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es mod11-13 Flashcards

1
Q

study of Earth’s rock layers

A

Stratigraphy

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2
Q

slow earth change processes

A

erosion, weathering, rock formation

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3
Q

rapid earth change processes

A

landslides, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes

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4
Q

natural processes that influence rock layering

A

weathering, erosion, heat, pressure, compacting, cementing, cooling, melting

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5
Q

the best way to understand the historical events on the surface of the Earth

A

Cross-sectional examination

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6
Q

a three dimensional feature, not simply lines on the rocks

A

layer

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7
Q

also called as stratification which describes the sedimentary rock layering and sometimes the layering found on metamorphic rocks

A

Bedding

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8
Q

type of rock formed by the accumulation of sediments with subsequent cementation of minerals or organic particles on ocean floor or other bodies of water

A

sedimentary rocks

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9
Q

also refers to rock layers

A

strata

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10
Q

basic principles applied by geologists to determine the age and characteristics of rock layers

A

Stratigraphic laws

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11
Q

general term for layering sedimentary rocks

A

stratification

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12
Q

layering in sedimentary rocks greater than 1cm thick

A

Beds

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13
Q

layering in sedimentary rocks less than 1cm thick

A

lamination

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14
Q

a Danish scientist stated that solid particles settle according to their relative weight and size

A

Nicholas Steno

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15
Q

two ways to correlate rock strata

A

comparing the physical characteristics of strata with each other (physical correlation)

comparing the type of fossils found in various strata (fossil correlation)

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16
Q

places events and rocks in their chronological sequence or order without knowing their actual age

A

relative dating

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17
Q

measuring the absolute age or exact age of some rocks in years with the discovery of radioactivity in the late 1800s

A

absolute dating

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18
Q

principles that tell the relative age of the rock

A

principle of original horizontality, law of superposition, principle of lateral continuity, principle of cross-cutting relationship, principle of unconformity, principle of faunal succession, principle of inclusion

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19
Q

processes in absolute dating:

A

radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating, uranium-lead dating

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20
Q

buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that the sediment deposition is not continuous

A

unconformity

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21
Q

this principle states that the sediments when deposited will form horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity

A

principle of original horizontality

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22
Q

this law states that in any uninterrupted structure of rock deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom. Rock fragments must be older than the rock containing the fragments

A

principle of superposition

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23
Q

this law states that the layer of sediment initially extend laterally sideways in the same order. Similar rocks but separated by valley or other erosional features, they are originally continuous.

A

Principle of lateral continuity

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24
Q

a layer or stratum must always be older than any feature that cuts or disrupts it

A

principle of cross-cutting

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25
Q

this law states that when sediments are deposited horizontally, the rocks are subject to folding, which results to erosion of the top rock layers, then undergoes subsidence allowing resumption of deposition. This unconformity represents a period of erosion

A

principle of unconformity

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26
Q

types of unconformity:

A

angular unconformity
disconformity
paraconformity
non-conformity

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27
Q

this unconformity is when beds are not parallel to each other

A

angular unconformity

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28
Q

this unconformity is when sedimentary rock strata above and below the surface of erosion are parallel to each other

A

disconformity

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29
Q

unconformity when strata or beds are parallel to each other. there is no discernable erosional surface, however there is a gap in the ages between the rock units

A

paraconformity

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30
Q

type of unconformity where the layer below the erosional surface is either a metamorphic or igneous rock, meanwhile the layer above the erosional surface is sedimentary rock

A

non-conformity

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31
Q

this principle states that sedimentary rock strata contain fossilized flora and fauns, and these fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific, reliable order that can be identified over a wide horizontal distance

A

principle of faunal succession

32
Q

this principle according to James Hutton, there are times that fragments of a rock unit is enclosed in another rock unit.

