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q2 esci Flashcards

1
Q

external processes that occurs at or near the surface of the Earth, responsible in transforming rocks into sediments

A

Endogenic Processes

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2
Q

Types of degradation processes:

A

weathering, mass wasting, erosion, transportation, deposition (aggradation)

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3
Q

the physical breakdown and/or chemical alteration of rocks

A

Weathering

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4
Q

Agents of physical weathering

A

Frost wedging, abrasion, biological activity, salt crystal growth, insolation weathering, unloading or pressure release (exfoliation)

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5
Q

Agents of chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis, Dissolution, microbial activity, oxidation

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6
Q

expansion and contraction of rocks caused by temperature changes, the outer surface is warmer or colder than the inner portion which causes peeling

A

Insolation Weathering or Thermal Stress

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7
Q

amount of heat absorbed by the ground

A

insolation

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8
Q

passage of heat and electricity stopped by elements

A

insulation

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9
Q

amount of reflected light opposite of insolation

A

albedo

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10
Q

occurs when the overlying rocks is eroded away causing the outer rock to expand more than the rock below

A

Unloading Pressure Release

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11
Q

exfoliation due to pressure release

A

sheeting

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12
Q

also known as mechanical weathering, where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces due to natural or anthropogenic forces. It only alters the physical appearance of rocks.

A

Physical Weathering

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13
Q

this type of weathering occurs when water gets inside the cracks of rocks and freezes that causes the crack’s expansion.

A

Frost wedging

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14
Q

weathering that takes place when rocks wear down due to constant collision with loose particles

A

Abrasion

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15
Q

this weathering includes plants and animals as agents for weathering

A

Biological activity

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16
Q

this weathering is where the force exerted by salt crystal will be formed when water evaporates from the rock’s pores or cracks that causes the rock to fall apart

A

salt crystal growth

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17
Q

once rocks are broken into tiny pieces they are transported away into different areas, this process is called

A

erosion

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18
Q

this process is when carbon dioxide from the air or soil combines with water, that dissolves rock

A

carbonation

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19
Q

what weak acid is produced in the carbonation process

A

carbonic acid

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20
Q

this weathering changes the composition of minerals when rocks react with acidic water (produces clays and soluble salts)

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

this is created when the iron in rocks is exposed to oxygen

A

iron oxide

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22
Q

a process where rocks weather because of its reaction to acid (rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with rocks and produces holes or cavities on the rock)

A

Dissolution

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23
Q

weathering where microbes break down minerals from rocks by changing its composition making it more vulnerable to weathering.

A

Microbial activity

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24
Q

factors that affect the rate of weathering

A

rock characteristics, climate

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25
Q

process wherein fractured bedrocks are incorporated into thin ice

A

plucking

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26
Q

occurs when the ice and its load of rock fragments slide over a bedrock, smoothening and polishing the surface below. (results to glacial striations and rock flour)

A

abrasion

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27
Q

formed by differences in pressure due to differential heating of the earth

A

wind

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28
Q

a process of aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create different landforms

A

deposition

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29
Q

collective term for processes like compaction, cementation, and recrystallization

A

diagenesis

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30
Q

downward slope movement of rocks, regolith and soil. a degradation process that follows weathering and the driving force is gravity

A

mass wasting

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31
Q

Factors that affects mass wasting

A

oversteeping of slope, ground vibration, removal of anchoring vegetation, water

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32
Q

this factor adds weight to saturated material and has lubricating effect that destroys particle cohesion

A

water

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33
Q

steepest angle at which materials remain stable and do not move down slope

A

Angle of Repose

34
Q

Classification of mass wasting

A

type of material involved, velocity of the movement and nature of movement

35
Q

occur when a piece of rock or mass of rocks become dislodged and makes free-fall along a steep cliff

A

Rock Fall

36
Q

type of mass wasting fall that involves a mixture of soil, regolith, vegetation and rocks

A

Debris fall

37
Q

accumulation of rock fragments lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rocky slope

