s Flashcards
Divides the terrestrial and Jovian planets and lies between Mars and Jupiter. Distance of the solar nebula from the protostar
Frost Line
Composition of the Universe
4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy
“ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprise atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies.
baryonic matter
Matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
Dark Matter
A source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand, can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
Dark Energy
three most abundant elements
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium
Building blocks of galaxies formed by clouds of gas, and dust in the galaxies.
Star/s
The collision of two interacting particles (two light atomic nuclei) at high temperature, and consequent release of relatively large amount of energy into a single heavy nucleus. Responsible for the energy released by stars.
Thermonuclear reaction
Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a ____, the core of a future star.
protostar
Stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atom core.
Main Sequence Stars
The distance a light can travel in a year, unit of length that measures astronomical distances.
lightyear
Cluster of stars, at a large scale may seem homogenous and isotropic, but between clusters is empty space.
Galaxy
Cluster of galaxies
Supercluster
The density, age, and diameter of the universe
4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3, 13.8 billion years old, and at least 91 billion light-years
Enumerate the Theories of the Universe
Expanding Universe, The Flat, Close and Open Universes, Steady State Theory, Big Bang Theory, Inflation Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, String Theory, M-Theory
Galaxies and clusters of galaxies were flying apart from each other. Proposed by Edwin Hubble in 1929, and predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
Expanding Universe (Theory)
leftover light from the Big Bang, discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
Discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background in 1964 accidentally, and won the Physics Nobel Prize in 1978.
Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
Theory proposed in 1948 by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle. New matter is created as the universe expand, therefore maintaining its density.
Steady State Theory
Proposed by Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaitre in 1920, the universe 13.8 billion years ago, expanded from a singularity, a tiny, dense, and hot mass, into its present size, and cooler state.
Big Bang Theory
Discovered Big Bang Theory in 1920
Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaitre
Evidences that back up the Expanding Universe Theory
Redshift, and Cosmic Microwave Background
Ideas that back up the Big Bang Theory
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, The Cosmological Principle
Gravity is the distortion of space-time
Einstein’s General Relativity Theory
Principle that assumes the universe is homogenous and isotropic in averaged or large scales.
The Cosmological Principle
Significant Events that occurred in the Big Bang
Inflationary Epoch, Formation of the Universe, Formation of the Basic Elements, Radiation Era, Matter Denomination, Birth of Stars and Galaxies
How can astronomers estimate the age of the universe?
Estimating the age of the oldest looking stars, and measuring the rate of expansion of the universe
Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andy Albrecht
Inflation Theory
Regarded as the extension of the Big Bang, propose that prior to the Big Bang there was an exponential expansion of the universe, wherein the energy density of the universe was dominated by a constant type of vacuum energy.
Inflation Theory
A theory of the end of the universe, when the density of the universe is high it will eventually collapse in a never ending cycle with the Big Bang.
Big Crunch
This theory of the universe follow the General Theory of Relativity of Einstein, wherein the universe has a positive curvature and expands for a time.
Oscillating Universe Theory
A theoretical framework that the assembly of particle type is replaced by a fundamental building block called a string. Said to make up the universe and vibrate at different frequencies.
String Theory
Key theorist behind the string theory
Gabriele Veneziano
Discovered the Mother of all string theories in 1995
Edward Mitten
The origin of the universe is said to be a result of the contact of two-hyperdimensional brane. Considers 11 space-time dimensions. And makes it look like each string theory are in different physical context.
M-Theory
What makes up the Solar System
Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, dwarf planet such as Pluto, satellites, comets, asteroids, and minor bodies.
Where does the Asteroid Belt lie?
Between Mars and Jupiter
Called as smaller asteroids, and “failed planets”
Meteoroids
Lies beyond Neptune (30-50AU), composed of rocky and icy bodies.
Kuiper Belt
Outer boundary of the solar system, composed of mostly icy objects
Oort Cloud
Where the Solar System is located
Milky Way
How many years does it take for the Solar System to make one revolution around the galactic center
240 million years
How old is the Earth and the Solar System?
4.6 billion years old
Planets that are made up of materials with high melting points, thin to no atmosphere, slow rotation, higher density, and low contents of volatiles.
Inner Planets
Called as “gas giants”, thick atmosphere, low density, rotates faster, fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium, and ices.
Outer Planets (Jovian Planets)
Celestial body resembling a small planet but lacking in certain criteria to be classified as such.
