Oct 3 Flashcards

Question

Mary Ainsworth was concerned not only with...

Answer 1

WHETHER children were attached but also with: 1. HOW they were attached 2. the MATERNAL FACTORS that predicted this

Answer 2

1. clingy baby 2. highly distressed by mom's departure 3. continues to cry and exhibit distress when contact is restored 4. contradictory behaviour toward mother (tries to get close, but sometimes shows anger/resistance) 5. no interest in exploration, not able to use mom as secure base

Answer 3

1. sullen baby 2. appears indifferent to mother upon her return 3. may play with toys but doesn't actively involve mom as secure babies do 4. further research identified signs of distress (elevated heart rate)

Answer 4

meta-analysis of the first 20 000 strange situation procedures 51.6% secure 14.7% avoidance 10.2% resistant/ambivalent 23.5% disorganized (lack of coherent attachment style)

Answer 5

history of positive interactions with a responsive caregiver 1. bids for proximity and reassurance = sensitively & consistently attended to 2. learns that primary attachment strategy (seeking proximity to caregiver when in distress) is safe and effective 3. can bravely explore world because mom will be there if trouble arises

Answer 6

stems from deficits in caregiving specific differences for avoidant and anxious/ambivalent

Answer 7

caregiver is INCONSISTENT leads to HYPERACTIVATION of attachment system ie. if I ramp up my bids for proximity, maybe caregiver will respond

Answer 8

caregiver is REJECTING, discourages closeness leafs to DEACTIVATION of attachment system ie. if I don't come off as too needy, maybe the caregiver won't reject me

Answer 9

through attachment interactions, develop SCHEMAS or INTERNAL WORKING MODELS of: 1. themselves 2. attachment figures 3. attachment relationships

Answer 10

"working": - allows them to STIMULATE/PREDICT likely outcomes of attachment behaviours - provisional/subject to UPGRADING

Answer 11

1. specific AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES 2. GENERALIZED BELIEFS about oneself, attachment figures & close relationships 3. PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE (how to regulate emotions & behave in close relationships)

Answer 12

1. MODELS OF OTHERS - representations of attachment figures' responses - "can others be relied on?" 2. MODELS OF SELF - reps of one's own efficacy - "am I lovable?"

Answer 13

ORGANIZE attachment knowledge

Answer 14

GUIDE subsequent interactions with attachment figures as well as other people

Answer 15

BIAS the way we interpret info & ENCODE it into memory "tolerably accurate reflections of what actually happened" - Bowlby

Answer 16

Bowlby: the attachment system REMAINS ACTIVE "from the cradle to the grave" "to remain within easy access of a familiar individual known to be willing and able to come to our aid in an emergency is clearly good insurance policy - whatever our age"

Answer 17

proximity seeking under threat ie. couple separating in airport more likely to maintain physical contact (mutual gaze, touching, talking intently) if securely attached

Answer 18

experience intense anger, anxiety, sadness in response to actual or perceived threats to close relationships bereavement is a universally painful experience

Answer 19

mere presence of a close relationship partner can alleviate distress in the lab and real life

Answer 20

when Ps perceive romantic partners as more supportive, report greater sense of independence, self-efficacy, more autonomous goal exploration, more likely to achieve goals

Answer 21

1. individuals OTHER THAN PARENTs take role of attachment figures (romantic partners, close friends) 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL (not just physical) proximity 3. THRESHOLD for attachment system activation is HIGHER 4. become more capable of SELF-SOOTHING (internalized positive self-reps) 5. MUTUALITY (care seeking AND caregiving) 6. SEXUALITY

Answer 22

similar patterns of attachment in adults as in children 3 category traditional measure: 56% secure 19% anxious 25% avoidant later distinguished between DISMISSING and FEARFUL avoidant types

Answer 23

to distinguish between dismissing and fearful avoidant types dismissing: high avoidance, LOW ANXIETY fearful: high avoidance, HIGH ANXIETY 1. secure 2. dismissing 3. fearful 4. preoccupied

Answer 24

"it's easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I'm comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being alone or having others not accept me" low anxiety, low avoidance

