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1
Q

Divides the terrestrial and Jovian planets and lies between Mars and Jupiter. Distance of the solar nebula from the protostar

A

Frost Line

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2
Q

Composition of the Universe

A

4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy

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3
Q

“ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprise atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies.

A

baryonic matter

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4
Q

Matter that has gravity but does not emit light.

A

Dark Matter

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5
Q

A source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand, can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.

A

Dark Energy

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6
Q

three most abundant elements

A

Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium

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7
Q

Building blocks of galaxies formed by clouds of gas, and dust in the galaxies.

A

Star/s

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8
Q

The collision of two interacting particles (two light atomic nuclei) at high temperature, and consequent release of relatively large amount of energy into a single heavy nucleus. Responsible for the energy released by stars.

A

Thermonuclear reaction

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9
Q

Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a ____, the core of a future star.

A

protostar

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10
Q

Stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atom core.

A

Main Sequence Stars

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11
Q

The distance a light can travel in a year, unit of length that measures astronomical distances.

A

lightyear

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12
Q

Cluster of stars, at a large scale may seem homogenous and isotropic, but between clusters is empty space.

A

Galaxy

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13
Q

Cluster of galaxies

A

Supercluster

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14
Q

The density, age, and diameter of the universe

A

4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3, 13.8 billion years old, and at least 91 billion light-years

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15
Q

Enumerate the Theories of the Universe

A

Expanding Universe, The Flat, Close and Open Universes, Steady State Theory, Big Bang Theory, Inflation Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, String Theory, M-Theory

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16
Q

Galaxies and clusters of galaxies were flying apart from each other. Proposed by Edwin Hubble in 1929, and predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.

A

Expanding Universe (Theory)

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17
Q

leftover light from the Big Bang, discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.

A

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

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18
Q

Discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background in 1964 accidentally, and won the Physics Nobel Prize in 1978.

A

Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson

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19
Q

Theory proposed in 1948 by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle. New matter is created as the universe expand, therefore maintaining its density.

A

Steady State Theory

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20
Q

Proposed by Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaitre in 1920, the universe 13.8 billion years ago, expanded from a singularity, a tiny, dense, and hot mass, into its present size, and cooler state.

A

Big Bang Theory

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21
Q

Discovered Big Bang Theory in 1920

A

Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaitre

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22
Q

Evidences that back up the Expanding Universe Theory

A

Redshift, and Cosmic Microwave Background

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23
Q

Ideas that back up the Big Bang Theory

A

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, The Cosmological Principle

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24
Q

Gravity is the distortion of space-time

A

Einstein’s General Relativity Theory

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25
Q

Principle that assumes the universe is homogenous and isotropic in averaged or large scales.

A

The Cosmological Principle

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26
Q

Significant Events that occurred in the Big Bang

A

Inflationary Epoch, Formation of the Universe, Formation of the Basic Elements, Radiation Era, Matter Denomination, Birth of Stars and Galaxies

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27
Q

How can astronomers estimate the age of the universe?

A

Estimating the age of the oldest looking stars, and measuring the rate of expansion of the universe

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28
Q

Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andy Albrecht

A

Inflation Theory

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29
Q

Regarded as the extension of the Big Bang, propose that prior to the Big Bang there was an exponential expansion of the universe, wherein the energy density of the universe was dominated by a constant type of vacuum energy.

A

Inflation Theory

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30
Q

A theory of the end of the universe, when the density of the universe is high it will eventually collapse in a never ending cycle with the Big Bang.

A

Big Crunch

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31
Q

This theory of the universe follow the General Theory of Relativity of Einstein, wherein the universe has a positive curvature and expands for a time.

A

Oscillating Universe Theory

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32
Q

A theoretical framework that the assembly of particle type is replaced by a fundamental building block called a string. Said to make up the universe and vibrate at different frequencies.

A

String Theory

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33
Q

Key theorist behind the string theory

A

Gabriele Veneziano

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34
Q

Discovered the Mother of all string theories in 1995

A

Edward Mitten

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35
Q

The origin of the universe is said to be a result of the contact of two-hyperdimensional brane. Considers 11 space-time dimensions. And makes it look like each string theory are in different physical context.

