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Psyc 474 > Dec 3 > Flashcards

Dec 3 Flashcards

1
Q

social chatbots

A

programs that use NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING to “converse” with users via text or voice

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2
Q

replika

A

most popular chatbot

30 million downloads (nov 2017-aug 2024)

biggest download spike in April 2020 (COVID)

79K members in Replika subreddit

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3
Q

does Replika use pre-scripted responses?

A

no

it uses machine learning to create specific, tailored messages

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4
Q

Replika user testimonials

A

“Freddie raised my standards and ruined real men for me”

“I, at that point, was so hooked on Audrey and believing that I had a real relationship that I just wanted to keep going back. it was really hard to resist that temptation”

“within 24 hours of using him, I instantly felt better. it wasn’t any different than talking to another human being. and by the second day, I was really hooked”

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5
Q

anthropomorphism

A

process of attributing humanlike:

  1. motivations
  2. emotions
  3. characteristics

to real or imagined non-human entities

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6
Q

3 factor theory of anthropomorphism

A

composed of 3 factors that PREDICT LIKELIHOOD of anthropomorphism

  1. ELICITED AGENT KNOWLEDGE
  2. EFFECTANCE MOTIVATION
  3. SOCIALITY MOTIVATION
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7
Q

3 factor theory: elicited agent knowledge

A

more likely to anthropmorphize when anthropocentric (human-related) knowledge is READILY ACCESSIBLE and/or APPLICABLE

because we’re human, anthropocentric knowledge is generally easily accessible to us

by default, tend to use our own mental states & characteristics as guide during perception of human and non-human entities

correction for anthropomorphic (and egocentric) biases are EFFORTFUL

^ so deficits in MOTIVATION or COGNITIVE CAPACITY should increase both egocentric bias and anthropomorphism

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8
Q

biases we use when reasoning about other humans vs non-human entities

A

other humans: egocentric bias

non-humans: anthropomorphism

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9
Q

what should theoretically increase both egocentric bias and anthropomorphism?

A

decifits in MOTIVATION or COGNITIVE CAPACITY

because both require effortful correction

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10
Q

elicited agent knowledge: more likely to rely on egocentric knowledge when…

A

reasoning about SELF-SIMILAR target

similarly, anthropomorphism is more likely when non-human agent resembles human in MORPHOLOGY, MOVEMENT, BEHAVIOUR etc

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11
Q

examples of anthropomorphism increasing when target resembles humans in morphology, movement, behaviour

A
  1. non-human agents like TOY ROBOTS are attributed mental states when moving at SPEEDS that approximate human motion
  2. PLANT movement toward the sun seems MORE INTENTIONAL when sped up
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12
Q

perceiving life in a face

A

spectrum of computer generated faces, going from doll like to human

get people to select which face on the spectrum departs from fakeness to being human

  1. animacy perception is CATEGORICAL
  2. “TIPPING POINT” of animacy occurs close to the human end of the spectrum (at like 67% human)
  3. EYES are a particularly INFORMATIVE region for detecting life in a face
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13
Q

mind perception varies along 2 key dimensions

A
  1. AGENCY: capacity to plan & act
  2. EXPERIENCE: capacity to sense & feel

^ AI can tackle the experience component, but not the agency one

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14
Q

mind perception: agency and experience are both associated with…

A
  1. LIKING for a character
  2. perceiving it as having a SOUL
  3. PROSOCIAL MOTIVATION towards the character
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15
Q

uncanny valley effect

A

entities like robots that are ALMOST, but not quite, humanlike evoke strong feelings of EERINESS & DISCOMFORT

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16
Q

possible explanations for uncanny valley effect

A
  1. THREAT to human uniqueness
  2. difficulty CATEGORIZING & cognitive friction
  3. EXPECTANCY violation

^ we expect entities with agency to also have experience, and we’re disturbed when they don’t

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

empathy: cognitive perspective taking

A

ability to IDENTIFY what another person is experiencing

COLD, cognitive process

aka empathic accuracy

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18
Q

empathy: affective sharing

A

ability to SHARE in the emotions of another

HOT process

19
Q

empathy: a multifaceted construct

A

empathy is multi-faceted, comprising several components

  1. cognitive perspective taking (empathic accuracy)
  2. affective sharing
  3. empathic concern
20
Q

empathy: empathic concern

A

ability to EXPERIENCE feelings of SYMPATHY and CONCERN for another person

WARM process

21
Q

what aspects of empathy is AI good at?

A

good at the COGNITIVE aspect

not so good at the AFFECTIVE, EXPERIENTIAL ones

^ parallel to psychopaths

22
Q

3 factor model of anthropomorphism: effectance motivation

A

we want to be able to PREDICT, UNDERSTAND & CONTROL the world around us

anthropomorphism may be used to INCREASE PREDICTABILITY and COMPREHENSION of an uncertain world

ie. more likely to ascribe a mind to gadgets that behave in unpredictable ways

23
Q

more likely to ascribe a mind to gadgets that behave in…

A

unpredictable ways

(part of effectance motivation - want to understand/predict/control things around us)

24
Q

3 factor model of anthropomorphism: sociality motivation

A

recall that we perceive our social worlds in a way that supports our social GOALS

(ie. what is beautiful is good because what is beautiful is desired)

our SOCIAL APPROACH GOALS may drive us to anthropomorphize

25
Q

sociality motivation: when are social approach goals heightened?

