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esocean Flashcards

1
Q

Wegener’s continental drift theory findings:

A

fit of continents
matching of rock units across ocean basins
distribution of fossils
paleoclimate evidence

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2
Q

the study of the “beds” or “floors” of water bodies. foundation of the science of hydrography

A

Bathymetry

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3
Q

bathymetry refers to:

A

the ocean’s depth relative to sea level,
although it has come to mean “submarine topography”, or the depths and shapes of
underwater terrain

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4
Q

methods of measuring ocean depth

A

sounding line, echo sounding, satellite altimetry

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5
Q

method of weighted rope lowered overboard until it touched the ocean
bottom; this old method is time-consuming and inaccurate

A

sounding line

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6
Q

sonar is used by emitting high frequency sound and listening of the echo from the seafloor. deeper water means longer time for the echo to reach the receiver

A

echo sounding

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6
Q

profiles the shape of the sea surface by measuring the travel time of a radar pulse from a satellite to the ocean surface and back to the receiver. the shape of the sea surface approximates the shape of the sea floor

A

satellite altimetry

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7
Q

evidences of seafloor spreading

A

distribution of seafloor topographic features
sediment thickness
composition of oceanic crust
high heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes
distribution of submarine earthquakes
magnetic stripes on the seafloor
deep sea drilling results

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8
Q

contemplated that oceans grew from their centres, with molten material
(basalt) oozing up from the Earth’s mantle along the mid ocean ridges, this created new
seafloor which then spread away from the ridge in both directions. one of the “founding fathers” of the unifying theory of plate tectonics.

A

Harry Hammond Hess

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9
Q

two types of lithospheric crust

A

continental and oceanic crust

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10
Q

thickness of continental and oceanic lithosphere

A

continental: 150km
oceanic: 100km

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11
Q

what is plate tectonic theory

A

proposes that the lithosphere is made up of seven large plates and numerous smaller segments. These plates rest upon the soft layer of asthenosphere. They move relative to each number.

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12
Q

3mmain types of plate boundaries

A

Divergent, Convergent, Transform Boundaries

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13
Q

two plates are moving apart

A

divergent boundary

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14
Q

two plates are colliding

A

convergent boundary

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15
Q

plates slide past each other

A

transform boundary

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16
Q

what is the wilson cycle

A

Plate tectonics is cyclic. In 1966, John Tuzo Wilson proposed a cycle that includes continental break-up, drifting, collision and re-assembly of the continent

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17
Q

main phases of the wilson cycle

A
  1. Rifting within the supercontinent leads to the opening of new ocean basin and formation of oceanic crust
  2. Passive margin cools and sinks, and sediment accumulate along the edge.
  3. Convergence begins, initiating subduction and eventual ocean closure.
  4. Continent-continent collision forms the next supercontinent.
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18
Q

driving force for plate motion

A

convection in the mantle
gravity driven mechanisms (slab-pull, ridge-push)

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19
Q

percentage of ocean basin on the planet’s surface

A

70%

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20
Q

two characteristics of oceanic basin landform:

A

land that exists under the ocean
land that includes all topographical features

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21
Q

structures of ocean basins

A

mid-oceanic ridge
ocean trenches
abyssal hill/plain
seamounts
guyot
continental rise
continental shelf
continental slope

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22
Q

structure normally found rising above the ocean floor at the center of the ocean basins

A

mid-oceanic ridge

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23
Q

long narrow, steep-sided depressions that
contain the greatest depths in the ocean.

A

ocean trenches

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24
Q

found on the deep ocean floor.
are so flat because they are covered with sediments that have been washed off the surface of the continents for thousands of years.

A

abyssal hill(found deep)
abyssal plain(flat)

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25
Q

These features can be very large submerged volcanic mountain reaching heights up to 10,000 feet

A

seamounts

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26
Q

similar to a seamount, but it is submerged volcanic mountain with a flat top

A

guyot

27
Q

s feature found gently sloping area before the ocean floor and at the base of the continental slope and formed by emerging accumulates deposits at the mounts of many submarine canyons

A

continental rise

28
Q

a shallow, gently sloping part of the continent crust.

A

continental shelf

29
Q

This part of the ocean basin extends and slopes after the continental shelf. The boundary between the continental slope and shelf

A

continental slope

30
Q

three major provinces of ocean basins

A

continental margins
deep-ocean basins
oceanic or mid-oceanic ridges

31
Q

five ocean basins from largest to smallest

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic

32
Q

includes any change in position, shape/volume of a rock in response to stress

A

rock deformation

33
Q

force per unit area applied on rock layers. causes strain on rock layers.

A

stress

34
Q

change in shape or volume of the rock that has undergone stress

A

strain

35
Q

is not just a function of the amount of stress but also relates to the area over which
the force is applied.

A

magnitude of stress

36
Q

stages of deformation

A

elastic deformation
ductile deformation
fracture deformation

37
Q

stage of deformation when the strain is reversible, the material returns to its original shape once the stress that deforms it is removed

A

elastic deformation

38
Q

occurs when the strain is irreversible –
rock layers/material respond to stress by
bending or deforming without breaking.

A

ductile deformation

39
Q

irreversible strain wherein the materials
break because they are mostly brittle.

A

fracture deformation

40
Q

material composition and factors that affects the brittle-ductile transition

A

temperature
confining pressure
rate of strain

41
Q

low temperature low confining pressure high rate of strain

A

increases brittleness of rock

42
Q

high temperature high confining pressure low rate of strain

A

increase ductile properties of rock

43
Q

formed when rock layers or materials are deforming plastically under compressive stress, most of these materials do not return to their original shape.

A

folds

44
Q

types of folds

A

monocline
anticline
syncline
overturned

45
Q

type of fold that occurs when there is a
simple bending of rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal.

A

monocline

46
Q

occurs when a fold bends upward.

A

anticline

47
Q

occurs when a fold bends downward.

A

syncline

48
Q

axial plane inclined to such an extent that the strata on one limb are overturned.

A

overturned

49
Q

occur when too much stress is applied to rock layers.

A

faults

50
Q

is the energy released during the movement of faults.

A

earthquake

51
Q

distance that rocks move sideways a fault.
can be up or down the fault plane which is relative since there is usually no way to know whether both sides moved or only one.

A

slip

52
Q

angle that faults lie to the horizontal of the surface of the Earth.

A

dip

53
Q

type of faults

A

dip-slip faults (normal fault-reverse fault)
strike slip fault
oblique slip fault

54
Q

this type of fault is when the fault’s dip is inclined relative to the horizontal surface

A

dip-slip fault

55
Q

when the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall

A

normal fault

56
Q

when the footwall drops down relative to
the hanging wall.

A

reverse fault

57
Q

are the vertical fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally.

A

strike slip fault

58
Q

fault which has components of dip-slip and strikes slip.

A

oblique slip fault

59
Q

any process or phenomena associated with the discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam, including
volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.

A

volcanism/vulcanism

60
Q

a landform that resembles a mountain with
an opening (vent) where magma, lave, ash, gasses, etc. are being released.

A

volcano

61
Q

Area in the Circum-Pacific where most of the world’s active volcanoes are found.

A

Pacific Ring of Fire

62
Q

mafic to intermediate intrusives

A

plutonism

63
Q

mafic to intermediate extrusives

A

volcanism

64
Q

materials released during volcanic eruption

A

gasses (water vapor, CO2, toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid)

liquid(lava)

solid/pyroclastics (volcanic blocks, cinders lapilli, volcanic ash, volcanic dust)

f (30 decks)

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