A

M-Theory

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36
Q

What makes up the Solar System

A

Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, dwarf planet such as Pluto, satellites, comets, asteroids, and minor bodies.

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37
Q

Where does the Asteroid Belt lie?

A

Between Mars and Jupiter

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38
Q

Called as smaller asteroids, and “failed planets”

A

Meteoroids

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39
Q

Lies beyond Neptune (30-50AU), composed of rocky and icy bodies.

A

Kuiper Belt

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40
Q

Outer boundary of the solar system, composed of mostly icy objects

A

Oort Cloud

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41
Q

Where the Solar System is located

A

Milky Way

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42
Q

How many years does it take for the Solar System to make one revolution around the galactic center

A

240 million years

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43
Q

How old is the Earth and the Solar System?

A

4.6 billion years old

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44
Q

Planets that are made up of materials with high melting points, thin to no atmosphere, slow rotation, higher density, and low contents of volatiles.

A

Inner Planets

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45
Q

Called as “gas giants”, thick atmosphere, low density, rotates faster, fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium, and ices.

A

Outer Planets (Jovian Planets)

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46
Q

Celestial body resembling a small planet but lacking in certain criteria to be classified as such.

A

Dwarf Planets

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47
Q

Criteria to be a planet

A
  1. Orbit around the sun 2. Have sufficient mass for self-gravity 3. Has not cleared the neighborhood around it 4. Not a satellite
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48
Q

Made up of rocks, “minor planets”

A

Asteroids

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49
Q

First known asteroid

A

Ceres

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49
Q

First known asteroid

A

Ceres

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50
Q

Composed of mainly ice, and non volatile dust.

A

Comets

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51
Q

The streak of light when a small piece of cometary and asteroidal material enters the atmosphere at high speeds.

A

Meteor

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52
Q

Meteoroids that enter and reaches the Earth’s surface is called

A

Meteorite

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53
Q

Theories of the Origin of the Solar System

A
  1. Descartes’ Vortex Theory
  2. Nebular Hypothesis
  3. Buffon’s Collision Theory
  4. Tidal Hypothesis
  5. Jean-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory
  6. Planetesimal Hypothesis
  7. Sun’s Companion
  8. Accretion Theory
  9. Capture Theory
  10. Protoplanet Hypotheses - Current Hypothesis
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54
Q

A system with an exchange of heat or energy only and no exchange of matter.

A

Closed System

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55
Q

This includes the Earth’s rocks of the crust, upper mantle, metallic liquid outer core, and solid metallic inner core.

A

Lithosphere

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56
Q

The composition of the atmosphere

A

78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.9% Argon, and other trace gases.

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57
Q

Set of all living organisms of Earth, covers all ecosystem. CO2 sink.

A

Biosphere

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58
Q

Composed of bodies of water that makes up 70% of the surface of the Earth.

A

Hydrosphere

59
Q

“planet of life” where energy and matter continue to flow. Only planet in the solar system to harbor life.

A

Earth

60
Q

It covers 70-75% of the Earth’s surface, it composes plants, and all living things, it helps in life function in cells, organs, and tissue processes.

A

Liquid water

61
Q

A region with just the right distance and temperature for life, not too hot nor too cold.

A

Goldilocks Zone

62
Q

Temperature range of the Earth

A

-88C-58C

63
Q

The only satellite of Earth. Its gravitational pull results to tides, helps in migration and navigation, and affects the planet’s polar shift.

A

Moon

64
Q

Factors that make Earth habitable

A

Temperature, Water, Right Atmospheric Condition, Energy, Right Distance from the Sun, Strong Magnetic Field, Nutrients, Greenhouse gases, Protected by Plate Tectonics from the hot temperature of the core.

65
Q

This influences how fast atoms and molecules move

A

Temperature

66
Q

It is about 100 miles thick, it shields from harmful radiation through the ozone layer, also houses important gases that helps warm the Earth by trapping heat.

