Respiratory [The Lung] Flashcards
External respiration
Gas exchange in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries
Function of the conducting part of the respiratory system
Conduct. Warm, humidify and clean air. Everything up to bronchioles.
Respiratory part function
Tiny airways where gas exchange occurs. Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
The upper respiratory tract goes from the ____ to the _____. The lower respiratory tract goes from the ____ to the _____.
Nose —> larynx
Trachea —> alveoli
3 things to prepare air for gas exchange
Warm to 37
Clean (filter)
Wet (humidify) 100% saturated
What structure senses smell and sits above turbinates?
Olfactory bulb
Name and function of superior, mid and inferior structures in the nasal cavity?
Turbinates. Conchae.
Increase SA of nasal cavity and mixes the air.
What does respiratory epithelium contain? Function?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium + goblet cells.
Filter, humidify.
Name of glands under epithelium and function
Seromucus glands.
Mucus filter, water
Air-filled paranasal _____ open into the cavity. They ____ and add _____.
Sinuses
Lighten the face
Add resonance to the voice
The roof of the cavity carries the ______ ______. _____ caused by sniffing carries air up to the epithelium. Axons of _____ ____ ____ lead towards the brain through ___, the _____.
The roof of the cavity carries the olfactory epithelium. Turbulence caused by sniffing carries air up to the epithelium. Axons of olfactory receptor cells lead towards the brain through perforations in the overlying bone, the cribriform plate.
What is the epiglottis made of?
Elastic cartilage
7 structures in the conducting zone
- ___ bronchi
- ___ bronchi
- ___ bronchi
- ___ bronchi
- 7.
Trachea
- Main Stem bronchi
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Smaller bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
3 structures in the respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
The trachea is ___ long, supported by _____. Free ends of the cartilage are connected by _____ which has the function of _____.
12cm
Incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Trachealis smooth muscle
Contracting to narrow the diameter
What is the mucociliary escalator
Mucous from the trachea is transported up towards the nasopharynx
Esophagus sits immediately ____ to the trachea, lying in the ____ formed by the ____.
Posterior
Shallow groove
Trachealis muscle
The wall of the bronchus contains epithelium and ____ which secrete a mucus layer, then _____, more ______, and _____ and _____ and alveoli.
Goblet cells Smooth muscle Mucus cells Cartilage plates Bronchus
The wall of a bronchiole has ____ cells which secrete a _____ with _____. The epithelium is called _____. Further down there is ____ which has a function of ______. Then there is ____ then alveoli.
The wall of a bronchiole has club cells which secrete a watery secretion with anti-microbial enzymes. The epithelium is called ciliated cuboidal(???) Further down there is smooth muscle which has a function of controlling diameter of airways. Then there is bronchus then alveoli.
Name the 3 types of cells in the alveolar wall
Alveolar macrophages
Squamous pseumocytes
Superfactant cells
Superfactant function.
Premature Babies lack ____
Prevent alveoli collapse when expiring by repelling each other. Decrease work of breathing. Premature Babies lack superfactant.
In the diffusion barrier, there is the alveolar air space then ____, ____, _____, and _____ then blood plasma then RBC.
Squamous pneumocyte
Basement membrane sq. pm.
Basement membrane cap. end.
Cap. Endothelium
How thick is the diffusion barrier?
0.5 micro m
In fibrosis, there is too much ____ in the ____ which increases _____. This means it’s hy_____.
Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Increases distance
Hypotoxic
Cartilage and mucous glands stop at _____.
Small airways have more _____ in relation to their size than large ones but it doesn’t continue past the _____.
Smallest bronchi
Smooth muscle
Smallest bronchioles
Primary bronchi are ____ supplying _____.
Secondary are ____ supplying ____ - there are _ on the left and _ on the right.
Tertiary bronchi are ____ supplying ____ (_ on the left and _ on the right). Each segment has its own _____ so if a tumor occurs, a segment can be removed without ____.
Primary bronchi are R/L main stem supplying R/L.
Secondary are lobar bronchi supplying lobes - there are 2 on the left and 3 on the right.
Tertiary bronchi are segmental bronchi supplying segments (8 on the left and 10 on the right). Each segment has its own air and blood supply so if a tumor occurs, a segment can be removed without leakage of air of blood from other segments.
The two pleura that line the lungs and thoracic cavity are continuous at the ___ of the lung.
Root / hilium
Movement of the rib cage is ___% of air movement through lungs. Inspiration is passive/active whereas expiration is passive/active. The muscles for breathing are the external ___ muscles which run _____.
Movement of the rib cage is 25% of air movement through lungs. Inspiration is active whereas expiration is passive. The muscles for breathing are the external intercostal muscles which run between the ribs under the parietal pleura(?)
When the ribs lift, they swing upwards which increases ____ of the ___.
Volume
Thorax
The diaphragm forms the floor of the ___ and the roof of the ____. It’s central part is a thin piece of ____ called the ____. There’s a skeletal muscular portion innervated by the _____.
The diaphragm forms the floor of the thorax and the roof of the abdomen. It’s central part is a thin piece of CT called the central tendon. There’s a skeletal muscular portion innervated by the phrenic nerve.
Movement of the diaphragm is responsible for _% of bull air flow. A smaller/larger percentage during exercise.
75%
Smaller
3 things that filter air
Vibrissae
Resp. Epithelium
Nasal conchae
2 things that humidify
Nasal conchae
Secretions of seromucous
Generations Trachea: Main stem, lobar, segmental: Smaller bronchi: Bronchioles: Terminal bronchioles: Resp bronchioles: Alveolar ducts: Alveolar sacs:
Trachea: 0 Main stem, lobar, segmental: 1-3 Smaller bronchi: 4-9 Bronchioles: 10-15 Terminal bronchioles: 16-19 Resp bronchioles: 20-23 !!!!!!!!!!!! Alveolar ducts: 24-27 Alveolar sacs: 28
Anatomical shunt vs physiological
Anatomical: pul vein is contaminated with deox blood from tracheobranchial circulation.
Physiological: air can’t get to perfused alveoli
