ENGLISH REVIEWER 5-10-2023 Flashcards
Properties of a well-written text
ORGANIZATION, LANGUAGE USE, COHERENCE AND COHESION, LANGUAGE MECHANICS
Refers to the
arrangement of ideas in
a text.
ORGANIZATION
Achieved when these
ideas are logically and
accurately arranged.
ORGANIZATION
Ideas are well-developed
when there is a clear
statement of purpose, position,
facts, examples, specific
details, definitions,
explanations, justifications, or
opposing viewpoints.
ORGANIZATION
Are well-developed
when there is a clear
statement of purpose, position,
facts, examples, specific
details, definitions,
explanations, justifications, or
opposing viewpoints.
Ideas
Ideas are well-developed
when there is a clear
statement of _______________
purpose, position,
facts, examples, specific
details, definitions,
explanations, justifications, or
opposing viewpoints.
How the text physically appears.
Physical Format
The cue in ordering of events and
concepts.
Signal Words
Complete framework of the text.
Structure
THREE MAJOR PARTS OF A TEXT
BEGINNING, MIDDLE, END/CONCLUSION
Also called as the lead or the hook.
BEGINNING
It introduces the readers to the purpose of the
writing by introducing characters or setting
(for narrative) or the topic, thesis, argument
(for expository writing)
BEGINNING
The organization of the middle of a piece of
writing depends on the genre.
MIDDLE
Researchers
have identified five basic organizational
structures, sequence, description, cause and
effect, compare and contrast, and problem
and solution.
MIDDLE
It is the restatement of the thesis
and major points, showing how the
writer has proven his/her position.
END/CONCLUSION
Relationship of ideas between
sentences.
COHERENCE
Refers to the overall sense of unity
in the passage including both the
main point of the sentences and
the main point of each paragraph.
COHERENCE
The grammatical and lexical
relationship between different
elements of a text which hold it\
together.
COHESION
Arranged in the
order in which they
happened.
Chronological order
Arranged according to
the geographical
location such as left-
right, up-down, etc.
Spatial order
Arranged to
emphasize certain
points depending on
the writer’s purpose.
Emphatic order
Words that give readers an idea of how the
points in your paragraphs are progressing.
Signal Devices
Signal Devices (list em)
Transitions
Repetition
Synonyms
Pronouns
after, afterward, at length, at that/this point, at, that/this time, at present,
at the same time, before, currently, during, earlier, finally, formery, in the
future, in the, meantime, in the past, initially, later, meanwhile, now,
presently, previously, recently, shortly, simultaneously, soon,
subsequently, then,…
Time
initially, next, previously, subsequently, then, followed by,
first, second, third, etc.
SEQUENCE
across, adjacent to, alongside, along the edge, beside,
behind, beyond, further, over, and under.
SPACE
as an example, as an illustration, for example, for instance,
illustrated by, in particular, in the/this case, including,
markedly, namely, notably, on this occasion, specifically, such
as, to demonstrate, to illustrate…
ILLUSTRATION
as well as, comparatively, conversely, correspondingly,
coupled with, in the same way, likewise, moreover, on the
one hand, similar, similar to, similarly, together with,…
COMPARISON
a different view is, albeit, alternatively, although, and (yet),
conversely, despite/in spite of, differing from, even so, even
though, however, in contrast, instead, it could also be said that,
nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary,
CONTRAST
accordingly, as consequence, as a result, at that time,
before, concurrently, consequently, for this purpose, for
this reason, hence, therefore, thus…
CAUSE AND EFFECT
after all, as a result, briefly, consequently, finally, hence, in any
case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in other words,
in summary, on the whole, overall,to conclude, to sum up, to
summarize…
CONCLUSION
Could be a word, phrase, or a full
sentence, or a poetic line repeated to
emphasize its significance in the entire
text.
Repetitions
Repetition of main ideas keeps
continuity and highlights important
ideas.
Repetitions
These are words similar in meaning
to important words or phrases that
prevent tedious repetitions.
Synonyms
Words that connect readers to the
original words that the pronouns
replace.
Pronouns
Appropriateness of word
or vocabulary usage.
LANGUAGE USE
It involves using the most appropriate terms to get one’s point
across.
