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Question 1

these ideas act as different lenses that critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. The different lenses also allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important

Answer 1

Literary Theories

Question 2

We rely on mediators or models to help us understand who and what to desire.
An understanding about desire and blossomed into a grand theory of human relations. Based on the insights of great novelists and dramatists – Cervantes, Shakespeare, Stendhal, Proust, and Dostoevsky – Girard realized that human desire is not a linear process, as often thought, whereby a person autonomously desires an inherently desirable object
Rather, we desire according to the desire of the other

Answer 2

Mimetic Theory

Question 3

the primary means for avoiding total escalation

Answer 3

scapegoat mechanism

Question 4

This theory believes in the idea that the ultimate source of meaning is the author.
In the attempt to study the work, both the text and the author’s background (biography) are being examined and analyzed.

Answer 4

Authorial Theory

Question 5

This theory allows you to
take your own personal feelings and your own perspective into account when you
analyze a literary text.

Answer 5

Reader Response Theory

Question 6

The work of literature is linked to its literary history as it also considers the tradition that exists in a certain period. This is also familiar to many as the work in relation to other literary masterpieces. Here, other existing works in the same period are being used to examine the linkage of a certain text by closely comparing and analyzing the similar characteristics, style, ideas, and attitude that form the work

Answer 6

Literary Tradition

Question 7

is a way for researchers to gather information about how other human beings make sense of the world. It is a methodology - a data-gathering process - for those researchers who want to understand the ways in which members of various cultures and subcultures make sense of who they are, and of how they fit into the world in which they live.

Answer 7

Textual Analysis Theory

Question 8

Literary Theories:

Answer 8

Mimetic Theory, Authorial Theory, Reader Response Theory, Literary Tradition, Textual Analysis Theory

Question 9

Literary Criticism:

Answer 9

Formalistic Approach, Philosophical, Historical/Biographical, Psychological, Mythological/Archetypal, Feminist Criticism, Marxist Criticism

Question 10

Approach: This approach focuses on form. The analysis stresses items like symbols, images, and structure and how one part of the work relates to other parts and to the whole. that all information essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself; there is no need to bring in outside information about the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the author’s life.

Answer 10

Formalistic Approach

Question 11

Formalistic Critical Questions:

Answer 11

how is the work organized?
asks about the plot
elements of the work
patterns
figures of speech
Note the writer’s use of paradox, irony, symbol, plot, characterization, and style of
narration.
tone and mood of the different parts of the work

Question 12

This approach focuses on themes, view of the world, moral statements, author’s philosophy, etc. the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues.

Answer 12

Philosophical Approach

Question 13

Moral/Didactic Questions

Answer 13

view of the world?
mankind’s relationship to God or universe?
moral statement of the work
concept of good and evil
human nature
reward and punishment
enduring truths

Question 14

critics see works as the reflection of an author’s life and times (or of the characters’ life and times). This approach deems it necessary to know about the author and the political, economic, and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand the work(s).

Answer 14

Historical/Biographical Approach

Question 15

Historical Critical Questions

Answer 15

when was the work published/written
how was it received by the critics and public?
standards of taste and value during that period of time
does the story contradict the prevailing values of the time
social attitudes and cultural practices
how can we understand the past reflected in the work
historical influences that can shape the work
how important is the historical context in understanding the work

Question 16

Biographical Critical Questions

Answer 16

What influences—people, ideas, movements, events—evident in the writer’s life does
the work reflect?
what modification of actual events has the writer made in the literary work
what has the author revealed in the work about his/her characteristics

Question 17

This approach focuses on the psychology of characters. critics view through the lens of psychology. psychological motivations of the character or the author. Applies Freudian an/or Jungian (archetype) psychology

Answer 17

Psychological Approach

Question 18

this approach is pinpointing the influence of a character’s psyche (Greek for ‘soul’)

Answer 18

Freudian approach

Question 19

Freudian approach consists of:

Answer 19

Id (libido or pleasure principle in the unconscious)
superego
ego
freudian critics steer towards the sexual implications of symbols and imagery

Question 20

concave images:

Answer 20

ponds, flowers, cups, caves (female symbols)

Question 21

convex images:

Answer 21

skyscrapers, submarines, obelisks (male symbol)

Question 22

symbol of water in freudian approach

Answer 22

birth, the female principle, the maternal, the womb, and the death wish.