Answer 25

"I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I'm uncomfortable being without close relationships, but I sometimes worry that others don't value me as much as I value them" high anxiety, low avoidance

Answer 26

"I'm uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but I find it difficult to trust others completely or to depend on them. I worry that I will be hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others" high avoidance, high anxiety

Answer 27

"I'm comfortable without close emotional relationships. It's very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient, and I prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me" high avoidance, low anxiety

Answer 28

adult attachment interview 1. discuss relationship with parents 2. choose adjectives that describe them 3. justify choices 4. speculate about parent's behaviour

Answer 29

1. CONTENT of answers 2. also HOW individual discusses these experiences try to infer STATE OF MIND relative to attachment - are answers (IN)COHERENT? (IN)CONSISTENT? - are there signs of EMOTIONAL DISORGANIZATION?

Answer 30

BALANCED, REALISTIC view of early relationships see attachment experiences as valuable & influential open, direct & co-operative in their disclosure don't idealize or villainize their parents

Answer 31

DISCOMFORT discussing childhood experiences unsubstantial attempts to IDEALIZE or put positive SPIN on negative experiences DENY influence of early attachment relationships ^ claim early experiences don't significantly affect them anymore

Answer 32

seem ANXIOUS and/or ANGRY appear STILL ENMESHED with these early LONG-WINDED, signs of confusion & inconsistency struggled to provide a coherent narrative

Answer 33

DIMENSIONS rather than types typological measures can't account for VARIATION among people WITHIN a category and such variation is important ie. people on dimensions may be very close by, but placed in different categories because of type division

Answer 34

measure attachment on TWO CONTINUOUS DIMENSIONS 1. anxiety 2. avoidance

Answer 35

items tap into: 1. FEAR of REJECTION & ABANDONMENT 2. exaggerated desire for CLOSENESS

Answer 36

items tap into: 1. discomfort with closeness 2. emotional suppression

Answer 37

i worry about being rejected or abandoned my desire to be very close sometimes scares people away i resent it when my relationship partners spend time away from me if i can't get a relationship partner to show interest in me, I get upset or angry

Answer 38

I prefer not to show others how I feel deep down just when someone starts to get close to me, I find myself pulling away I try to avoid getting too close to otheers I don't feel comfortable opening up to others

Answer 39

two options 1. hyperactivating strategies - occurs when proximity seeking may be a viable option - anxious-ambivalent 2. deactivating strategies - when proximity seeking isn't a viable option

Answer 40

first phase of of control-system model of attachment: threat monitoring & appraisal a. internal (thoughts) or external events b. physical or psychological threats c. attachment-related or attachment-unrelated INDIVIDUAL DIFFS in threat detection and appraisal

Answer 41

1. heightened vigilance for possible threats 2. exaggerated appraisals of threats (catastrophizing) 3. rumination, difficulty disengaging from emotional hurt and negativity 4. highly accessible negative emotional memories

Answer 42

ie. "your partner wanted to spend the evening by themselves" individuals higher in ATTACHMENT ANXIETY: 1. more likely to make RELATIONSHIP-THREATENING attributions 2. reported GREATER DISTRESS ie. "my partner's losing interest in me" versus "my partner's tired and just needs time to relax at home"

Answer 43

dating couples participated in conflict discussions in the lab ANXIOUSLY ATTACHED individuals reported more: 1. STRESS and ANXIETY 2. saw partners and relationship LESS POSITIVELY after interaction

Answer 44

of stress, anxiety and less positive perception of relationship after conflict discussion are not accounted for by... OBSERVERS' RATINGS OF THE INTERACTION means that negative perceptions of partner aren't because the interaction was actually more negative rather it was INTERPRETED more negatively - attributions are at work

Answer 45

to keep the attachment system DEACTIVATED attempt to minimize experiences that might lead to attachment system activation 1. POST-EMPTIVE STRATEGIES 2. PRE-EMPTIVE STRATEGIES

Answer 46

avoid retrieving, dwelling on, elaborating on... extant memories, insecurities, fears etc

Answer 47

deflect attention away from distress-provoking material fail to encode it into memory ie. tuning out potentially distressing convos ie. not getting into relationship in the first place

