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1
Q

The total amount of water in the planet

A

Earth’s water budget

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2
Q

reservoir and residence time:
1. Oceans and ice sheets
2. ground water
3. streams and rivers
4. atmosphere
5. organisms

A
  1. thousands of years
  2. tens to hundreds of years
  3. few weeks
  4. few days
  5. few hours
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3
Q

it is a natural resource of water that are potentially useful

A

Water resource

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4
Q

3different water resources

A

saltwater reservoir
freshwater reservoir
surface water reservoir

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5
Q

degree of saltiness of water

A

Salinity

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6
Q

4 ways that the salinity of water is maintained

A
  1. during hydrologic cycle, evaporation removes water making the remaining solution saltier
  2. precipitation adds water making it dilute
  3. inflow from rivers and groundwater makes the sea less salty
  4. sea water freezes, the salt is extruded because of its structure, making the unfrozen seawater saltier
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7
Q

Four recognized oceans

A

Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Atlantic

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8
Q

water surrounding the Antarctica and connected with the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic

A

Southern Ocean, proposed by the International Hydrographic Organization in 2000

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9
Q

major chemicals present in saltwater

A

Sodium and Chlorine

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10
Q

principal source of dissolved elements

A

Weathering and volcanic eruptions

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11
Q

three major zones in the ocean

A

surface layer, thermocline, deep zone

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12
Q

consists of relatively warm and low-density water, it consists the 2% of the water of the ocean, layer where most marine plant and animals thrive

A

surface layer

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13
Q

the zone where the temperature decreases rapidly with depth

A

thermocline

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14
Q

the temperature in this zone is uniformly low, consists the 80% of water of the ocean

A

Deep zone

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15
Q

Importance of oceans

A

provides voluminous marine food source
used for transportation and recreation
plays a role in regulating the climate
absorbs and circulates heat, water and chemicals

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16
Q

Types of freshwater reservoir:

A

glaciers and ice sheets, permafrost

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17
Q

freshwater reservoir: a permanent body of ice consists of largely crystallized snow

A

Glacier

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18
Q

a mass of glacial land ice extending to 50,000km2

A

ice sheets

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19
Q

frozen soil or sediments for more than two consecutive years, found in polar regions, and comprises 0.8% of total freshwater reservoir

A

Permafrost

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20
Q

Types of surface water reservoir

A

Stream, river, lakes, wetlands

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21
Q

moving body of water flowing downslope towards sea level due to the force of gravity

A

stream

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22
Q

clearly defined passageways

A

Channels

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23
Q

a stream with considerable volume and well-defined channels

A

river

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24
Q

a large inland body of fresh or saline water, that forms in the areas where water collects in low areas behind natural or manmade dams

