esocean

Question 1

Wegener’s continental drift theory findings:

Answer 1

fit of continents
matching of rock units across ocean basins
distribution of fossils
paleoclimate evidence

Question 2

the study of the “beds” or “floors” of water bodies. foundation of the science of hydrography

Answer 2

Bathymetry

Question 3

bathymetry refers to:

Answer 3

the ocean’s depth relative to sea level,
although it has come to mean “submarine topography”, or the depths and shapes of
underwater terrain

Question 4

methods of measuring ocean depth

Answer 4

sounding line, echo sounding, satellite altimetry

Question 5

method of weighted rope lowered overboard until it touched the ocean
bottom; this old method is time-consuming and inaccurate

Answer 5

sounding line

Question 6

sonar is used by emitting high frequency sound and listening of the echo from the seafloor. deeper water means longer time for the echo to reach the receiver

Answer 6

echo sounding

Question 6

profiles the shape of the sea surface by measuring the travel time of a radar pulse from a satellite to the ocean surface and back to the receiver. the shape of the sea surface approximates the shape of the sea floor

Answer 6

satellite altimetry

Question 7

evidences of seafloor spreading

Answer 7

distribution of seafloor topographic features
sediment thickness
composition of oceanic crust
high heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes
distribution of submarine earthquakes
magnetic stripes on the seafloor
deep sea drilling results

Question 8

contemplated that oceans grew from their centres, with molten material
(basalt) oozing up from the Earth’s mantle along the mid ocean ridges, this created new
seafloor which then spread away from the ridge in both directions. one of the “founding fathers” of the unifying theory of plate tectonics.

Answer 8

Harry Hammond Hess

Question 9

two types of lithospheric crust

Answer 9

continental and oceanic crust

Question 10

thickness of continental and oceanic lithosphere

Answer 10

continental: 150km
oceanic: 100km

Question 11

what is plate tectonic theory

Answer 11

proposes that the lithosphere is made up of seven large plates and numerous smaller segments. These plates rest upon the soft layer of asthenosphere. They move relative to each number.

Question 12

3mmain types of plate boundaries

Answer 12

Divergent, Convergent, Transform Boundaries

Question 13

two plates are moving apart

Answer 13

divergent boundary

Question 14

two plates are colliding

Answer 14

convergent boundary

Question 15

plates slide past each other

Answer 15

transform boundary

Question 16

what is the wilson cycle

Answer 16

Plate tectonics is cyclic. In 1966, John Tuzo Wilson proposed a cycle that includes continental break-up, drifting, collision and re-assembly of the continent

Question 17

main phases of the wilson cycle

Answer 17

1. Rifting within the supercontinent leads to the opening of new ocean basin and formation of oceanic crust
2. Passive margin cools and sinks, and sediment accumulate along the edge.
3. Convergence begins, initiating subduction and eventual ocean closure.
4. Continent-continent collision forms the next supercontinent.

Question 18

driving force for plate motion

Answer 18

convection in the mantle
gravity driven mechanisms (slab-pull, ridge-push)

Question 19

percentage of ocean basin on the planet’s surface

Answer 19

70%

Question 20

two characteristics of oceanic basin landform:

Answer 20

land that exists under the ocean
land that includes all topographical features

Question 21

structures of ocean basins

Answer 21

mid-oceanic ridge
ocean trenches
abyssal hill/plain
seamounts
guyot
continental rise
continental shelf
continental slope

Question 22

structure normally found rising above the ocean floor at the center of the ocean basins

Answer 22

mid-oceanic ridge

Question 23

long narrow, steep-sided depressions that
contain the greatest depths in the ocean.

Answer 23

ocean trenches

Question 24

found on the deep ocean floor. are so flat because they are covered with sediments that have been washed off the surface of the continents for thousands of years.

Answer 24

abyssal hill(found deep) abyssal plain(flat)

Question 25

These features can be very large submerged volcanic mountain reaching heights up to 10,000 feet

Answer 25

seamounts

Question 26

similar to a seamount, but it is submerged volcanic mountain with a flat top

Answer 26

guyot

Question 27

s feature found gently sloping area before the ocean floor and at the base of the continental slope and formed by emerging accumulates deposits at the mounts of many submarine canyons

Answer 27

continental rise

Question 28

a shallow, gently sloping part of the continent crust.