Dwarf Planets
Criteria to be a planet
- Orbit around the sun 2. Have sufficient mass for self-gravity 3. Has not cleared the neighborhood around it 4. Not a satellite
Made up of rocks, “minor planets”
Asteroids
First known asteroid
Ceres
First known asteroid
Ceres
Composed of mainly ice, and non volatile dust.
Comets
The streak of light when a small piece of cometary and asteroidal material enters the atmosphere at high speeds.
Meteor
Meteoroids that enter and reaches the Earth’s surface is called
Meteorite
Theories of the Origin of the Solar System
- Descartes’ Vortex Theory
- Nebular Hypothesis
- Buffon’s Collision Theory
- Tidal Hypothesis
- Jean-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory
- Planetesimal Hypothesis
- Sun’s Companion
- Accretion Theory
- Capture Theory
- Protoplanet Hypotheses - Current Hypothesis
A system with an exchange of heat or energy only and no exchange of matter.
Closed System
This includes the Earth’s rocks of the crust, upper mantle, metallic liquid outer core, and solid metallic inner core.
Lithosphere
The composition of the atmosphere
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.9% Argon, and other trace gases.
Set of all living organisms of Earth, covers all ecosystem. CO2 sink.
Biosphere
Composed of bodies of water that makes up 70% of the surface of the Earth.
Hydrosphere
“planet of life” where energy and matter continue to flow. Only planet in the solar system to harbor life.
Earth
It covers 70-75% of the Earth’s surface, it composes plants, and all living things, it helps in life function in cells, organs, and tissue processes.
Liquid water
A region with just the right distance and temperature for life, not too hot nor too cold.
Goldilocks Zone
Temperature range of the Earth
-88C-58C
The only satellite of Earth. Its gravitational pull results to tides, helps in migration and navigation, and affects the planet’s polar shift.
Moon
Factors that make Earth habitable
Temperature, Water, Right Atmospheric Condition, Energy, Right Distance from the Sun, Strong Magnetic Field, Nutrients, Greenhouse gases, Protected by Plate Tectonics from the hot temperature of the core.
This influences how fast atoms and molecules move
Temperature
It is about 100 miles thick, it shields from harmful radiation through the ozone layer, also houses important gases that helps warm the Earth by trapping heat.
Atmosphere (Right Atmospheric Condition)
With the help of this factor, living things are able to perform metabolic processes through its cells. As a form of light or chemical energy.
Energy
It shields the planet from the harmful electromagnetic radiation from the sun, “solar wind”, that can potentially harm the ozone layer by deflecting it.
Strong Magnetic Field
These are materials that build and maintain an organism’s body. They are replenished through biogeochemical and other geologic processes.
Nutrients
The atmosphere is able to trap heat because of this factor, examples are water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide and etc.
Greenhouse gases
Protects the surface from the heat of the core, also helps in the carbon cycle, and replenishing of nutrients to maintain a warm temperature on Earth.
Plate Tectonics
Four Subsystems of the Earth
Atmosphere, Geosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere
Through these cycles, Earth’s materials and nutrients are recycled and replenished for the biotic factors.
Biogeochemical Cycles
Layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Lowest layer of the atmosphere, wettest layer
Troposphere
Second layer of the atmosphere, ozone is abundant, very dry air
Stratosphere
Below Thermosphere, third layer of the atmosphere, most meteors vaporize in this layer, high concentration of metal atoms.
Mesosphere
Outermost layer of the atmosphere, much UV radiation is absorbed in this layer
Thermosphere
The solid sphere of the Earth, lithosphere is also found. Where geologic processes takes place (volcanism, orogenesis).
Geosphere
The four subsystems of the Earth is an example of ___ system
Open System
Home for rocks and minerals, abundant as a source of wide variety of minerals.
Crust
Naturally occuring crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition
Mineral
Are found naturally in the ground after the burial of the living materials
Inorganic processes
This is a structure where atoms are arranged in a definite pattern
Crystal structure
How is coal not a mineral
It is made up of plant remains, and its atoms are not arranged in an orderly way
What are these 8 elements that make up 98.5% of the crust’s total mass
Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium
Mixed together of differing types of mineral (compound and native elements)
Rocks
Minerals that contain a single element
Native elements
Orderly packing of atoms that can be seen in these regular shaped objects are called
Crystals
Defining features of a crystal
- Crystal structure
- Regular geometric and smooth faces,
- Orderly arrangement with repeating structures,
- Each mineral forms the same crystal shape
- Crystallographic axes are used to determine structure, 6. Six basic crystal shapes
Properties of Minerals
Crystal Form, Luster, Color, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Specific Gravity
The external expression of the mineral of the orderly internal arrangement of atoms.
