q2 esci

Question 1

external processes that occurs at or near the surface of the Earth, responsible in transforming rocks into sediments

Answer 1

Endogenic Processes

Question 2

Types of degradation processes:

Answer 2

weathering, mass wasting, erosion, transportation, deposition (aggradation)

Question 3

the physical breakdown and/or chemical alteration of rocks

Answer 3

Weathering

Question 4

Agents of physical weathering

Answer 4

Frost wedging, abrasion, biological activity, salt crystal growth, insolation weathering, unloading or pressure release (exfoliation)

Question 5

Agents of chemical weathering

Answer 5

Hydrolysis, Dissolution, microbial activity, oxidation

Question 6

expansion and contraction of rocks caused by temperature changes, the outer surface is warmer or colder than the inner portion which causes peeling

Answer 6

Insolation Weathering or Thermal Stress

Question 7

amount of heat absorbed by the ground

Answer 7

insolation

Question 8

passage of heat and electricity stopped by elements

Answer 8

insulation

Question 9

amount of reflected light opposite of insolation

Answer 9

albedo

Question 10

occurs when the overlying rocks is eroded away causing the outer rock to expand more than the rock below

Answer 10

Unloading Pressure Release

Question 11

exfoliation due to pressure release

Answer 11

sheeting

Question 12

also known as mechanical weathering, where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces due to natural or anthropogenic forces. It only alters the physical appearance of rocks.

Answer 12

Physical Weathering

Question 13

this type of weathering occurs when water gets inside the cracks of rocks and freezes that causes the crack’s expansion.

Answer 13

Frost wedging

Question 14

weathering that takes place when rocks wear down due to constant collision with loose particles

Answer 14

Abrasion

Question 15

this weathering includes plants and animals as agents for weathering

Answer 15

Biological activity

Question 16

this weathering is where the force exerted by salt crystal will be formed when water evaporates from the rock’s pores or cracks that causes the rock to fall apart

Answer 16

salt crystal growth

Question 17

once rocks are broken into tiny pieces they are transported away into different areas, this process is called

Answer 17

erosion

Question 18

this process is when carbon dioxide from the air or soil combines with water, that dissolves rock

Answer 18

carbonation

Question 19

what weak acid is produced in the carbonation process

Answer 19

carbonic acid

Question 20

this weathering changes the composition of minerals when rocks react with acidic water (produces clays and soluble salts)

Answer 20

Hydrolysis

Question 21

this is created when the iron in rocks is exposed to oxygen

Answer 21

iron oxide

Question 22

a process where rocks weather because of its reaction to acid (rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with rocks and produces holes or cavities on the rock)

Answer 22

Dissolution

Question 23

weathering where microbes break down minerals from rocks by changing its composition making it more vulnerable to weathering.

Answer 23

Microbial activity

Question 24

factors that affect the rate of weathering

Answer 24

rock characteristics, climate

Question 25

process wherein fractured bedrocks are incorporated into thin ice

Answer 25

plucking

Question 26

occurs when the ice and its load of rock fragments slide over a bedrock, smoothening and polishing the surface below. (results to glacial striations and rock flour)

Answer 26

abrasion

Question 27

formed by differences in pressure due to differential heating of the earth

Answer 27

wind

Question 28

a process of aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create different landforms

Answer 28

deposition

Question 29

collective term for processes like compaction, cementation, and recrystallization

Answer 29

diagenesis

Question 30

downward slope movement of rocks, regolith and soil. a degradation process that follows weathering and the driving force is gravity

Answer 30

mass wasting

Question 31

Factors that affects mass wasting

Answer 31

oversteeping of slope, ground vibration, removal of anchoring vegetation, water

Question 32

this factor adds weight to saturated material and has lubricating effect that destroys particle cohesion

Answer 32

water

Question 33

steepest angle at which materials remain stable and do not move down slope

Answer 33

Angle of Repose

Question 34

Classification of mass wasting

Answer 34

type of material involved, velocity of the movement and nature of movement

Question 35

occur when a piece of rock or mass of rocks become dislodged and makes free-fall along a steep cliff

Answer 35

Rock Fall

Question 36

type of mass wasting fall that involves a mixture of soil, regolith, vegetation and rocks

Answer 36

Debris fall

Question 37

accumulation of rock fragments lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rocky slope

