONTRIBUTES to INCENTIVE/MOTIVATION to pursue rewards ie. "wanting" (as opposed to "liking")

Answer 54

experienced as anticipatory exhilaration, eagerness, euphoria

Answer 55

childhood encephalitis led to DESTRUCTION of DOPAMINE BRAIN CIRCUITS after being treated with L-DOPA (dopamine precursor), was able to experience SENSE OF ENGAGEMENT with the world energy, excited "I feel like a man in love. I've broken the barriers which cut me off from love"

Answer 56

pursue various rewards important for survival responds to incentives in the environment and imbalances in homeostatic needs may contribute to experience of passionate, romantic love but likely also plays role in attachment figure seeking and care behaviour

Answer 57

love & attachment aren't result of a single brain system they involve intersection of multiple systems that are also involved in other life-sustaining functions these systems are interconnected and influence each other ie. oxytocin can increase secretion of beta-endorphins & inhibit development of oxytocin tolerance likely work together to co-ordinate attachment behaviour & experience ie. dopamine may motivate approach, oxytocin may increase salience of social signals, opioids may underlie feelings of reward & satiety

Answer 58

not as simple as mapping one type of neurological substrate to one type of love or process much of the extant research - esp in humans - limited by focus on/manipulation of one system at a time ^ risk of misattributing effects combination of neuroimaging & pharmacological methods important for increasing understanding of neurobiological basis of love & attachment

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Nov 28 Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM