Science Putanaydana Flashcards
He made accurate
measurements and observations of the
position of stars, sun, moon, and the
planets even before the invention of
telescope.
Tycho Brahe
What accurate measurement and observation did Tycho Brahe make?
position of stars, sun, moon, and the
planets even before the invention of
telescope.
His innovations and extensive
collection of data in observational
astronomy was obtained by his student
Johannes Kepler when he died.
Tycho Brahe
Who obtained Tycho Brahe’s innovations and an extensive collection of data in observational astronomy?
Johannes Kepler
What was Tycho Brahe’s innovations and extensive collection of data about?
Observational Astronomy
is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models.
Observational Astronomy
He found that
the orbits of the planets followed three
laws.
Johannes Kepler
What did Johannes Kepler use to find that the orbits of the planets followed three laws?
The data gathered by Tycho Brahe.
He believed in a model that the
sun orbiting the Earth but the
other planets orbiting the sun,
Tycho Brahe
He eventually used the data
gathered by Brahe to prove
heliocentrism and to calculate the
orbital laws.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler used the data gathered by Brahe to prove what?
heliocentrism and to calculate the
orbital laws.
He also observed that the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus
thus formulating his first law of planetary motion, the Law Of Ellipses.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler also observed that the orbits of the planets are ________________
ellipses with the sun at one focus
The first law of planetary motion?
The Law Of Ellipses.
Who forumulated the Law Of Ellipses.
Johannes Kepler
States that each planet’s orbit around the Sun is an ellipse
The Law Of Ellipses.
also noticed an
an imaginary line is drawn from a
planet to the sun swept out
equal area of space in equal
time, regardless of the position
of the planet from its orbit.
Johannes Kepler
He
explained that the planet
moves faster when it is near
the sun and slower when it is
far from the sun.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler explained that planets near the sun ________ and planets further from it ___________, this
observation led him to
formulate his second law of
planetary motion which he
called____________________
moves faster, moves slower, Law Of Equal Areas.
2nd law of planetary motion by Johannes Kepler
Law Of Equal Areas.
In his third law
the ______________, ________________
showed that there is a
_____________________
relationship between a
planet’s distance from
the sun and the
amount of time it
takes to revolve
around the sun.
law of periods, Johannes Kepler, precise mathematical
Three Laws of planetary motion in order:
1) Laws of ellipses
2) Law of equal areas
3) Law of periods
Three Laws of planetary motion explain em in brief summary.
1) Laws of ellipses
- All planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical orbit, with the sun being a focal point.
2) Law of equal areas
- Closer the planet is to the sun, the faster a planet moves and the further away the slower + Planets moves in equal areas and equal intervals of time.
3) Law of periods
- Explains how long a planet finishes a single revolution and that the further a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes for it to finish a revolution.
Long ago these served as a guide for the people’s lives because they thought
them as gods and the stars were used in navigation.
Celestial Objects
Why arecelestial objects
served as a guide for the people’s lives back then?
because they thought
them as gods and the stars were used in navigation.
Long ago the things happening in the sky were perceived by people as what?
divine messages
___________________ have
been proposed by ___________ based on their observations that
lead to humans’ beliefs in _________________.
Theories and models of the universe, Greeks, astronomy
two conflicting models of the universe; _____________
the
Geocentric theory and the Heliocentric theory.
is a concept
that describes the Earth
as the centre of the
universe
Geocentric model
Earth is at the center of
universe and other
objects revolve around it
Geocentric model
Sun appearing to be
revolving around the
Earth once per day and
an observer for Earth
sees a stationary Earth
Geocentric model
Is an
astronormical rnodel in
Whhich the Earth and
planets rmove around
the Sun at the centre of
the Solar syster-n
Heliocentric Model
Sun Is at the centre Of
the solar systern while
other objects including
the Earth revolve
around the Sun
Heliocentric Model
Telescopic Evidence
Heliocentric Model
stated that the Earth is the center of the universe
Geocentric theory
this model considered that the sun is the center of the universe.
Heliocentric Model
they also believed in the heliocentric theory back then. Clue: these are 3 blokes
Eudoxus, Aristotle, and Ptolemy
stated that the Earth is the
center of the universe
Geocentric theory
Which
considered that the sun is the
center of the universe.
Heliocentric theory
There were scientists who supported the geocentric model like
Eudoxus, Aristotle, and Ptolemy
believed in Heliocentric theory.
Aristarchus and Copernicus
The ideas about the
spherical Earth were also argued
at around ____________. in
ancient time.
6th Century B.C
Q
One of the Scientists
who supported the idea of a
spherical Earth was ___________.
Aristotle
He also observed that every
a portion of Earth tends toward the
center and form a sphere by
_________________
CONVERGENCE OR
COMPRESSION.
He also explained that the
travelers going south see southern
constellations rise higher above
the horizon and during the __________________, the shadow of Earth on
Moon is ______________
lunar
eclipse, round.
He also observed that the
stars seen in Egypt and Cyprus
were not seen in the northerly
regions and this could only
happen in a _____________
Tycho Brahe, curved surface.
___________
believed that the Earth is
____________.
Aristotle and the ancient greeks, spherical
To prove his claim, he
provided physical and
observational arguments about
this. He also observed that every
portion of Earth tends toward the
center and form a sphere by
CONVERGENCE OR
COMPRESSION.
Aristotle
Even before the invention of ___________,
astronomers and ancient people have already
observed different astronomical phenomena
particularly the things happening on the sun,
moon, and the planets
telescope
The motion of the sun was studied by
the ancient ______________ using a
primitive way of ____________which they called as
_________.
Babylonian and Egyptian, sundial, GNOMON
rising and setting of the ____________in the________________, respectively,
SUN , east and
the west,
point where the Sun rises and sets in the
________________varies in a year,
HORIZON
phases of the _____________,
moon
lunar ______________,
eclipse
_____ eclipse,
solar
daily and annual motion of the _________ , and
7. planets ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________, and
______________.
stars, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn.
Q
In a lunar eclipse, the Moon moves into
the _____________ cast by______________.
shadow of Earth ,the Sun
When the Moon passes through the
the outer part of Earth’s shadow—the
_____________ where the light of the Sun is
only partly extinguished—the Moon
dims only slightly in what is called a
______________
penumbra, penumbral eclipse.
, where the light of the Sun is
only partly extinguished—the Moon
dims only slightly in what is called a
__________________.
penumbral eclipse
When the Moon
passes through the central part of
Earth’s shadow—the ___________, where the
direct light of the Sun is totally
blocked—the lunar eclipse is considered
partial if the Moon is partly within the
umbra or total if the Moon is
completely within it.
umbra
In a _______________, the Moon passes between
Earth and the Sun and stops some or all of
the Sun’s light from reaching Earth.
solar eclipse
In a _______________, the Sun is partly covered when
the Moon passes in front of it.
partial
solar eclipse
it. In a _____________, the Moon completely covers the Sun.
total solar
eclipse
In an ______________, the Moon does
not completely cover the Sun but leaves the
edge of the Sun showing.
annular solar eclipse
made accurate
measurements and observations of the
position of stars, sun, moon, and the
planets even before the invention of
telescope.
Tycho Brahe
We only see parts of the moon ____
lit up by the sun
Phases of the moon? (in order)
New, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent, New
ACTION OF CHANGING LOCATION OR POSITION.
Motion
The first evidence of the study of the motion of heavenly bodies can be traced
back to the people of ___________
Sumeria and Egypt.
While the _______ were the first ones to
study systematically and in detail the heavenly bodies. They regarded the Earth
as the center of the universe, geocentric.
Greeks
This idea of geocentric earth was
replaced by the heliocentric model of ______ where earth and
other planets evolve in circular orbits around the Sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus,
the motion of a projectile which is the
result of the tendency of any object in motion, to remain in
motion at constant velocity.
HORIZONTAL MOTION
Is referred as the movement of the object
against the gravitational pull. It can also be a straight upward
and downward motion.
VERTICAL MOTION i
Is a form of motion experienced by an
object or particle that is projected near the Earth’s surface and
moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only
PROJECTILE MOTION
Vertical motion is referred to as ______________.
Galileo or Aristotle or answer
ARISTOTLE, NATURAL MOTION
the
object will move and will return to its natural state based on the object’s material
or composition - earth, water, air, and fire.
ARISTOTLE, natural motion,
An object moving in a violent motion require _________ to maintain horizontal
motion.
s push or pull
Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an object.
WHEN THE FORCE IS __________, MOTION STOPS.
ARISTOTLE, REMOVED
believed that the projectile motion of an object is______
until it is the object’s time to fall back into the ground.
ARISTOTLE, parallel to the ground
He said that HEAVY OBJECTS FALL
FASTER THAN LIGHT ONES
ARISTOTLE
In the absence of resistance, objects would fall not depending on their weight,
but in the time of fall.
Vertical Motion, Galileo
Also, if the object encountered a resistive force from a fluid
equal or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reaches a uniform motion
until it reaches the bottom and stops.
Galileo
object in motion, if not obstructed or hindered, will continue to be in motion,
and an external force is not necessary to maintain the motion.
Galileo,
If the Earth’s
the surface is very flat and extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be hindered. Thus, the objects will continue to move
Galileo
for quantifying the “rate of fall” by measurement of
distance and time and plotting it graphically.
Galileo
performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using an
inclined plane, and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
Galileo
Galileo was able to determine that the path of a
the projectile is ___________.
Galileo, parabolic
He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform
motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly
accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If it is not
hindered, it will continue to move even without an
applied force.
Galileo
Which is an example of motion
with uniform acceleration.
FREE FALL
Which means the change in
velocity with a given time.
ACCELERATION
Which is the distance travelled of an
object in a specific amount of time.
SPEED
____________ was an Ancient Greek philosopher
who thought that ___________objects fall faster
than__________________
Aristotle, heavier and lighter ones.
Force would be needed to have a constant
velocity according to _________ . _________ is
required for violent but not natural
motion.
Force, Aristotle
Objects in a ____________ will fall at the ________
because in a vacuum there is nothing. Since
there is no air or anything in space, objects
that are heavy or light, will fall at the same
time.
Galileo, vacuum, same time
_____________ is not necessarily required for violent
motion. Force is not required for object
moving at constant velocity.
Force, Galileo
Freely falling bodies undergo constant
acceleration in which it is referred to as ____________
The free fall acceleration represent a symbol “___”
which means _____________.
free fall, g, gravity
leads the object to accelerate in a
constant rate.
Gravity
At the surface of the earth, gravity (g) is
approximately ____________
9.8 m/s2.
Natural state
of object at
rest
ARISTOTLE
Imagined
motion will
continue
without friction
Galileo
constant in value which
represent by x axis
rolling balls
inertia
leaning tower of Pisa
HORIZONTAL
Changing value which
represent by y axis
free fall
Aristotle versus
Galileo
VERTICAL
is when light, both
wave and particle slow down as it
passes through matter.
Refraction
When photons pass through
these objects like prisms or a
water droplet, they break out
into different colors. Because the
different colors of the visible light
spectrum have different speeds
and wavelength, matter may
slow them apart.
Refraction of Light
Waves move
slower as it passes through
“__________” objects like water.
TRANSPARENT
bouncing of light when it hits
a smooth or “________”
surface like a mirror. All light
bounces and does not affect
the travel of light much. That
is why your reflection on the
mirror is exactly how it is
when you see it because light,
as it bounces back to your
eyes.
Reflection, LUSTROUS
When light passes
through a triangular prism
and produces a rainbow of
colors, which is known to be the
______________
Dispersion of light
takes place when
white light passes through
such mediums and causes
colors to separate.
Dispersion of light
Occurs
when a light wave passes by a
corner or through an opening
or slit.
Diffraction of light
is the height and the depth of the wave from the
center or the resting point.
AMPLITUDE
is the top wave of the formation and the TROUGH is the
bottom wave of the formation.
CREST
Is the distance between two crest and two
troughs.
WAVELENGTH
is the number of complete waves made per second and period is the
amount of time to complete one wave.
FREQUENCY
Frequency and wavelength are_________ to each other
inversely proportional, This means that as the frequency of a wave increases, its wavelength decreases, and vice versa.
Without light, there would be _______
no sight.
The visual ability
of humans and other animals is the result of the complex
interaction of _____
light, eyes and brain.
Life developed on Earth and it
began with ______.
photosynthetic
organisms that were very light
dependent
refers to
anything relating to light or vision, whether it
be visible light or infrared light, that performs
a specific function.
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY
is electromagnetic radiation,
which, when it enters the Earth’s
atmosphere, results in various
phenomena like the formation of the
rainbow, the blue colour of the sky,
reddish sunset, and the formation of
white clouds.