A

lake

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25
smaller streams that feed from bigger streams
tributaries
26
land area where the water flow into a particular stream
drainage basin or watershed
27
land areas where water covers the surface for a significant period
wetlands
28
largest wetland in Maguindanao provinces, North Kotabato, and Sultan Kudarat
Ligawasan Marsh
29
Types of wetlands
Marsh, swamp, estuary
30
shallow wetland around lakes and stream, dominated by grass and reeds
Marsh
31
wetland with lush trees and vegetation around low-lying areas beside slow moving rivers
Swamp
32
a partly enclosed coastal body of water where the the freshwater of the stream meets the saltwater of the sea
Estuary
33
small and shallow lakes
pond
34
barriers constructed along streams to contain flow of water
dams
35
Types of groundwater reservoir
groundwater, aquifers
36
freshwater found in the rock and soil layer beneath the surface of the Earth. largest reservoir of liquid freshwater, comprises 30.1% of total freshwater.
Groundwater
37
water bearing rock layers. also act as sponge to hold groundwater in cracks, cavities and pores between mineral grains
aquifers
38
refers to the total amount of empty spores found in a rock that determines the amount of groundwater the aquifer can hold
Porosity
39
ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through
permeability
40
Activities affecting the quality and availability of water
1. population growth 2. movement of large number of people from countryside to towns and cities 3. demands for greater food security and higher living standards 4. increased competition between different uses of water resources 5. pollution from cities, factories and farmlands
41
ways for degradation of ecosystem
deforestation, urban growth, road building, surface mining, wetland conversion to fishponds, waste produced by humans, overexploitation, natural phenomenon, extreme conditions
42
Created National Water Resource Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water resource development
PD No. 424 of 1974
43
instituted the Water Code that consolidates the laws governing the ownership, utilization, exploitation, conservation, and protection of resources as regulated by NWRC
PD No.1067 of 1976
44
Established the Presidential Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which is tasked to prepare a Water Conservation Plan
EO No. 222 of 1995
45
addresses the country's water problem through an integrated water management
RA No. 8041 (National Water Crisis Act of 1995)
46
provided a comprehensive water quality management
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
47
How was pedosphere created?
due to the dynamic interaction of the four subsystems of the Earth. Pedosphere came from the Greek words "pedon" meaning soil, and "sfaira" meaning sphere.
48
a mixture of organic matter, minerals, liquid, gases and organisms, that together supports life
Soil
49
How is soil formed?
weathering of rocks may be slow or rapid depending on the factors at play.
50
5 Factors affecting soil formation
1. Parent material 2. Climate 3. Topography 4. Biological Factors 5. Time
51
factor of soil formation: the chemistry and type of soil
Parent material
52
factor that deals with temperature, rainfall, and moisture. It affects the type of organisms, biological activity, and the rate of chemical reaction.
Climate
53
refers to the gradient of slope that affects the water flow and erosion. (slope aspect are slopes that faces the sun, tends to be warmer, and soil in steeper slopes are thin due to high rate of erosion)
Topography
54
This refers to the organisms like, plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans. (animals and organisms help mix the soil from burrowing, microorganisms affect the nutrient and chemical exchange between soil and root)
Biological Factors
55
This factor is long and continuous and can range from hundreds to thousands of years depending on the climate and environment (in moderate climates it takes 200-400 years to develop 1cm of soil)
Time
56
sequence of soil horizons from the surface to the underlying bedrock
Soil profile
56
sequence of soil horizons from the surface to the underlying bedrock
Soil profile
57
Sequence of soil profile:
organic matter, surface horizon, subsoil, substratum, eluviation, hard bedrock
58
soil profile on the surface
organic matter
59
composed of mineral matter and some dark organic humus
soil horizon
60
accumulated clay and other nutrients
subsoil
61
composed of partially altered parent material
substratum
62
characterized by significant loss of nutrients (eluviation) and leaching
eluviation
63
bottom part and not a soil
bedrock
64
collective term that refers to the layer of loose, heterogenous, and superficial materials covering the bedrock
regolith
65
soil conservation methods
crop rotation conservation tillage
66
flat step-like areas on a hillside to hold rainwater and prevent it from running downhill
Terraces
67
human activities that affect the quality and quantity of soil
soil erosion, soil compaction, desertification, intensive agriculture, urbanization
68
absolute losses of soil in the topsoil and nutrients, most visible effect of soil degredation
Soil Erosion
69
reduces amount of water, air and space for roots and organisms in the soil
Soil Compaction
70
irreversible process where fertile land becomes desert, due to drought, deforestation, inappropriate agriculture
Desertification
71
losses on organic matter and soil physical property damage, used of more and heavier machines
intensive agriculture
72
population from rural to urban residency (concrete structures roads and pavements etc. that hinders interaction between subsystems)
Urbanization
73
Importance of Soil:
Arable land for agriculture Regulates water and filtering potential pollutants Nutrient cycling Foundation and support Mineral deposits
74
Ways to conserve soil resources
increase soil organic matter keep the soil covered and vegetated avoid excessive tillage employ no dig gardening techniques promote crop rotation

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