A

Atmosphere (Right Atmospheric Condition)

67
Q

With the help of this factor, living things are able to perform metabolic processes through its cells. As a form of light or chemical energy.

A

Energy

68
Q

It shields the planet from the harmful electromagnetic radiation from the sun, “solar wind”, that can potentially harm the ozone layer by deflecting it.

A

Strong Magnetic Field

69
Q

These are materials that build and maintain an organism’s body. They are replenished through biogeochemical and other geologic processes.

A

Nutrients

70
Q

The atmosphere is able to trap heat because of this factor, examples are water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide and etc.

A

Greenhouse gases

71
Q

Protects the surface from the heat of the core, also helps in the carbon cycle, and replenishing of nutrients to maintain a warm temperature on Earth.

A

Plate Tectonics

72
Q

Four Subsystems of the Earth

A

Atmosphere, Geosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere

73
Q

Through these cycles, Earth’s materials and nutrients are recycled and replenished for the biotic factors.

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

74
Q

Layers of the atmosphere

A

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

75
Q

Lowest layer of the atmosphere, wettest layer

A

Troposphere

76
Q

Second layer of the atmosphere, ozone is abundant, very dry air

A

Stratosphere

77
Q

Below Thermosphere, third layer of the atmosphere, most meteors vaporize in this layer, high concentration of metal atoms.

A

Mesosphere

78
Q

Outermost layer of the atmosphere, much UV radiation is absorbed in this layer

A

Thermosphere

79
Q

The solid sphere of the Earth, lithosphere is also found. Where geologic processes takes place (volcanism, orogenesis).

A

Geosphere

80
Q

The four subsystems of the Earth is an example of ___ system

A

Open System

81
Q

Home for rocks and minerals, abundant as a source of wide variety of minerals.

A

Crust

82
Q

Naturally occuring crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition

A

Mineral

83
Q

Are found naturally in the ground after the burial of the living materials

A

Inorganic processes

84
Q

This is a structure where atoms are arranged in a definite pattern

A

Crystal structure

85
Q

How is coal not a mineral

A

It is made up of plant remains, and its atoms are not arranged in an orderly way

86
Q

What are these 8 elements that make up 98.5% of the crust’s total mass

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

87
Q

Mixed together of differing types of mineral (compound and native elements)

A

Rocks

88
Q

Minerals that contain a single element

A

Native elements

89
Q

Orderly packing of atoms that can be seen in these regular shaped objects are called

A

Crystals

90
Q

Defining features of a crystal

A
  1. Crystal structure
  2. Regular geometric and smooth faces,
  3. Orderly arrangement with repeating structures,
  4. Each mineral forms the same crystal shape
  5. Crystallographic axes are used to determine structure, 6. Six basic crystal shapes
91
Q

Properties of Minerals

A

Crystal Form, Luster, Color, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Specific Gravity

92
Q

The external expression of the mineral of the orderly internal arrangement of atoms.

A

Crystal form

93
Q

Appearance of the mineral when light is reflected from its surface

A

Luster

94
Q

The most obvious feature of a mineral but the most unreliable property

A

Color

95
Q

Color of the mineral in powdered form.

A

Streak

96
Q

A surface of white porcelain where the mineral is scratched to obtain its streak

A

Streak plate

97
Q

Resistance of the mineral to abrasion or scratching

A

Hardness

98
Q

Scale to measure the hardness of the mineral

A

Mohs scale

99
Q

Hardest and softest mineral

A

Diamond, Talc

100
Q

Minerals that consistently breaks or cleaves along parallel flat surfaces

A

Cleavage

101
Q

A property of a mineral that is generally rough or irregular

A

Fracture

102
Q

The average specific gravity for minerals

A

2.7

103
Q

Other properties of minerals

A

Taste, Smell, Feel, Elasticity, Malleability, Magnetism, Reaction to hydrochloric acid, Double refraction