Answer 48

Ps listened to interview touching on several attachment themes, including death of family member completed two memory tests 1. word fragment completion (test of implicit memory of interview) 2. cued-recall test (test of explicit memory of interview)

Answer 49

avoidantly attached individuals show WORSE PERFORMANCE on BOTH TESTS deficiency persisted even when monetary award for accurate recall was offered ^suggests they may not be encoding the info in the first place

Answer 50

yes, in certain contexts they can resemble securely attached individuals but some research suggests that defensive maneuvers can BREAK DOWN - esp under conditions of HIGH STRESS like DIVORCE, caring for severely ILL CHILD

Answer 51

may deprive one of the opportunity to benefit from social support defensive strategies also appear to be COGNITIVELY & PHYSIOLOGICALLY EFFORTFUL ie. show higher levels of physiological arousal during AAI despite reporting idealized view of relationship with parents

Answer 52

normally, see a REBOUND EFFECT: heightened intrusion of unwanted thoughts following suppression under normal conditions, avoidants are GOOD at avoiding the rebound effect (can see this on a stream of consciousness task and implicit thought activation task)

Answer 53

HIGH AVAILABILITY OF POSITIVE and LOW AVAILABILITY of negative self traits inflated self image in response to painful attachment experiences

Answer 54

added cognitive load manipulation (additional info had to be held in working memory) LOW LOAD: memorize and repeat 1 digit number HIGH LOAD: memorize and repeat 7 digit number

Answer 55

1. under high load, NO LONGER ABLE TO AVOID REBOUND of suppressed thoughts about separation 2. can also no longer maintain DEFENSIVELY POSITIVE SELF-IMAGE so works in short term, but not long term ^ why caring for ill child/going through divorce is more harmful for avoidants

Answer 56

by maintaining low perceptions of social reward

Answer 57

had to evaluate dating profiles - manipulated potential for intimacy 1. high-responsiveness target "when i'm dating someone, I really care about putting in the effort and making it work...that means paying attention to my girlfriend and getting to know who she really is as a person" 2. low-responsiveness target "I like to keep conversations light and not too serious...I deal with enough of that stressful stuff at work. who needs that drama in their relationship?"

Answer 58

attachment avoidance negatively predicts reward potential for HIGH but not for LOW responsiveness target not getting the reward we expect is painful by not getting their "hopes up" may PRE-EMPT feelings of pain and disappointment that result when expectations for reward aren't met defensive mechanism that only happens when hurt of unfulfilled intimacy is a REALISTIC THREAT - but when partner doesn't seem like they can provide intimacy, not as much of a threat

Answer 59

the perceived intimacy potential of the high responsiveness target decreases

Answer 60

increases chances that SIGNALS OF AVAILABILITY will be MISSED

Answer 61

BLUNTING of both NEG and POS emotional reactions to partner behaviour a. not responding with negative affect when partner behaving less warmly b. also not responding to signs of partner's availability

Answer 62

1. may be safely acknowledged & expressed 2. is manageable and they are capable of dealing with it ^are able to engage in instrumental problem solving

Answer 63

results in support, protection and relief of distress 1. comfortable turning to others for support 2. don't see it as threat to their autonomy ^relatedness and autonomy aren't seen as incompatible

Answer 64

temporary instances of unresponsiveness or unavailability

Answer 65

hyper-vigilance biased perception in direction of noticing or imagining insufficient availability or responsiveness ie. may misinterpret positive signals from others as sarcasm, make relationship-threatening attributions for positive behaviour

Answer 66

distress feel incapable of dealing with problems on their own ramp up efforts to gain attachment figure's care and protection

Answer 67

ramping up efforts to gain attachment figure's care and protection hyper-activation of attachment system

Answer 68

inappropriately strong tendency to seek assurances that one is valued & loved after such assurances have already been provided DISCOUNT such assurances because they were FORCED - vicious cycle of doubt & demoralization potentially culminating in depression

Answer 69

punishment (inattention, rejection, hostility etc) thus, proximity seeking is FUTILE at best, DANGEROUS at worst