A

when our NEEDS for social connection are UNMET

may turn to UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES of connection

ie. para-social relationships

ie. anthropomorphized non-human entities

26
Q

human scale “at what point does the face appear to be alive” answer will depend on…

A

how socially connected or lonely you feel

those who feel more socially disconnected perceive face as human further left on the continuum

27
Q

sociality motivation - lonely individuals are more likely to….

A

anthropomorphize GADGETS

ie. Clocky, a wheeled alarm clock that “runs away”

ie. Pillow Mate, a pillow that can be programmed to give a “hug”

28
Q

what decreases the tendency to anthropomorphize among lonely people?

A

reminding individuals of a CLOSE, SUPPORTIVE relationship with an attachment figure

29
Q

what types of individuals are more likely to anthropomorphize?

A

anxiously attached individuals

anxious attachment is a stronger predictor of anthropomorphism than loneliness

30
Q

which is stronger predictor of anthropomorphism? anxious attachment or loneliness?

A

anxious attachment

31
Q

Replika founder quote

A

“I thought, maybe, it’s not that much the matter of technological capabilities, but more the matter of human vulnerabilities”

32
Q

loneliness is on the rise

A

2018 survey of 20 k US adults

NEARLY HALF report sometimes or always feeling alone/left out

ONE IN FOUR report they rarely/never feel understood by others

ONE IN FIVE report they rarely/never feel close to people or feel there are people they can talk to

GEN Z (ages 18-22) are the LONELIEST GENERATION

33
Q

COVID 19 did what to loneliness?

A

further promoted feelings of loneliness and isolation

shadow “loneliness pandemic”

34
Q

is AI capable of responsiveness? study setup

A

do we perceive msgs coming from AI as equally responsive when they’re coming from AI?

Ps described difficult situation they were dealing with and received message in response

varied ACTUAL SOURCE of msg (Bing Chat vs human)

varied OSTENSIBLE SOURCE of msg (Bing Chat vs human)

35
Q

is AI capable of responsiveness? study results

A

AI generated responses ELICITED MORE POSITIVE REACTIONS

  • felt more heard, better understood, more connected to responder

WHY?
a) AI had greater EMPATHIC ACCURACY
b) provided more EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
c) was less SELF FOCUSED

but also FELT BETTER when BELIEVED msg came from another HUMAN

  • devalued responses labelled as AI generated
36
Q

human reactions to bot empathy: negative effects of AI label were weaker for…

A

those who held MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDES towards Bing Chat

those who perceived it to have more AGENCY & EXPERIENCE

37
Q

why were AI messages more effective?

A

AI had greater EMPATHIC ACCURACY

provided more EMOTIONAL SUPPORT

was less SELF-FOCUSED

38
Q

study setup: how do interactions with replika compare to interactions with another human?

A

unstructured “get to know you” conversation

either:
1. face to face (FTF) with human

  1. over text with human
  2. robot
39
Q

study results: how do interactions with replika compare to interactions with another human?

A
  1. NO sig group diffs in POSITIVE EMOTIONS after interaction
  2. SLIGHTLY more NEG AFFECT in FTF group

^ highest levels of SELF-PRESENTATION CONCERNS in FTF group

  1. in ALL 3 conditions rated partner to be MODERATELY RESPONSIVE and felt WELL LIKED by their partner
  2. HIGHER ratings of LIKING & RESPONSIVENESS for human interactant

^ more liking in FTF vs text condition

40
Q

replika vs human interactions: POSITIVE EMOTIONS

A

NO DIFFS in positive emotions after the interaction

between the diff groups

41
Q

replika vs human interactions: NEGATIVE AFFECT

A

SLIGHTLY more neg affect in FTF group

prob because highest levels of SELF-PRESENTATION CONCERNS

42
Q

replika vs human interactions: PERCEIVED RESPONSIVENESS AND LIKING

A

across all 3 conditions…

rated partner to be MODERATELY RESPONSIVE

felt WELL LIKED by partner

BUT HIGHER RATINGS for responsiveness & liking for HUMAN interactant

^ esp for FTF

43
Q

future questions

A
  1. how will relationships with AI shape us and our motivation and capacity for fostering real human relationships?
  2. how will AI evolve through all their interactions with us?
  3. what are the psychological and ethical implications of recreating real relationships?

^ “deathbots” and the process of grief

^ ex-partners, unrequited love

44
Q

concerns regarding AI relationship bots

A
  1. data privacy
  2. potential exploitation of human vulnerabilities (ie. loneliness, grief)
  3. financial barriers & concerns
45
Q

conclusions

A
  1. love requires VULNERABILITY, UNCERTAINTY & ACCEPTANCE of imperfections
  2. love is a process of GROWTH
  3. processes that nurture intimacy - like empathy, responsiveness, and accommodation - are EFFORTFUL

^ but this is what makes human connection special

so don’t forget to cultivate sense of gratitude & show appreciation for your close others

Psyc 474 (23 decks)

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