104
Q

Useful metallic minerals

A
104
Q

Useful metallic minerals

A

Ores

105
Q

Are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten materials through the process of crytalization

A

Igneous Rocks

106
Q

Rocks where after the transportation of igneous rocks, and turning it into sediments and deposited as horizontal beds, they will undergo cementation and compaction.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

107
Q

These rocks are buried deep within the earth and it will be subject to heat and pressure

A

Metamorphic rocks

108
Q

Classifications of Sedimentary Rocks

A

Detrital, Chemical

109
Q

Sedimentary rock that is formed from the accumulation of materials from pre-existing rocks

A

Detrital

110
Q

Type of sedimentary rock dissolved substance from pre-existing rocks are precipitated by inorganic or organic processes

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

111
Q

Is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock, composed of calcium carbonate through inorganic process or biochemical process.

A

Limestone

112
Q

Very small crystals that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Also known as precipitated quartz

A

Microcrystalline quartz

113
Q

Formed when water saturated with salt evaporates and leaves deposits behind like rock salts

A

Evaporites

114
Q

Made up of organic matter from the burial of large amounts of plant material.

A

Coal

115
Q

The process of change in the rock’s composition and texture after subject to high temperature and pressure.

A

Metamorphism

116
Q

Types of metamorphic settings

A

Contact or thermal metamorphism and Regional metamorphism

117
Q

Agents of Metamorphism

A

Heat, pressure, chemically active liquids

118
Q

classification of minerals

A

ore minerals, industrial minerals, gems

119
Q

source from Earth that are used due to its physical and chemical characteristics (not because of its metal content)

A

industrial minerals

120
Q

valued for their sparkle, beauty and help in cosmetic, jewelry and medicine

A

gems

121
Q

ruby and sapphire are classified as:

A

corundum varieties

122
Q

emerald, aquamarine and kunzite are classified as:

A

beryl varieties

123
Q

Minerals that help in drugs and devices:

A

Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Aluminum, Titanium Oxide

124
Q

A dietary supplement used when the amount of calcium in the diet is not enough

A

Calcium Carbonate

125
Q

used in MRI scanners, and hospital surfaces

A

Copper

126
Q

Mineral used in E.coli control

A

Silver

127
Q

Mineral used in E.coli control

A

Silver

128
Q

Mineral that enriches the soil, holds the nutrients: potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous

A

Clay

129
Q

Main ingredients of glass

A

Quartz and silica

130
Q

Minerals used in nuclear power

A

Uranium, and Plutonium

131
Q

Two main mining methods

A

Surface mining, underground mining

132
Q

Types of surface mining

A

strip mining, placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining, dredging, and open pit

133
Q

Types of underground mining

A

slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft, borehole process

134
Q

An ore mixed with unwanted rocks/minerals

A

gaunge

135
Q

process of extracting metals in their pure form

A

Metallurgy

136
Q

Classification of Metallurgy

A

crushing and grinding of ores
ore dressing
hydrolytic method
magnetic separation
froth floatation
roasting and calcination

137
Q

A classification of metallurgy that pulverizes ores into fine powder through a crusher

A

crushing and grinding of ores

138
Q

washing away of impurities through a jet water

A

hydrolytic method

139
Q

crushed ores are placed on a conveyer belt and magnetic particles are attracted to the magnetic wheel, while the impurities just fall apart

A

magnetic separation

140
Q

crushed ores are placed in a large tank that contains oil and water, then a compressed current of air passes through to wet the ore and separate the impurities in the form of froth.

A

froth floatation

141
Q

concentrated ore is heated in the presence of oxygen, usually applied to sulfide ores

A

roasting

142
Q

for ores containing carbonate and hydrated oxides, heating is done in the absence of air to melt the ore

A

calcination

143
Q

Methods in mining

A

Tunneling, Panning, Flushing, leaching process, electrolysis, biomining

144
Q

process of deposit of ore is created

A

ore genesis

145
Q

three types of ore genesis

A

internal processes, hydrothermal processes, surficial processes

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