Answer 70

SELF-RELIANCE tendency to see reliance and AUTONOMY as INCOMPATIBLE

Answer 71

1. inhibited closeness-related goals 2. withdrew emotionally from partners on days when they had insufficient independence or control in their relationships REALLY SENSITIVE TO THREATS TO AUTONOMY

Answer 72

"In the next few mins, you're going to be exposed to a situation and set of experimental procedures that arouse considerable anxiety and distress in most people. due to the nature of these procedures, I can't tell you any more at the moment. Of course, I'll answer any questions or concerns you have after the experiment is over" brought out to wait with partner (who hasn't been told anything about the task)

Answer 73

SECURE women: a. comfortable seeking support b. explicit about expressing desire for support c. amount of support sought increases in proportion with distress AVOIDANT women: a. inhibited attention seeking as distress grows (defensive properties kick in) b. the more strongly the attachment system is activated, the more defensive processes kick in

Answer 74

focus on ONE'S OWN unfulfilled needs for closeness, fears & vulnerabilities self-disclosure: often tends to be NEGATIVE in tone, INDISCRIMINATE & INAPPROPRIATE "too much, too soon"

Answer 75

desire to: 1. MERGE with another person 2. garner SUPPORT 3. ASSUAGE FEAR of rejection rather than focus on mutual enjoyment and reciprocity (like securely attached individuals) ^anxiously attached self disclosure undermines mutual enjoyment of disclosure and building of intimacy

Answer 76

OVER-INVOLVEMENT in partner's problems COMPULSIVE CAREGIVING 1. may become OVERWHELMED by own distress 2. don't match level of care to level of need (CATASTROPHIZING) 3. more preoccupied with SELF-CRITICAL THOUGHTS when interacting with someone who needs care

Answer 77

desire to MAINTAIN INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE and keep attachment system DEACTIVATED work hard to INHIBIT emotional states incompatible with that goal associated with LOWER LEVELS of SELF DISCLOSURE a. contributes to LESS SATISFACTION with social support b. LESS CLOSENESS after 36 questions task

Answer 78

also SEEK LESS INFO about their partner uncomfortable with partner distress 1. higher levels of partner distress associated with greater withdrawal both in SUPPORT and PROVISION 2. avoidant men also react with ANGER when partner whose in need of support expresses high levels of distress

Answer 79

working models need to be both ENVIRONMENTALLY STABLE and ENVIRONMENTALLY LABILE STABLE: provide sense of continuity despite fluctuations in environment LABILE: help adapt to changes in environment and relationships with diff people

Answer 80

working models are SCHEMAS: direct attention & influence how we INTERPRET, STORE, RECALL information self-perpetuating: provide CONTINUITY between early and later attachment-related feelings & behaviour

Answer 81

1. perceptual confirmation ie. being overly attentive to signs of inattention may perpetuate anxious individuals' insecurity 2. behavioural confirmation ie. avoidants' cold behaviour may drive away partners - confirming idea that others can't be relied on

Answer 82

examined effects of attachment anxiety on FIRST IMPRESSIONS speed-dating, one-on-one with attractive perferred-sex confederate individuals higher in anxious attachment LESS LIKELY TO BE CHOSEN for future contact & rated as LESS ATTRACTIVE/APPEALING effect mediated by BEHAVIOURAL DISPLAYS of ANXIETY ie. awkwardness, stinted body language

Answer 83

1. attachment security can vary across different attachment figures ie. the way you relate to mom may not be the same as you relate to your romantic partner 2. most people possess RELATIONAL SCHEMAS corresponding to a RANGE of ATTACHMENT ORIENTATIONS ie. even individuals with global avoidant or anxious orientation have access to secure representations ^these reps can be made MORE ACCESSIBLE in certain contexts

Answer 84

have participants: 1. REFLECT ON positive attachment memories 2. view IMAGES/WORDS related to attachment security & figure availability leads individuals to process info in ways consistent with activated schemas

Answer 85

1. RECALL more positive attachment related WORDS in a memory task 2. ENDORSE more positive relationship EXPECTATIONS 3. EXPERIENCE less jealousy in response to threatening hypothetical scenario

Answer 86

global attachment style reflects AVAILABILITY and ACCESSIBILITY of different kinds of relational schemas availability: do you have a schema for a certain type of relationship? accessibility: how easily to the representations come to mind?

