esq2

Question 1

three main sources of heat of the earth

Answer 1

primordial heat, decay of radioactive isotopes, tidal friction

Question 2

leftover heat from the formation of Earth

Answer 2

primordial heat

Question 3

comprises the lithosphere

Answer 3

crust and uppermost part of the mantle

Question 4

below the lithosphere, 180 km and contains thick hot molten rocks or magma

Answer 4

asthenosphere

Question 5

outermost layer of the earth where life exists

Answer 5

crust

Question 6

the crust that makes up the continents, and is 40-70km thick

Answer 6

continental crust

Question 7

below the crust, a semisolid, rocky and very hot layer, 2900km thick, makes up 80% of earth and carries most of its mass.

Answer 7

mantle

Question 8

composition of the mantle

Answer 8

ferro-magnesium silicate rocks

Question 9

two distinct layers of the core

Answer 9

outer and inner core

Question 10

the only layer in the Earth that is liquid, which is made up of molten nickel and iron. about 2270km thick with temperatures ranging from 3700C-4300C.

Answer 10

Outer core

Question 11

1220km as its diameter, composed of mostly solid iron, extremely hot and about 6000C

Answer 11

Inner core

Question 12

Boundaries between the layers of the Earth

Answer 12

Conrad discontinuity (upper-lower crust)
Mohorovicic discontinuity (crust-upper mantle)
Repetti discontinuity (Upper mantle-lower mantle)
Gutenberg discontinuity (lower mantle-outer core)
Lehmann discontinuity (outer core-inner core)

Question 13

places where magma can be formed

Answer 13

mid-oceanic ridges
mantle plumes
subduction zones

Question 14

hot molten rock containing chemical elements from uppermost mantle called asthenosphere

Answer 14

magma

Question 15

an extent of a fluid’s resistance to flow

Answer 15

viscosity

Question 16

explained why certain minerals occur together while others are almost never linked with one another

Answer 16

Norman L. Bowen

Question 17

based on this, one can conclude from the minerals in a rock the conditions under which rock had formed

Answer 17

Bowen’s reaction series

Question 18

discontinuous branch

Answer 18

ferromagnesian minerals: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, potassium-rich feldspar, muscovite mica, quartz

Question 19

continuous series or branch

Answer 19

non ferromagnesian minerals: calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar, and sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar

Question 20

ultramafic

Answer 20

the composition of the mantle (peridotite) and rarely found on the surface. Contains mostly olivine, pyroxene, and a small amount of calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar.

Question 21

mafic

Answer 21

Contains mostly dark, ferromagnesian minerals such as: olivine, pyroxene, as well as, calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar, and small amounts of amphibole minerals. These
rocks tend to be dark and denser, such as the rock, Basalt.

Question 22

process of generating one or more subordinate magmas from single parent magma

Answer 22

magmatic differentiation

Question 23

chemical process in which the structure of the liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization

Answer 23

crystal fractionation

Question 24

processes of crstal fractionation

Answer 24

crystal settling, partial melting

Question 25

when heavier minerals crystallize first and settles down while the less dense minerals crystallize at the final stages

Answer 25

crystal settling

Question 26

happens when two different magmas rises up with the more buoyant mass overtakes the slower rising body

Answer 26

magma mixing

Question 27

mixes the two different parent magmas, producing a single and intermediate magma

Answer 27

convective flow

Question 28

a reaction that occurs when the crust is mixed up with the rising magma. When the magma rises up to the surface, the surrounding rocks may dissolve, and eventually mixes with magma. This produces a change in the chemical composition of the magma

Answer 28

assimilation or contamination of magma by crustal rocks.

Question 29

mineral composition of metamorphic rocks are influenced by:

Answer 29

mineral composition of the parent rock
composition of the liquid that was present
amount of pressure and temperature during metamorphism

Question 30

pressure applied to rock is not equal in all directions

Answer 30

differential stress

Question 31

pervasive and planar structure that results from nearly parallel alignment of sheet silicate minerals layering the rock

Answer 31

foliation

Question 32

formed when heat is the main agent of metamorphism, composed of mosaic roughly equidimensional and equigranular minerals

Answer 32

non-foliated metamorphic rock