Crystal form
Appearance of the mineral when light is reflected from its surface
Luster
The most obvious feature of a mineral but the most unreliable property
Color
Color of the mineral in powdered form.
Streak
A surface of white porcelain where the mineral is scratched to obtain its streak
Streak plate
Resistance of the mineral to abrasion or scratching
Hardness
Scale to measure the hardness of the mineral
Mohs scale
Hardest and softest mineral
Diamond, Talc
Minerals that consistently breaks or cleaves along parallel flat surfaces
Cleavage
A property of a mineral that is generally rough or irregular
Fracture
The average specific gravity for minerals
2.7
Other properties of minerals
Taste, Smell, Feel, Elasticity, Malleability, Magnetism, Reaction to hydrochloric acid, Double refraction
Useful metallic minerals
Useful metallic minerals
Ores
Are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten materials through the process of crytalization
Igneous Rocks
Rocks where after the transportation of igneous rocks, and turning it into sediments and deposited as horizontal beds, they will undergo cementation and compaction.
Sedimentary Rocks
These rocks are buried deep within the earth and it will be subject to heat and pressure
Metamorphic rocks
Classifications of Sedimentary Rocks
Detrital, Chemical
Sedimentary rock that is formed from the accumulation of materials from pre-existing rocks
Detrital
Type of sedimentary rock dissolved substance from pre-existing rocks are precipitated by inorganic or organic processes
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock, composed of calcium carbonate through inorganic process or biochemical process.
Limestone
Very small crystals that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Also known as precipitated quartz
Microcrystalline quartz
Formed when water saturated with salt evaporates and leaves deposits behind like rock salts
Evaporites
Made up of organic matter from the burial of large amounts of plant material.
Coal
The process of change in the rock’s composition and texture after subject to high temperature and pressure.
Metamorphism
Types of metamorphic settings
Contact or thermal metamorphism and Regional metamorphism
Agents of Metamorphism
Heat, pressure, chemically active liquids
classification of minerals
ore minerals, industrial minerals, gems
source from Earth that are used due to its physical and chemical characteristics (not because of its metal content)
industrial minerals
valued for their sparkle, beauty and help in cosmetic, jewelry and medicine
gems
ruby and sapphire are classified as:
corundum varieties
emerald, aquamarine and kunzite are classified as:
beryl varieties
Minerals that help in drugs and devices:
Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Aluminum, Titanium Oxide
A dietary supplement used when the amount of calcium in the diet is not enough
Calcium Carbonate
used in MRI scanners, and hospital surfaces
Copper
Mineral used in E.coli control
Silver
Mineral used in E.coli control
Silver
Mineral that enriches the soil, holds the nutrients: potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous
Clay
Main ingredients of glass
Quartz and silica
Minerals used in nuclear power
Uranium, and Plutonium
Two main mining methods
Surface mining, underground mining
Types of surface mining
strip mining, placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining, dredging, and open pit
Types of underground mining
slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft, borehole process
An ore mixed with unwanted rocks/minerals
gaunge
process of extracting metals in their pure form
Metallurgy
Classification of Metallurgy
crushing and grinding of ores
ore dressing
hydrolytic method
magnetic separation
froth floatation
roasting and calcination
A classification of metallurgy that pulverizes ores into fine powder through a crusher
crushing and grinding of ores
washing away of impurities through a jet water
hydrolytic method
crushed ores are placed on a conveyer belt and magnetic particles are attracted to the magnetic wheel, while the impurities just fall apart
magnetic separation
crushed ores are placed in a large tank that contains oil and water, then a compressed current of air passes through to wet the ore and separate the impurities in the form of froth.
froth floatation
concentrated ore is heated in the presence of oxygen, usually applied to sulfide ores
roasting
for ores containing carbonate and hydrated oxides, heating is done in the absence of air to melt the ore
calcination
Methods in mining
Tunneling, Panning, Flushing, leaching process, electrolysis, biomining
process of deposit of ore is created
ore genesis
three types of ore genesis
internal processes, hydrothermal processes, surficial processes
