philo2 Flashcards
apart from scientific truths, there are other domains in life in which we understand truth differently
Jurgen Habermas (1979)
What is truth in objective domain(Corpuz et al., 2016)
Scientifically proven, backed by data-gathering, analysis and repeated verification
What is truth in social domain(Corpuz et al., 2019)
Truth is analogous with the general agreement or consensus agreed by the society on what is right and wrong.
What is truth in personal domain (Corpuz et al., 2016)
Truth is analogous to sincerity/consistency with our inner thoughts and intentions.
Richard Rorty (1989)
Truth can be understood as what has passed “procedures of justification”
How is Truth tested (Objective)
Tested against empirical evidences, and can be justified by data gathered from observation and analysis
How is truth tested (Social)
Tested for its acceptability to a particular group of people in a particular time in history
How is truth tested (Personal)
Tested against the consistency of the actions of the person who claims it. (Takes a whole lifetime of consistency in the actions and decision of the person who claims it)
How do we know if something is true
can be justified using one of the senses
if its based on facts
consensus or common agreement
being able to prove a statement through actions
should be subject to tests to determine truth
4 Methods of Philosophy
Phenomenology, Existentialism, Analytic Tradition, Logic
Origin of Phenomenology
Greek word phainomenon- appearance
any object of conscious experience, that is, that which we are conscious
How is phenomenological standpoint achieved?
Achieved through phenomenological reduction in which we eliminate certain aspects of our experience in consideration
Existentialism
It is an outlook a worldview on how we understand the essence and the existence of things
Jean-Paul Sartre’s definition of Existentialism
Existentialism emphasizes on free individual choice. Consciousness is always free to choose and free to negate the given features of this world
Soren Kierkegaard’s definition of Existentialism
The authentic self if the personally chosen self rather than the public or “herd” identity
We understand the world solely on our language game, that is our linguistic, social construct
Analytic Tradition
Philosophical problems, puzzles, and errors are rooted in language and can be solved by the understanding of language and attention to its working
Analytic Philosophy
What is Logic
analysis and construction of arguments
What is Critical Thinking
distinguishing facts from opinions or personal feelings
What is Deductive reasoning
drawing a conclusion from one broad judgment
If two premise are logically constructed then the conclusion is logical as follows
Reed (2010)
Two ways of phenomenological reduction
Bracketing, Intentionality
Is a special viewpoint where he or she does not focus on the thing but our consciousness of thing
Phenomenological viewpoint
What is natural attitude
Natural world is our ordinary, everyday viewpoint, and the ordinary stance of the natural sciences describing things and the state of affairs. (Solomon and Higgins, 2010)
