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Psyc 474 > Oct 10 > Flashcards

Oct 10 Flashcards

1
Q

behavioural mimicry in dyadic interactions

A

will often synchronize nonverbal behaviour

similar postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, vocal cues etc

often non-conscious, unintentional, effortless

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2
Q

behavioural mimicry signals… and fosters…

A

signals affiliative intent

fosters liking

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3
Q

mimicry = more likely to occur when…

A

we feel rapport with other person

we hold affiliative intent

when our needs for affiliation have been thwarted

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4
Q

when mimicry doesn’t lead to liking

A

when made to mimic a disliked person

when our partner is engaging in too much mimicry

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5
Q

getting on the same wavelength

A

we may see synchronization at the NEURAL LEVEL too

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6
Q

neural synchronization study: phase 1

A

Ps watched ambiguous movie clip in fMRI scanner

recorded their brain activation

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7
Q

neural synchronization study: phase 2

A

consensus-building conversation in groups

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8
Q

neural synchronization study: phase 3

A

re-watch original clip and new clips from same movie

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9
Q

neural synchronization study results

A

conversation synchronizes brain activity within groups

see this both for the original clip AND the new clips

consensus convo gives new shared frame by which to see the clip

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10
Q

hyperscanning

A

collecting fMRI or EEG data from 2 people simultaneously

technique for assessing brain-to-brain synchrony

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11
Q

neural synchrony is higher in…

A

romantic partners compared to strangers

higher during moments of social gaze (independent of speech duration and convo content)

for strangers, overall duration of social gaze positively correlated with neural synchrony

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12
Q

partners also develop _________ ________ of the world at large

A

shared perceptions

this is called SHARED REALITY

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13
Q

shared reality statements

A

through our discussions, we often develop a joint perspective

we typically share the same thoughts and feelings about things

events feel more real when we experience them together

we often feel like we have created our own reality

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14
Q

what predicts feelings of closeness in relationship?

A

shared reality

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15
Q

threat to shared reality study setup

A

phase 1: threat to shared reality

a. determine what each partner’s “sensory style” is through having them rate fabrics, foods, colours

b. either a 31% or 82% match

phase 2: joint decision making task

“choose a painting to take home”

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16
Q

threat to shared reality results

A

couples low on baseline measure of shared reality respond to experimental threats to sense of shared reality by engaging in MOTIVATED BEHAVIOUR to REAFFIRM their shared identity

ie. vocalize agreement, finish each other’s ideas, more dyad-specific references

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17
Q

coordination of brain activity may enable extremely…

A

rapid back and forth of conversation

modal conversational response time = 200 ms

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18
Q

modal conversational response time

A

200 ms

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19
Q

minimizing time between turns requires…

A

a lot of prediction

i. figuring out where partner is headed

ii. preparing appropriate response in advance

iii. anticipating when partner is likely to end their turn

iv. anticipating partner’s reaction

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20
Q

response times in turn taking can…

A

convey how well one mind is able to predict another

signals extent of social connection

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21
Q

turn-taking in conversations round robin study

A

rotate through conversational partners

later, privately rate OVERALL and MOMENT-BY-MOMENT CONNECTION during interactions

faster response times positively predict ENJOYMENT and SOCIAL CONNECTION

  • also true of convos with friends
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22
Q

turn-taking in conversations round robin study: connection best predicted by…

A

PARTNER response times

the quicker your partner responds to you, the more connected you feel

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23
Q

turn-taking in conversations study 2

A

same group of experimenters as last round robin study, but because previous one was correlational they made some adjustments

took conversations people had, and altered them slightly by SPEEDING UP RTs

outside observers use RTs as INDEX OF CONNECTION between participants

the SAME convo perceived as MORE CONNECTED/ENJOYABLE when RTs were artificially DECREASED

24
Q

turn-taking in conversations study 2: likely a reciprocal…

A

reciprocal relationship between RESPONSE TIMES and CONNECTION

  1. feelings of connection facilitate fast response times
  2. faster response times reinforce feelings of connection
25
Q

faster response times may signal…

A

attention and understanding

26
Q

are fast responses always desirable?

A

no

at certain times, SLOW RESPONSE TIMES may be desirable

27
Q

when/why are slow response times sometimes desirable?

A
  1. give SPACE for REFLECTION
  2. show SAVOURING of the interaction
  3. slow RTs in HELP-SEEKING interactions (ie. doctor-patient relationship) associated with feeling HEARD and UNDERSTOOD
28
Q

do friends’ or strangers’ conversations have more long gaps?

A

friends

for friends, gaps are associated with HEIGHTENED CONNECTION

for strangers, gaps are associated with AWKWARDNESS

strangers are more likely to CHANGE TOPICS following long gaps, whereas friends are more likely to PERSIST with the same topic

29
Q

2 main reasons why virtual communication (zoom) poses challenges

A
  1. lack of nonverbal cues
  2. fragmented interactions
30
Q

virtual communication: lack of nonverbal cues

A
  1. makes it harder to INTERPRET messages
  2. may IMPEDE SYNCHRONIZATION

ie. see neural synchrony during face to face but not face blocked convos

  1. may impose COGNITIVE LOAD
  2. FEWER CUES available for signalling INVOLVEMENT and AFFECTION
31
Q

virtual communication: fragmented interactions

A
  1. MICRODELAYS can impede synchronization
  2. MISALIGNED EYE CONTACT
32
Q

virtual comms: month-long experience sampling study during COVID lockdowns

A

mental health was better on days when people spent more time in face-to-face communications than usual

face-to-face and digital communication, but NOT VIDEOCONFERENCING, were both linked to better mental health

33
Q

who popularized the idea of love languages?

A

Baptist pastor Gary Chapman

34
Q

3 central assumptions of love language theory

A
  1. everyone has a PREFERRED LOVE LANGUAGE (preferred way of expressing & receiving love)
  2. there are 5 love languages
  3. couples are MORE SATISFIED when partners speak one another’s preferred love language
35
Q

the 5 love languages

A
  1. words of affirmation
  2. quality time
  3. receiving gifts
  4. acts of service
  5. physical touch
36
Q

limitations of love language personal profile test

A

it’s forced choice

between two options

you can only choose one

if you SWITCH THIS to a LIKERT SCALE… people then tend to endorse ALL 5 love languages

^ see all of them as important to expressing & receiving love

37
Q

do we have a primary love language?

A

people tend to endorse ALL 5 love languages as meaningful ways of expressing love and feeling loved

primary love language as identified by forced-choice measure NOT RELIABLY ASSOCIATED with scores on CONTINUOUS MEASURE

ie. some studies using continuous measure find that Receiving Gifts is rated most highly, but only 0-4% of participants select this as their primary love language on forced-choice measure

38
Q

do we need to “speak” the same language to be happy?

A

NO EVIDENCE that couples who match on primary love language are happier than those who don’t

all love languages are positively associated with relationship satisfaction, regardless of person’s preference for a love language

may be more accurate to say that maintaining successful relationships requires a BALANCED DIET

39
Q

so why is this idea so popular?

A

quiz helps as DIAGNOSTIC tool for SELF-REFLECTION

label and intuitive metaphors it provides helps us ARTICULATE our NEEDS

but need to be careful of OVERSIMPLIFYING relationship process

ie. discounting partners who don’t “match” our primary love language

40
Q

miscommunication can stem both from…

A
  1. failures of encoding
  2. failures of decoding

can tease this apart by using behavioural observation

41
Q

communication: women tend to be better…

A

encoders and decoders

even though they tend to be MORE INDIRECT than men

although not better at picking up on DECEPTION

42
Q

communication: women particularly better at…

A

sending positive messages

43
Q

communication: men don’t realize…

A

that they’re miscommunicating

show overconfidence

44
Q

men perform particularly poorly in…

A

unhappy marriages

although other research has shown that BOTH men and women communicate more poorly when unhappy

45
Q

do both men and women communicate more poorly when unhappy?

A

yes

46
Q

communication: personality trait differences

A
  1. emotional intelligence
  2. expressivity
47
Q

emotional intelligence

A

individual variation in ability to PERCEIVE, UNDERSTAND & MANAGE emotions

tends to be HIGHER in WOMEN

48
Q

expressivity

A

warmth, tenderness, compassion, sensitivity

49
Q

what is traditionally seen as a feminine trait?

A

expressivity

indeed is generally higher in women

but men can be expressive too

50
Q

expressivity facilitates…

A

intimate communication

more comfortable expressing feelings

women tend to self-disclose more and elicit more self-disclosure

(although all-male dyads benefit from disclosure too)

51
Q

skill or motivation? in unhappy marriages…

A

can still communicate well with strangers

recall that MOTIVATION is important

men’s performance increased when motivation was higher - although still not as good as women

52
Q

men’s performance ______ when motivation was higher, although…

A

increased

although still not as good as women

53
Q

what kind of attachment results in more accurate perceptions of partner in threat context?

A

anxious are more accurate

avoidant are less accurate in general

54
Q

justification motive

A

we want to hold favourable attitudes about ourselves

in a clearly troubled relationship, can still uplift ourselves by BLAMING PARTNER for faltering relationship

may explain poor decoding in unhappy relationships (accuracy is impeded by overly negative attributions)

55
Q

what may explain poor decoding in unhappy relationships?

A

justification motive - want to hold favourable attitudes about ourselves

so can uplift ourselves by blaming partner for faltering relationship

Psyc 474 (23 decks)

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