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s2 Flashcards

1
Q

The total amount of water in the planet

A

Earth’s water budget

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2
Q

reservoir and residence time:
1. Oceans and ice sheets
2. ground water
3. streams and rivers
4. atmosphere
5. organisms

A
  1. thousands of years
  2. tens to hundreds of years
  3. few weeks
  4. few days
  5. few hours
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3
Q

it is a natural resource of water that are potentially useful

A

Water resource

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4
Q

3different water resources

A

saltwater reservoir
freshwater reservoir
surface water reservoir

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5
Q

degree of saltiness of water

A

Salinity

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6
Q

4 ways that the salinity of water is maintained

A
  1. during hydrologic cycle, evaporation removes water making the remaining solution saltier
  2. precipitation adds water making it dilute
  3. inflow from rivers and groundwater makes the sea less salty
  4. sea water freezes, the salt is extruded because of its structure, making the unfrozen seawater saltier
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7
Q

Four recognized oceans

A

Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Atlantic

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8
Q

water surrounding the Antarctica and connected with the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic

A

Southern Ocean, proposed by the International Hydrographic Organization in 2000

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9
Q

major chemicals present in saltwater

A

Sodium and Chlorine

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10
Q

principal source of dissolved elements

A

Weathering and volcanic eruptions

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11
Q

three major zones in the ocean

A

surface layer, thermocline, deep zone

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12
Q

consists of relatively warm and low-density water, it consists the 2% of the water of the ocean, layer where most marine plant and animals thrive

A

surface layer

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13
Q

the zone where the temperature decreases rapidly with depth

A

thermocline

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14
Q

the temperature in this zone is uniformly low, consists the 80% of water of the ocean

A

Deep zone

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15
Q

Importance of oceans

A

provides voluminous marine food source
used for transportation and recreation
plays a role in regulating the climate
absorbs and circulates heat, water and chemicals

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16
Q

Types of freshwater reservoir:

A

glaciers and ice sheets, permafrost

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17
Q

freshwater reservoir: a permanent body of ice consists of largely crystallized snow

A

Glacier

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18
Q

a mass of glacial land ice extending to 50,000km2

A

ice sheets

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19
Q

frozen soil or sediments for more than two consecutive years, found in polar regions, and comprises 0.8% of total freshwater reservoir

A

Permafrost

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20
Q

Types of surface water reservoir

A

Stream, river, lakes, wetlands

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21
Q

moving body of water flowing downslope towards sea level due to the force of gravity

A

stream

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22
Q

clearly defined passageways

A

Channels

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23
Q

a stream with considerable volume and well-defined channels

A

river

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24
Q

a large inland body of fresh or saline water, that forms in the areas where water collects in low areas behind natural or manmade dams

A

lake

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25
Q

smaller streams that feed from bigger streams

A

tributaries

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26
Q

land area where the water flow into a particular stream

A

drainage basin or watershed

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27
Q

land areas where water covers the surface for a significant period

A

wetlands

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28
Q

largest wetland in Maguindanao provinces, North Kotabato, and Sultan Kudarat

A

Ligawasan Marsh

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29
Q

Types of wetlands

A

Marsh, swamp, estuary

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30
Q

shallow wetland around lakes and stream, dominated by grass and reeds

A

Marsh

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31
Q

wetland with lush trees and vegetation around low-lying areas beside slow moving rivers

A

Swamp

32
Q

a partly enclosed coastal body of water where the the freshwater of the stream meets the saltwater of the sea

A

Estuary

33
Q

small and shallow lakes

A

pond

34
Q

barriers constructed along streams to contain flow of water

A

dams

35
Q

Types of groundwater reservoir

A

groundwater, aquifers

36
Q

freshwater found in the rock and soil layer beneath the surface of the Earth. largest reservoir of liquid freshwater, comprises 30.1% of total freshwater.