Question 23

oedipus complex, and electra complex

Answer 23

a boy’s unconscious rivalry with his father for the love of his mother. a girl’s unconscious rivalry with her mother for the love of
her father. respectively

Question 24

Psychological critics are generally concerned with his concept of the process of
individuation (the process of discovering what makes one different form everyone else).

Answer 24

Jungian Approach

Question 25

Jungian Approach consists of:

Answer 25

Shadow, persona, animal/animus

Question 26

Psychological critical questions:

Answer 26

connections between the author’s life and the behavior and motivations of the character in the work
understanding the character to better understand the mental world, and imaginative life of the author
can you employ the freudian psychoanalysis to understand the character? does any character correspond to the tripartite self?

Question 27

approach to literature assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs (i.e., archetypes) that evokes a similar response in all people.

Answer 27

Mythological/Archetypal

Question 28

According to this psychologist mankind possesses a “collective unconscious” (a cosmic reservoir of human experience) that contains these archetypes and that is common to all of humanity.

Answer 28

Carl Jung

Question 29

Mythological/Archetypal critical questions:

Answer 29

incidents in the work that are common or familiar as the actions may be symbolic or archetypal
kinds of character types that appear in the work
What creatures, elements of nature, or man-made objects playing a role in the work
might be considered symbolic?
what changes does the characters undergo
how does the story resemble other stories in the plot and other elements
does the writer allude to mythological or biblical literature
Christ-like figure
universal experiences depicted
archetypal settings
archetypal characters
archetypal events
origin of man purpose and destiny of human beings

Question 30

This approach examines images of women and concepts of the feminine in myth and literature and uses the psychological, archetypal, and sociological approaches. Concerned with the impact of gender on writing and reading.

Answer 30

Feminist Criticism

Question 31

Feminist critical questions:

Answer 31

how does the representation of women (and men) reflect the time and place in which the work was written?
how is the relationship between men and women or those in between of the same sex presented
how are woman lives portrayed
marital and behavioral expectations on the characters

Question 32

type of criticism in which literary works are
viewed as the product of work and whose practitioners emphasize the role of class
and ideology as they reflect, propagate, and even challenge the prevailing social
order.

Answer 32

Marxist criticism

Question 33

that class of society, which does not have ownership of the means of production.

Answer 33

Proletariat

Question 34

wealthy class that rules society

Answer 34

Bourgeoisie

Question 35

three forms of alienation:

Answer 35

the worker is alienated from what he produces
the worker is alienated from himself; only when he is not working does he feel truly himself;
in a capitalist society people are alienated from each other; that is, in a competitive society people are set against other people.

Question 36

marxist/cultural critical questions:

Answer 36

who are the powerful people and those powerless in the text?
is there class conflict and struggle
do the powerful suppress the powerless, and how?
economic status of the characters

Question 37

are specialized forms of writing in which a reviewer or reader evaluates a scholarly work

Answer 37

reaction papers, review, critiques

Question 38

The introduction of a critique includes:

Answer 38

5% of the paper
title of book/article/work
writers name
thesis statement

Question 39

The summary of a critique includes:

Answer 39

10% of the paper
objective or purpose
methods used (if applicable)
major findings, claims, ideas or messages

Question 40

The review/critique includes:

Answer 40

75% of the paper
a. Appropriateness of methodology to support the arguments (for books and articles) or appropriateness of mode of presentation (other works)
b. Theoretical soundness, coherence of ideas
c. Sufficiency and soundness of explanation in relation to other available information and experts
d. Other perspectives in explaining the concepts and ideas

Question 41

The conclusion of a critique includes:

Answer 41

10% of the paper
overall impression of the work
scholarly or literary value of the reviewed, article, book or work
benefits to the intended audience or field
suggestion for future direction of research