eappq2 Flashcards

1
Q

these ideas act as different lenses that critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. The different lenses also allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important

A

Literary Theories

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2
Q

We rely on mediators or models to help us understand who and what to desire.
An understanding about desire and blossomed into a grand theory of human relations. Based on the insights of great novelists and dramatists – Cervantes, Shakespeare, Stendhal, Proust, and Dostoevsky – Girard realized that human desire is not a linear process, as often thought, whereby a person autonomously desires an inherently desirable object
Rather, we desire according to the desire of the other

A

Mimetic Theory

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3
Q

the primary means for avoiding total escalation

A

scapegoat mechanism

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4
Q

This theory believes in the idea that the ultimate source of meaning is the author.
In the attempt to study the work, both the text and the author’s background (biography) are being examined and analyzed.

A

Authorial Theory

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5
Q

This theory allows you to
take your own personal feelings and your own perspective into account when you
analyze a literary text.

A

Reader Response Theory

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6
Q

The work of literature is linked to its literary history as it also considers the tradition that exists in a certain period. This is also familiar to many as the work in relation to other literary masterpieces. Here, other existing works in the same period are being used to examine the linkage of a certain text by closely comparing and analyzing the similar characteristics, style, ideas, and attitude that form the work

A

Literary Tradition

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7
Q

is a way for researchers to gather information about how other human beings make sense of the world. It is a methodology - a data-gathering process - for those researchers who want to understand the ways in which members of various cultures and subcultures make sense of who they are, and of how they fit into the world in which they live.

A

Textual Analysis Theory

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8
Q

Literary Theories:

A

Mimetic Theory, Authorial Theory, Reader Response Theory, Literary Tradition, Textual Analysis Theory

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9
Q

Literary Criticism:

A

Formalistic Approach, Philosophical, Historical/Biographical, Psychological, Mythological/Archetypal, Feminist Criticism, Marxist Criticism

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10
Q

Approach: This approach focuses on form. The analysis stresses items like symbols, images, and structure and how one part of the work relates to other parts and to the whole. that all information essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself; there is no need to bring in outside information about the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the author’s life.

A

Formalistic Approach

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11
Q

Formalistic Critical Questions:

A

how is the work organized?
asks about the plot
elements of the work
patterns
figures of speech
Note the writer’s use of paradox, irony, symbol, plot, characterization, and style of
narration.
tone and mood of the different parts of the work

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12
Q

This approach focuses on themes, view of the world, moral statements, author’s philosophy, etc. the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues.

A

Philosophical Approach

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13
Q

Moral/Didactic Questions

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view of the world?
mankind’s relationship to God or universe?
moral statement of the work
concept of good and evil
human nature
reward and punishment
enduring truths

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14
Q

critics see works as the reflection of an author’s life and times (or of the characters’ life and times). This approach deems it necessary to know about the author and the political, economic, and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand the work(s).

A

Historical/Biographical Approach

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15
Q

Historical Critical Questions

A

when was the work published/written
how was it received by the critics and public?
standards of taste and value during that period of time
does the story contradict the prevailing values of the time
social attitudes and cultural practices
how can we understand the past reflected in the work
historical influences that can shape the work
how important is the historical context in understanding the work

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16
Q

Biographical Critical Questions

A

What influences—people, ideas, movements, events—evident in the writer’s life does
the work reflect?
what modification of actual events has the writer made in the literary work
what has the author revealed in the work about his/her characteristics

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17
Q

This approach focuses on the psychology of characters. critics view through the lens of psychology. psychological motivations of the character or the author. Applies Freudian an/or Jungian (archetype) psychology

A

Psychological Approach

18
Q

this approach is pinpointing the influence of a character’s psyche (Greek for ‘soul’)

A

Freudian approach

19
Q

Freudian approach consists of:

A

Id (libido or pleasure principle in the unconscious)
superego
ego
freudian critics steer towards the sexual implications of symbols and imagery

20
Q

concave images:

A

ponds, flowers, cups, caves (female symbols)

21
Q

convex images:

A

skyscrapers, submarines, obelisks (male symbol)

22
Q

symbol of water in freudian approach

A

birth, the female principle, the maternal, the womb, and the death wish.

23
Q

oedipus complex, and electra complex

A

a boy’s unconscious rivalry with his father for the love of his mother. a girl’s unconscious rivalry with her mother for the love of
her father. respectively

24
Q

Psychological critics are generally concerned with his concept of the process of
individuation (the process of discovering what makes one different form everyone else).

A

Jungian Approach

25
Jungian Approach consists of:
Shadow, persona, animal/animus
26
Psychological critical questions:
connections between the author's life and the behavior and motivations of the character in the work understanding the character to better understand the mental world, and imaginative life of the author can you employ the freudian psychoanalysis to understand the character? does any character correspond to the tripartite self?
27
approach to literature assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs (i.e., archetypes) that evokes a similar response in all people.
Mythological/Archetypal
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According to this psychologist mankind possesses a “collective unconscious” (a cosmic reservoir of human experience) that contains these archetypes and that is common to all of humanity.
Carl Jung
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Mythological/Archetypal critical questions:
incidents in the work that are common or familiar as the actions may be symbolic or archetypal kinds of character types that appear in the work What creatures, elements of nature, or man-made objects playing a role in the work might be considered symbolic? what changes does the characters undergo how does the story resemble other stories in the plot and other elements does the writer allude to mythological or biblical literature Christ-like figure universal experiences depicted archetypal settings archetypal characters archetypal events origin of man purpose and destiny of human beings
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This approach examines images of women and concepts of the feminine in myth and literature and uses the psychological, archetypal, and sociological approaches. Concerned with the impact of gender on writing and reading.
Feminist Criticism
31
Feminist critical questions:
how does the representation of women (and men) reflect the time and place in which the work was written? how is the relationship between men and women or those in between of the same sex presented how are woman lives portrayed marital and behavioral expectations on the characters
32
type of criticism in which literary works are viewed as the product of work and whose practitioners emphasize the role of class and ideology as they reflect, propagate, and even challenge the prevailing social order.
Marxist criticism
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that class of society, which does not have ownership of the means of production.
Proletariat
34
wealthy class that rules society
Bourgeoisie
35
three forms of alienation:
the worker is alienated from what he produces the worker is alienated from himself; only when he is not working does he feel truly himself; in a capitalist society people are alienated from each other; that is, in a competitive society people are set against other people.
36
marxist/cultural critical questions:
who are the powerful people and those powerless in the text? is there class conflict and struggle do the powerful suppress the powerless, and how? economic status of the characters
37
are specialized forms of writing in which a reviewer or reader evaluates a scholarly work
reaction papers, review, critiques
38
The introduction of a critique includes:
5% of the paper title of book/article/work writers name thesis statement
39
The summary of a critique includes:
10% of the paper objective or purpose methods used (if applicable) major findings, claims, ideas or messages
40
The review/critique includes:
75% of the paper a. Appropriateness of methodology to support the arguments (for books and articles) or appropriateness of mode of presentation (other works) b. Theoretical soundness, coherence of ideas c. Sufficiency and soundness of explanation in relation to other available information and experts d. Other perspectives in explaining the concepts and ideas
41
The conclusion of a critique includes:
10% of the paper overall impression of the work scholarly or literary value of the reviewed, article, book or work benefits to the intended audience or field suggestion for future direction of research