If rock or rock fragments included within another rock layer, the rock fragments is older than the rock layer they were embedded

A

Principle of Inclusion

33
Q

the isotope formed by the decayed parent

A

daughter isotope

34
Q

methods in absolute dating:

A

radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating, uranium-lead dating

35
Q

used to find the age of once living materials between 100 and 50,000 years old

A

radiocarbon dating

36
Q

the abundancy of potassium in many minerals makes it so that it can date rocks from 100,000 years with its half-life

A

Potassium-Argon dating

37
Q

What element does potassium decays into with how much half-life

A

Argon-40 with 1.26billion years old

38
Q

are versions of the elements with extra neutrons

A

isotopes

39
Q

uses two uranium isotopes for radiometric dating

A

uranium-lead dating

40
Q

this uranium isotope decays to lead-206 with half-life of 4.47 billion years

A

Uranium-238

41
Q

this isotope decays to lead-207 with half-life of 704 million years

A

Uranium-235

42
Q

Age of the Earth

A

4.6 billion years old

43
Q

oldest rock on Earth

A

3.8 billion years old

44
Q

How was the age of the earth measured

A

from radioactive isotopic dating of meteorites

45
Q

used by scientist to describe the timing and relationship between past events in Earth’s history

A

geologic time scale

46
Q

branch of stratigraphy that studies the age of rock layers or features in relation to geologic time

A

Chronostratigraphy

47
Q

is the largest time span in the GTS

A

eon

48
Q

two major eons

A

Precambrian and Phanerozoic

49
Q

Precambrian is subdivided into

A

Hadean, Achaean, Proterozoic

50
Q

Eon is subdivided into

A

eras

51
Q

The three major eras of phanerozoic

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

52
Q

era is subdivided into

A

periods

53
Q

Paleozoic era is subdivided into 6 periods

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

54
Q

Mesozoic Era has 3 periods:

A

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

55
Q

this era where ice age occurred

A

Cenozoic era

56
Q

periods are subdivided into

A

epochs

57
Q

the two epochs of the carboniferous period

A

mississippian, pennsylvanian

58
Q

epoch is subdivided into:

A

ages

59
Q

three ages of the mississippian epoch

A

tournaisian, visean, serpukhovian

60
Q

our current time belongs to:

A

halocene epoch of the quaternary period of Cenozoic era

61
Q

mass extinction event of the dinosaurs

A

66.4 million years ago

62
Q

one of the first to recognize the correspondence between rocks and time.

A

Nicholas Steno

63
Q

a german geologist, early attempt to subdivide rock record into units of time (oldest to youngest)

A

Abraham Gottlob Werner

64
Q

observed each layer contains a distinct assemblage of fossils, the fossils succeed each other vertically in a definite order

A

William ‘Strata’ Smith

65
Q

a british lawyer and geologist that utilized fossils to identify rock layers, subdivided geologic time on the basis of fossils

A

Lyell

66
Q

meaning “anything dug out of Earth”
remnants or impression of plants and animals preserved in the strata of the Earth

A

fossils

67
Q

the reason for definite and orderly succession of fossil in the rock record

A

Organic evolution

68
Q

a sub-discipline of stratigraphy that deals with fossils in the correlation and establishment of the relative ages of rocks

A

Biostratigraphy

69
Q

classification of fossils based on their formation:

A

mold, cast, trace, true-form

70
Q

fossil impressions left behind after the dead plant or animal decomposes, the shape and surface marking of the organism is reflected

A

Mold fossils

71
Q

originates from mold fossil, occurs when mold fossil is filled with minerals which harden and makes a replica of the original fossil

A

cast fossils

71
Q

originates from mold fossil, occurs when mold fossil is filled with minerals which harden and makes a replica of the original fossil

A

cast fossils

72
Q

indirect evidence of past life, tracks left behind by animals or plants

A

track fossils (ichnofossils)

73
Q

fossils of entire bodies of plants or animals, they form when plants or animals are trapped in ice, tar or tree sap over many years

A

true-form fossils

74
Q

marker fossils used to define periods of geologic time, correlation and age of rock sequences

A

index fossils (guide fossils)

75
Q

characteristics to be an index fossil

A
  1. an organism must have lived only during a short part of the Earth’s history
  2. the organism must be unique or distinctive
  3. fossil must be found over a wide area of the earth
  4. fossil of the organism must be found in rock layers or should be abundant
76
Q

process y which organic material becomes fossil and is turned into a stony substance through replacement of the original pore spaces with minerals

A

petrification

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