Answer 37

talus

Question 38

a sudden fast movement of cohesive mass of soil, rock or regolith

Answer 38

Landslide

Question 39

two types of landslide

Answer 39

translational slide, rotational slide or slumps

Question 40

this type of landslide that occurs due to the movement of a mass of materials along a well-defined surface (bedding, foliation, joint surface)

Answer 40

translational slide

Question 41

happens when rock materials are saturated with water and move down as a viscous fluid

Answer 41

flows

Question 42

consist of rocks or regolith and 20% - 40% water saturated

Answer 42

slurry flows

Question 43

contains 0-20% water (not saturated with water flows)

Answer 43

granular flow

Question 44

two types of flows

Answer 44

granular flow, slurry flow

Question 45

Human activities affecting mass wasting

Answer 45

removal of vegetation, urban development, oversteeping due to quarrying, open-pit mining, watering leakage and draining water

Question 46

agents of erosion

Answer 46

running water, glacier, wind, gravity

Question 47

formed hundreds of thousands of years in the poles or high mountains of ice that can erode land through plucking and abrasion

Answer 47

glacier

Question 48

glacial erosion depends on

Answer 48

rate of movement, thickness of the ice, shapes and hardness, and erodibility of the surface

Question 49

type of erosion where tiny particles are detached due to raindrops

Answer 49

splash erosion

Question 50

type of erosion where water flows overland as a sheet and brings soil structure broken apart by raindrops

Answer 50

sheet erosion

Question 51

water flows in narrow channels after heavy rain

Answer 51

gully erosion

Question 52

continuous flow of water that deepens the valley

Answer 52

valley erosion

Question 53

continuous flow of water wears down rocks near the banks of streams and rivers

Answer 53

bank erosion

Question 54

waves from ocean and see crash against the shore pounding rocks and bringing sand

Answer 54

coastline erosion

Question 55

waves erode sea side cliff leaving only sea stock

Answer 55

seaside cliff erosion

Question 56

facetted and wind polished fragments

Answer 56

ventifacts

Question 57

lifting and removal of fine sediments by wind

Answer 57

deflation

Question 58

this is formed when the eroded materials is laid down

Answer 58

bed

Question 59

the process of aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create drifferent landforms

Answer 59

deposition

Question 60

mixture of large sediments

Answer 60

clasts

Question 61

fine grained sediments

Answer 61

matrix

Question 62

material deposit of stream

Answer 62

alluvium

Question 63

unsorted deposits of rocks formed directly by ice

Answer 63

glacial till

Question 64

area where sediments are deposited

Answer 64

sedimentary environment

Question 65

different types of water erosion

Answer 65

splash erosion, sheet erosion, gully erosion, valley erosion, bank erosion, coastline erosion, cliff side erosion

Question 66

types of sedimentary environments

Answer 66

glacial environment, mountain-stream environment, mountain-front environment, desert environment, lake (lacustrine) environment, river (fluvial) environment, delta environment, beach environment, shallow marine environment, shallow water carbonate environment, deep marine environment

Question 67

an area where turbulent streams carry large sediments like boulders and cobbles during flood forming thick gravel and boulder layers.

Answer 67

mountain-stream environment

Question 68

an area when a stream enters the flat area at the base of a mountain, loses its energy and decreases in velocity.

Answer 68

mountain-front environment

Question 69

mud (along floodplain), silt layers, deposits of pebbles (inner meander) and beds of sand

Answer 69

river (fluvial) environment

Question 70

area where a river enters the sea, empties its load and extends to the shallow coastal area.

Answer 70

delta environment

Question 71

well-sorted and well-rounded sand grains are found that for ripples.

Answer 71

beach environment

Question 72

an area where supply of sediments is limited and water is fairly warm, and full of nutrients.

Answer 72

shallow water carbonate environment

Question 73

a collective term for sediments formed from shell and coral fragments.

Answer 73

carbonate sediments

Question 74

area where you can find turbidite deposits, very thin layers of mud, chalk, chert

Answer 74

deep marine environment

Question 75

a gentle slope deposited over the valley, formed from floods over the years

Answer 75

levees

Question 76

layers or ridges of till

Answer 76

moraine

Question 77

winding ridge of sand and gravel under a glacier by water melting from the ice

Answer 77

esker

Question 78

streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till

Answer 78

drumlins

Question 79

steep sided hills made of sand and gravel

Answer 79

kames

Question 80

accumulated blanket of silt, carried by wind

Answer 80

loess

Question 81

deposits of coarse materials in the shape of hills and ridges

Answer 81

sand dunes