Answer 28

continental shelf

Question 29

This part of the ocean basin extends and slopes after the continental shelf. The boundary between the continental slope and shelf

Answer 29

continental slope

Question 30

three major provinces of ocean basins

Answer 30

continental margins deep-ocean basins oceanic or mid-oceanic ridges

Question 31

five ocean basins from largest to smallest

Answer 31

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic

Question 32

includes any change in position, shape/volume of a rock in response to stress

Answer 32

rock deformation

Question 33

force per unit area applied on rock layers. causes strain on rock layers.

Answer 33

stress

Question 34

change in shape or volume of the rock that has undergone stress

Answer 34

strain

Question 35

is not just a function of the amount of stress but also relates to the area over which the force is applied.

Answer 35

magnitude of stress

Question 36

stages of deformation

Answer 36

elastic deformation ductile deformation fracture deformation

Question 37

stage of deformation when the strain is reversible, the material returns to its original shape once the stress that deforms it is removed

Answer 37

elastic deformation

Question 38

occurs when the strain is irreversible – rock layers/material respond to stress by bending or deforming without breaking.

Answer 38

ductile deformation

Question 39

irreversible strain wherein the materials break because they are mostly brittle.

Answer 39

fracture deformation

Question 40

material composition and factors that affects the brittle-ductile transition

Answer 40

temperature confining pressure rate of strain

Question 41

low temperature low confining pressure high rate of strain

Answer 41

increases brittleness of rock

Question 42

high temperature high confining pressure low rate of strain

Answer 42

increase ductile properties of rock

Question 43

formed when rock layers or materials are deforming plastically under compressive stress, most of these materials do not return to their original shape.

Answer 43

folds

Question 44

types of folds

Answer 44

monocline anticline syncline overturned

Question 45

type of fold that occurs when there is a simple bending of rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal.

Answer 45

monocline

Question 46

occurs when a fold bends upward.

Answer 46

anticline

Question 47

occurs when a fold bends downward.

Answer 47

syncline

Question 48

axial plane inclined to such an extent that the strata on one limb are overturned.

Answer 48

overturned

Question 49

occur when too much stress is applied to rock layers.

Answer 49

faults

Question 50

is the energy released during the movement of faults.

Answer 50

earthquake

Question 51

distance that rocks move sideways a fault. can be up or down the fault plane which is relative since there is usually no way to know whether both sides moved or only one.

Answer 51

slip

Question 52

angle that faults lie to the horizontal of the surface of the Earth.

Answer 52

dip

Question 53

type of faults

Answer 53

dip-slip faults (normal fault-reverse fault) strike slip fault oblique slip fault

Question 54

this type of fault is when the fault’s dip is inclined relative to the horizontal surface

Answer 54

dip-slip fault

Question 55

when the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall

Answer 55

normal fault

Question 56

when the footwall drops down relative to the hanging wall.

Answer 56

reverse fault

Question 57

are the vertical fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally.

Answer 57

strike slip fault

Question 58

fault which has components of dip-slip and strikes slip.

Answer 58

oblique slip fault

Question 59

any process or phenomena associated with the discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam, including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.

Answer 59

volcanism/vulcanism

Question 60

a landform that resembles a mountain with an opening (vent) where magma, lave, ash, gasses, etc. are being released.

Answer 60

volcano

Question 61

Area in the Circum-Pacific where most of the world’s active volcanoes are found.

Answer 61

Pacific Ring of Fire

Question 62

mafic to intermediate intrusives

Answer 62

plutonism

Question 63

mafic to intermediate extrusives

Answer 63

volcanism

Question 64

materials released during volcanic eruption

Answer 64

gasses (water vapor, CO2, toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid) liquid(lava) solid/pyroclastics (volcanic blocks, cinders lapilli, volcanic ash, volcanic dust)