A

talus

38
Q

a sudden fast movement of cohesive mass of soil, rock or regolith

A

Landslide

39
Q

two types of landslide

A

translational slide, rotational slide or slumps

40
Q

this type of landslide that occurs due to the movement of a mass of materials along a well-defined surface (bedding, foliation, joint surface)

A

translational slide

41
Q

happens when rock materials are saturated with water and move down as a viscous fluid

A

flows

42
Q

consist of rocks or regolith and 20% - 40% water saturated

A

slurry flows

43
Q

contains 0-20% water (not saturated with water flows)

A

granular flow

44
Q

two types of flows

A

granular flow, slurry flow

45
Q

Human activities affecting mass wasting

A

removal of vegetation, urban development, oversteeping due to quarrying, open-pit mining, watering leakage and draining water

46
Q

agents of erosion

A

running water, glacier, wind, gravity

47
Q

formed hundreds of thousands of years in the poles or high mountains of ice that can erode land through plucking and abrasion

A

glacier

48
Q

glacial erosion depends on

A

rate of movement, thickness of the ice, shapes and hardness, and erodibility of the surface

49
Q

type of erosion where tiny particles are detached due to raindrops

A

splash erosion

50
Q

type of erosion where water flows overland as a sheet and brings soil structure broken apart by raindrops

A

sheet erosion

51
Q

water flows in narrow channels after heavy rain

A

gully erosion

52
Q

continuous flow of water that deepens the valley

A

valley erosion

53
Q

continuous flow of water wears down rocks near the banks of streams and rivers

A

bank erosion

54
Q

waves from ocean and see crash against the shore pounding rocks and bringing sand

A

coastline erosion

55
Q

waves erode sea side cliff leaving only sea stock

A

seaside cliff erosion

56
Q

facetted and wind polished fragments

A

ventifacts

57
Q

lifting and removal of fine sediments by wind

A

deflation

58
Q

this is formed when the eroded materials is laid down

A

bed

59
Q

the process of aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create drifferent landforms

A

deposition

60
Q

mixture of large sediments

A

clasts

61
Q

fine grained sediments

A

matrix

62
Q

material deposit of stream

A

alluvium

63
Q

unsorted deposits of rocks formed directly by ice

A

glacial till

64
Q

area where sediments are deposited

A

sedimentary environment

65
Q

different types of water erosion

A

splash erosion, sheet erosion, gully erosion, valley erosion, bank erosion, coastline erosion, cliff side erosion

66
Q

types of sedimentary environments

A

glacial environment, mountain-stream environment, mountain-front environment, desert environment, lake (lacustrine) environment, river (fluvial) environment, delta environment, beach environment, shallow marine environment, shallow water carbonate environment, deep marine environment

67
Q

an area where turbulent streams carry large sediments like boulders and cobbles during flood forming thick gravel and boulder layers.

A

mountain-stream environment

68
Q

an area when a stream enters the flat area at the base of a mountain, loses its energy and decreases in velocity.

A

mountain-front environment

69
Q

mud (along floodplain), silt layers, deposits of pebbles (inner meander) and beds of sand

A

river (fluvial) environment

70
Q

area where a river enters the sea, empties its load and extends to the shallow coastal area.

A

delta environment

71
Q

well-sorted and well-rounded sand grains are found that for ripples.

A

beach environment

72
Q

an area where supply of sediments is limited and water is fairly warm, and full of nutrients.

A

shallow water carbonate environment

73
Q

a collective term for sediments formed from shell and coral fragments.

A

carbonate sediments

74
Q

area where you can find turbidite deposits, very thin layers of mud, chalk, chert

A

deep marine environment

75
Q

a gentle slope deposited over the valley, formed from floods over the years

A

levees

76
Q

layers or ridges of till

A

moraine

77
Q

winding ridge of sand and gravel under a glacier by water melting from the ice

A

esker

78
Q

streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till

A

drumlins

79
Q

steep sided hills made of sand and gravel

A

kames

80
Q

accumulated blanket of silt, carried by wind

A

loess

81
Q

deposits of coarse materials in the shape of hills and ridges

A

sand dunes

f (30 decks)

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