CONCISE LANGUAGE
means using a minimal amount of
effective terms to convey one’s argument.
CONCISE LANGUAGE
It refers to words/terms that the reader easily recognizes and
understands because they use them regularly.
FAMILIAR LANGUAGE
Using the fewest possible words without sacrificing meaning
makes your writing more understandable.
PRECISE LANGUAGE
The use of constructive language expresses something potentially
negative in a positive way, while destructive language leads the
reader to blame and criticism, causing defensiveness.
CONSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE
The formality of the language used should
conform to the formality of the situation and the
relationship between the writer and the reader.
FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE
Usually direct and simple
INFORMAL
Used in writing for one self or in your writing to
family, friends, and
colleagues.
INFORMAL
Use an unbiased
language.
FORMAL
Used in writing academic,
business, and official
texts.
FORMAL
Correct and proper use of
spelling, punctuation marks,
and capitalization.
LANGUAGE
MECHANICS
Make sure that you are
consistently using one
standard with regard to the
spelling of your words.
SPELLING
Use ________________ based on the
impact and thought you want
to emphasize in your text.
PUNCTUATION
The act of using a system of
symbols used to provide structure to
and organize a text, such as a
comma, period, quotation marks,
question marks, etc.
PUNCTUATION
Consider the conventions in
capitalizing words such as
proper nouns and titles.
CAPITALIZATION
The focus of this
pattern is basically to
narrate or tell a story.
(includes elements
such as character/s,
setting, problem,
resolution, etc.)
Narration
It emphasizes the
what, when, and
where something
happened.
transitional words
characterized a
narrative paragraph.
Narration
show the
change of actions of the
character(s) and connect
events in the story. For
example, afterwards,
meanwhile, at night, after, at
present, next, then, earlier,
suddenly, before, at last,
meanwhile, eventually.
Transitional Words
This pattern of development gives
characteristics or details on what
an object, a person or a place
looks like.
Description
General structure is a list of
attributes or facts, and uses
adjectives.
Description
above, across, along, alongside, amidst,
around, away from, back of, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down,
farther, here, in front of, inside, into, near,
off, on top of, opposite to, outside, over,
throughout, to the right, under.
Description
is used in scientific
writing to describe
factual and scientific
characteristics.
Objective Description
is used in fiction wherein
a writer uses his own
perspective to describe a
person, an event or a
thing
Subjective Description
The focus of this pattern is to
explain or give a comprehensive
understanding of a concept, a term
or an idea.
Definition
The focus of this pattern is to
explain or give a comprehensive
understanding of a concept, a term
or an idea.
tells the reader what term or
concept is being defined.
Definition
is defined as
as defined as
means
refers to
to define
to illustrate
Definition
defines concepts in
the most factual
way.
Scientific Definition
defines complex
terms in a
personal way.
Subjective Definition
Provides examples, solid supports,
and strong evidence to prove a
point.
Exemplification
Use specific and vivid examples for the
purpose of adding more information to
explain, persuade, define or illustrate a
general id
Exemplification
after all, as an
example,consider the following, for example,
for instance, in other words, in particular, in
short, namely, put another way,specifically,
started differently, that is, to be specific, to
clarify, to illustrate.
Exemplification
divides and organizes ideas or
concepts in classes, groups or
categories based on criteria and
relationships between the ite
CLASSIFICATION
This pattern of development
discusses why something happens
and what results in a particular
occurrence or event. They can be
discussed together
Cause and effect
It may be a paragraph emphasizing
a cause or a paragraph
emphasizing an effect.
Cause and effect
discusses and organizes ideas
based on how people, events,
places and things are similar or
different to one another.
Comparison and Contrast
Also, as both, equally, in similar
fashion, in comparison, in same
the way, like, likewise, similarly,
to compare
Comparison and Contrast
In this pattern of development, the
writer presents a problem that needs
to be resolved. The paragraph states
a concerning issue or a problem then
next is the solution or what should be
done to solve the issue.
Problem - Solution
introduces the solution to a problem
Topic Sentence
Explains the problem and solution
Body Sentence
Which calls reader to action
Ending sentence
Tries to convince readers to take a
certain opinion or to perform a
certain action.
Used to influence or persuade
others.
PERSUASION