A

Groundwater

37
Q

water bearing rock layers. also act as sponge to hold groundwater in cracks, cavities and pores between mineral grains

A

aquifers

38
Q

refers to the total amount of empty spores found in a rock that determines the amount of groundwater the aquifer can hold

A

Porosity

39
Q

ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through

A

permeability

40
Q

Activities affecting the quality and availability of water

A
  1. population growth
  2. movement of large number of people from countryside to towns and cities
  3. demands for greater food security and higher living standards
  4. increased competition between different uses of water resources
  5. pollution from cities, factories and farmlands
41
Q

ways for degradation of ecosystem

A

deforestation, urban growth, road building, surface mining, wetland conversion to fishponds, waste produced by humans, overexploitation, natural phenomenon, extreme conditions

42
Q

Created National Water Resource Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water resource development

A

PD No. 424 of 1974

43
Q

instituted the Water Code that consolidates the laws governing the ownership, utilization, exploitation, conservation, and protection of resources as regulated by NWRC

A

PD No.1067 of 1976

44
Q

Established the Presidential Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which is tasked to prepare a Water Conservation Plan

A

EO No. 222 of 1995

45
Q

addresses the country’s water problem through an integrated water management

A

RA No. 8041 (National Water Crisis Act of 1995)

46
Q

provided a comprehensive water quality management

A

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

47
Q

How was pedosphere created?

A

due to the dynamic interaction of the four subsystems of the Earth. Pedosphere came from the Greek words “pedon” meaning soil, and “sfaira” meaning sphere.

48
Q

a mixture of organic matter, minerals, liquid, gases and organisms, that together supports life

A

Soil

49
Q

How is soil formed?

A

weathering of rocks may be slow or rapid depending on the factors at play.

50
Q

5 Factors affecting soil formation

A
  1. Parent material
  2. Climate
  3. Topography
  4. Biological Factors
  5. Time
51
Q

factor of soil formation: the chemistry and type of soil

A

Parent material

52
Q

factor that deals with temperature, rainfall, and moisture. It affects the type of organisms, biological activity, and the rate of chemical reaction.

A

Climate

53
Q

refers to the gradient of slope that affects the water flow and erosion. (slope aspect are slopes that faces the sun, tends to be warmer, and soil in steeper slopes are thin due to high rate of erosion)

A

Topography

54
Q

This refers to the organisms like, plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans. (animals and organisms help mix the soil from burrowing, microorganisms affect the nutrient and chemical exchange between soil and root)

A

Biological Factors

55
Q

This factor is long and continuous and can range from hundreds to thousands of years depending on the climate and environment (in moderate climates it takes 200-400 years to develop 1cm of soil)

A

Time

56
Q

sequence of soil horizons from the surface to the underlying bedrock

A

Soil profile

56
Q

sequence of soil horizons from the surface to the underlying bedrock

A

Soil profile

57
Q

Sequence of soil profile:

A

organic matter, surface horizon, subsoil, substratum, eluviation, hard bedrock

58
Q

soil profile on the surface

A

organic matter

59
Q

composed of mineral matter and some dark organic humus

A

soil horizon

60
Q

accumulated clay and other nutrients

A

subsoil

61
Q

composed of partially altered parent material

A

substratum

62
Q

characterized by significant loss of nutrients (eluviation) and leaching

A

eluviation

63
Q

bottom part and not a soil

A

bedrock

64
Q

collective term that refers to the layer of loose, heterogenous, and superficial materials covering the bedrock

A

regolith

65
Q

soil conservation methods

A

crop rotation
conservation tillage

66
Q

flat step-like areas on a hillside to hold rainwater and prevent it from running downhill

A

Terraces

67
Q

human activities that affect the quality and quantity of soil

A

soil erosion, soil compaction, desertification, intensive agriculture, urbanization

68
Q

absolute losses of soil in the topsoil and nutrients, most visible effect of soil degredation

A

Soil Erosion

69
Q

reduces amount of water, air and space for roots and organisms in the soil

A

Soil Compaction

70
Q

irreversible process where fertile land becomes desert, due to drought, deforestation, inappropriate agriculture

A

Desertification

71
Q

losses on organic matter and soil physical property damage, used of more and heavier machines

A

intensive agriculture

72
Q

population from rural to urban residency (concrete structures roads and pavements etc. that hinders interaction between subsystems)

A

Urbanization

73
Q

Importance of Soil:

A

Arable land for agriculture
Regulates water and filtering potential pollutants
Nutrient cycling
Foundation and support
Mineral deposits

74
Q

Ways to conserve soil resources

A

increase soil organic matter
keep the soil covered and vegetated
avoid excessive tillage
employ no dig gardening techniques
promote crop rotation

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