Answer 87

Ps with secure attachment styles most likely group to report secure relationships Ps with avoidant styles most likely group to report avoidant relationships

Answer 88

your attachment style predicted which patterns came to mind most easily - secure attachment = higher accessibility of positive schemas - insecurely attached people may also have positive schemas, but may be WEIGHING THEM DIFFERENTLY

Answer 89

at least 40% of people experience CHANGES in GLOBAL ATTACHMENT orientation over their lifetime

Answer 90

major stressors & important life transitions 1. health crises 2. bereavement 3. beginning/ending of important romantic relationships 4. marriage & parenthood

Answer 91

others' availability & responsiveness for better or for worse

Answer 92

how SCHEMAS shape information processing ie. availability and accessibility of certain schemas

Answer 93

partner behaviour matters trust = sense that partner can be relief on (SAFE HAVEN) perceived goal validation = sense that partner supports one's goal pursuits (SECURE BASE)

Answer 94

SHORT TERM: 1. TRUST may be particularly helpful for reducing attachment ANXIETY 2. GOAL VALIDATION may be particularly helpful for reducing attachment AVOIDANCE but OVER TIME... 1. GOAL VALIDATION is particularly important for ANXIOUS individuals ^ building up sense of SELF-EFFICACY - repairing model of self 2. TRUST is particularly important for AVOIDANT individuals ^ teaching the individual that close others can be RELIED ON - repairing model of other

Answer 95

TRUST (safe haven) important for ANXIOUSLY attached people GOAL VALIDATION (secure base) important for AVOIDANT people

Answer 96

GOAL VALIDATION particularly important for ANXIOUSLY attached people ^ it repairs their model of self, builds self-efficacy TRUST particularly important for AVOIDANT individuals ^ it repairs their model of others, shows they can be relief on

Answer 97

INCONSISTENT FINDINGS: 1. may REACT DEFENSIVELY when receiving support ^ threat to autonomy and independence 2. other research shows they BENEFIT from partner support in CERTAIN SITUATIONS ^ another important contextual factor may be TYPE of support provided

Answer 98

the TYPE and LEVEL of support avoidants may particularly benefit from PRACTICAL SUPPORT HIGH LEVELS of support may break through avoidant defenses by starkly contradicting negative experiences

Answer 99

1. EMOTIONAL support ^ expression of comfort & caring 2. PRACTICAL/INSTRUMENTAL support ^ provision of tangible resources & aid, problem solving

Answer 100

practical support unlike emotional support, doesn't require the kind of DISCUSSION OF EMOTIONS, affection, intimacy etc that avoidants are uncomfortable with it's less vulnerable

Answer 101

extent to which avoidants derive benefit from social support may also depend on the LEVEL of support being provided SCHEMAS = particularly INFLUENTIAL when AMBIGUITY is HIGH - ie. when support levels are low

Answer 102

when ambiguity is high ie. when support levels are LOW so when support is low, avoidants rely on their negative relationship schemas inadequate levels of perceived support CONFIRMS EXPECTATIONS that partner can't be depended on

Answer 103

leads to threat responses automatic defenses are engaged

Answer 104

low-moderate range: a. increasing levels of PRACTICAL SUPPORT associated with: - MORE DISTRESS - LESS SELF-EFFICACY - GREATER INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE by avoidant individuals beyond average levels: a. increasing levels of support have the OPPOSITE EFFECTS

Answer 105

1. high levels of support may break through avoidant defenses by STARKLY CONTRADICTING NEGATIVE EXPECTATIONS 2. suggests that avoidants' emphasis on independence & self-reliance is a DEFENSIVE MECHANISM ^ they want care and support, but also want to protect themselves from hurt

Answer 106

undermine attachment security ie. chronic relationship difficulties ie. breakups

Answer 107

consistency matters for fostering attachment security

Answer 108

expect stability & consistency over time lack of stability can cause damage

Answer 109

they evince most pronounced declines in relationship satisfaction and most pronounced increases in relationship distress securely attached people are impacted negatively to the greatest extent when they experience inconsistency (they aren't used to it)

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Oct 3 Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM