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Psyc 474 > Aug 29 > Flashcards

Aug 29 Flashcards

1
Q

our most intense emotional experiences tend to be centered on…

A

INTERPERSONAL/INTERDEPENDENT (relationship-focused) rather than INDEPENDENT (self-focused) events

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2
Q

emotional life events negative and positive event listings

A

~3.59/5 participants listed the most negative and positive emotional events in their lives as interdependent

general finding holds across:
- different AGE groups
- TIME periods (ie. month vs lifetime) - true of both MEN and WOMEN

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3
Q

interdependent events also rated as…

A

having stronger, longer-lasting emotional impact

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4
Q

even seemingly self-oriented, independent events (eg. achievement-oriented stresses or successes)…

A

may not be truly “independent”

failures and successes are shaped by those closest to you

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5
Q

reason why interdependent events affect us so strongly

A

fundamental need to belong

human beings have a fundamental need to form and maintain at least a MINIMUM QUANTITY of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships

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6
Q

what does a fundamental need mean?

A

not a want or a preference, it’s fundamental

essential, indispensable, integral, intrinsic

something that would have to come “programmed” in

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7
Q

what do “fundamental needs” suggest?

A

an evolutionary perspective

these needs are not learned

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8
Q

natural selection

A

process through which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time

combo of 3 components

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9
Q

natural selection is a combination of 3 components

A
  1. variation
  2. heredity
  3. differential fitness
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10
Q

variation

A

one of the 3 components of natural selection

within a population of organisms, there’s variation in traits or characteristics

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11
Q

hereditary

A

one of the 3 components of natural selection

some of this variation is passed down from parents to offspring

we now know this happens through GENETIC INHERITANCE

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12
Q

differential fitness

A

one of the 3 components of natural selection

not all individuals in a population survive and reproduce equally

ADAPTATIONS: favourable traits better suited to the environment that increase chances of survival & reproduction

these favourable traits gradually accumulate over generations

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13
Q

but natural selection isn’t the whole story…

A

INCLUSIVE FITNESS

inclusive fitness: success in passing on one’s genes to the next generation

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14
Q

inclusive fitness

A

comprises…

  1. individual survival and reproduction
  2. impact on the survival & reproduction of genetic relatives
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15
Q

selection happens at the level of…

A

the GENE

not the individual

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16
Q

what does inclusive fitness help to explain

A

actions like helping

according to natural selection, why would you help others at the expense of your own energy/resources?

because inclusive fitness includes actions’ impact on the SURVIVAL and REPRODUCTION OF GENETIC RELATIVES

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17
Q

can desire for social connection be considered an adaptation?

A

yes

humans aren’t impressive, physically speaking

throughout evolutionary history, GROUP LIVING served as MULTI-PURPOSE SURVIVAL TOOL
- help hunting large game & foraging
- sharing food
- defensive vigilance & greater strength against predators/hostile outgroups
- help caring for offspring
- access to mates

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18
Q

environment of evolutionary adaptedness

A

ancestral environment to which a species is adapted

19
Q

babies & the Shanidar I skeleton of Homo neanderthalensis…

A

are two testaments to the life-sustaining benefits of belonging

Shanidar was a guy with horrific head injuries (blind, crippled)

but he survived long time despite this (into his 40s)

his group must’ve taken care of him

20
Q

Baumeister & Leary 1995

A

those more MOTIVATED to BELOND would be more likely to SURVIVE

this passes on those BELONGING-INCLINED GENES

21
Q

supporting evidence of the adaptive nature of group living

A

evidence of UNIVERSALITY

cross-cultural and cross-species

22
Q

cross cultural evidence of universality

A

cross cultural universality supports adaptive nature of group living

  1. people in EVERY SOCIETY on earth naturally GRAVITATE towards SMALL PRIMARY GROUPS
  2. people become ATTACHED to even MEANINGLESS groups (Tajfel’s minimal group paradigm)
  3. people around world experience PROFOUND DISTRESS when their relationships are THREATENED or LOST
23
Q

cross species evidence of universality

A

research on baboon BFFs

  1. female baboons with stronger & more stable social bonds LIVE LONGER
  2. also have better chances of their OFFSPRING SURVIVING

time spent grooming = dependent variable

grooming = social bonding

stable social bonds = longer lives & offspring more likely to survive

24
Q

universality: one perspective on emotion argues… but…

A

argues that we SHARE THE SAME BASIC EMOTIONAL BRAIN CIRCUITRY with OTHER ANIMALS

but subject to MYRIAD OF COGNITIVE ELABORATIONS unique to humans

25
Q

we don’t HAVE social experiences - we ACTIVELY CONSTRUCT social experiences

A

this leaves room for CROSS-CULTURAL and INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES deriving from experience

26
Q

evidence for if “need for belonging” is really a need

A
  1. universal
    - social bonds all around the world
    - easy to form
    - hard to break

hard to break:
- reluctant to admit that even relatively meaningless relationships will end
- many people experience difficulty ending even toxic relationships

  1. we suffer when relationships end or when we lack relationships
    - lack of social network is strong predictor of illness & mortality
27
Q

what is this course about?

A

INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

28
Q

intimate relationships are characterized by…

A

a) knowledge (extensive, very personal)

b) interdependence (impact each other in frequent, strong, diverse, enduring ways)

c) caring (affection)

d) trust (expect to be treated well)

e) responsiveness (feeling that partner understands, respects, appreciates you)

f) mutuality (“us” vs “me” and “them”)

g) commitment (expect relationships to continue and invest in the relationship)

29
Q

Henry Finck definition of love

A

“love is such a tissue of paradoxes, and exists in such an endless variety of forms and shades, that you may say almost anything about it that you please, and it is likely to be correct”

30
Q

3 components of love

A

intimacy, passion, commitment

each component varies in intensity from LOW to HIGH

31
Q

triangular theory of love

A
  1. passion
  2. intimacy
  3. commitment
32
Q

passion

A

physical arousal, desire, excitement, need

usually includes sexual desire

typically, the difference between “loving” and “being in love”

the HOT component

33
Q

intimacy

A

feelings of closeness, connection, warmth

emotional component

the WARM component

34
Q

commitment

A

permanence, stability

decision to MAINTAIN the relationship

cognitive component

35
Q

8 kinds of love

A
  1. nonlove
  2. liking
  3. infatuated love
  4. empty love
  5. romantic love
  6. companionate love
  7. fatuous love
  8. consummate love
36
Q

nonlove

A

intimacy, passion & commitment = absent/low

casual, superficial relationship

37
Q

liking

A

intimacy = high

passion & commitment = low

many friendships are like this

38
Q

infatuated love

A

passion = high

intimacy & commitment = low

ie. “love at first sight”

39
Q

empty love

A

commitment = high

intimacy & passion = low

burned out relationships, beginning of arranged marriage

40
Q

romantic love

A

intimacy & passion = high

commitment = low

can lead to commitment, but no necessarily

ie. summer fling

41
Q

companionate love

A

intimacy & commitment = high

passion = low

common in long, happy marriages

42
Q

fatuous love

A

passion & commitment = high

intimacy = low

ie. whirlwind couples

43
Q

consummate love

A

all are high

intimacy, passion & commitment = high

highly sought & much idealized, but may be hard to maintain over time

44
Q

summary of lecture

A
  1. humans have a fundamental need to FORM and MAINTAIN STABLE, POSITIVE SOCIAL BONDS
  2. thought to be INNATE, ADAPTIVE
  3. may be driven by BASIC EMOTIONAL-MOTIVATIONAL BRAIN CIRCUITS shared with other social animals
  4. but COGNITION also plays important role in navigating social interactions

Psyc 474 (23 decks)

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