Light
is _____________
which, when it enters the Earth’s
atmosphere, results in various
phenomena like the formation of the
rainbow, the blue color of the sky,
reddish sunset, and the formation of
white clouds.
electromagnetic radiation,
The front of the spoon
that curves inward represents a
______________ while the
back part which bulges outward
is the _______
CONCAVE MIRROR, CONVEX MIRROR.
When light rays hit the
surface of a ____________, the rays tend to
meet or converge at the
focal point of the mirror
creating a REAL and
INVERTED IMAGE.
CONCAVE
MIRROR
When light rays hit the
surface of a CONCAVE
MIRROR, the rays tend to
meet or converge at the
focal point of the mirror
creating a ________________________
REAL and
INVERTED IMAGE.
When light rays strike a ___________ the rays tend to scatter
or diverge from the focal point.
CONVEX
MIRROR,
This means the real rays will not
meet and create the image, but
the imaginary ones will converge
and create the _______________
VIRTUAL and
UPRIGHT IMAGE.
is an interesting
optical phenomenon which
creates a displaced image of
an object due to refraction of
light.
Mirage
The differences in _______
cause differences in optical
densities or refractive indices of
the different layers of air which
bends or refracts light.
temperature
can either be a colored
glass or cellophane that absorbs
certain frequencies of visible
light and transmits a particular
color frequency that matches the
filter’s natural frequency.
Filter
occurs when a
transparent object allows light to
pass through it.
Light transmission
When white light hits a blue
glass, the glass will absorb all the
color frequencies except for _____
blue.
On the other hand, when a red
laser hits a green cellophane, the
cellophane will _____the red
light instead of transmitting it
because their frequencies do not
match.
absorb
The color of an object that we see
depends on the__________ of visible light
reflected color
frequency
Rain clouds appear dark
because they are _______
that sunlight needs to pass
through a lot of water
droplets and be absorbed
before it can reach the
observer’s eye.
too thick
The blue appearance of the sky is a
___________
scattering phenomenon.
When light hits our atmosphere, it_______________ thus ____________, making the sky appear blue,
while the rest of it reaches our eyes as white light.
separates into all its
colors, Blue light scatters
In a similar way, sunsets appear red
because sunlight travels a greater
distance as it reaches the horizon and
encounters more ________________________
atmospheric particles,
Solar halo, which is also called
__________
GLORIOLE, icebow or nimbus,
is
a light phenomenon that
happens when light shines
through clouds that are
composed of ice crystals.
Solar Halos
Solar halo, which is also called
GLORIOLE, icebow or nimbus, is
a light phenomenon that
happens when light shines
through clouds that are
composed of __________
ice crystals.
Light refracts upon passing
through the _______
ice crystals
and reflects upon hitting
the crystal’s faces;
_____________)
(with the sun), happen due to
the refraction of light upon
hitting the small crystals
that make up cirrus or
cirrostratus clouds.
Sundogs, or PARHELION
These crystals are hexagonal in shape and
with faces almost horizontal upon
drifting; these cause the formation of
spots of light (sundog) on either side of
the Sun, or the Moon, when light strikes
them at a minimum ________________
as shown in the image. Since red light is
the least refracted compared to blue this
makes the inner edge of a sundog to be
red hued.
angle of 22 degrees
A__________ is a light phenomenon
formed from the combination of
several light properties like
refraction, reflection, and
dispersion.
rainbow
A rainbow is a light phenomenon
formed from the combination of
several light properties like
______________
refraction, reflection, and
dispersion.
Rainbows are usually
seen after rainfall because they are
formed when light strikes the
scattered _________ in the
atmosphere.
raindrops
has red on the
outside and violet on the inside.
Primary rainbow
_____________ – sometimes visible,
has the color reversed, violet in the
outside and red on the inside.
Secondary rainbow
________________________ – narrow arcs
inside the primary bows formed when
raindrops are very small and of uniform
size.
Supernumerary bows
is one of the seven
electromagnetic (EM) waves.
Visible light
Another kind of EM wave is the
__________________________ which is generally
utilized for communication and
transmission of data regardless
of the distance of the sender
and recipient.
radio wave
are normally made by
cosmic bodies or lightning yet can
likewise be made misleadingly to
fill its need.
Radio waves
distributed his hypothesis
about EM waves.
James Clerk Maxwell
