Respiratory [The Lung]

Question 1

External respiration

Answer 1

Gas exchange in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries

Question 2

Function of the conducting part of the respiratory system

Answer 2

Conduct. Warm, humidify and clean air. Everything up to bronchioles.

Question 3

Respiratory part function

Answer 3

Tiny airways where gas exchange occurs. Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 4

The upper respiratory tract goes from the ____ to the _____. The lower respiratory tract goes from the ____ to the _____.

Answer 4

Nose —> larynx

Trachea —> alveoli

Question 5

3 things to prepare air for gas exchange

Answer 5

Warm to 37
Clean (filter)
Wet (humidify) 100% saturated

Question 6

What structure senses smell and sits above turbinates?

Answer 6

Olfactory bulb

Question 7

Name and function of superior, mid and inferior structures in the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

Turbinates. Conchae.

Increase SA of nasal cavity and mixes the air.

Question 8

What does respiratory epithelium contain? Function?

Answer 8

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium + goblet cells.
Filter, humidify.

Question 9

Name of glands under epithelium and function

Answer 9

Seromucus glands.

Mucus filter, water

Question 10

Air-filled paranasal _____ open into the cavity. They ____ and add _____.

Answer 10

Sinuses
Lighten the face
Add resonance to the voice

Question 11

The roof of the cavity carries the ______ ______. _____ caused by sniffing carries air up to the epithelium. Axons of _____ ____ ____ lead towards the brain through ___, the _____.

Answer 11

The roof of the cavity carries the olfactory epithelium. Turbulence caused by sniffing carries air up to the epithelium. Axons of olfactory receptor cells lead towards the brain through perforations in the overlying bone, the cribriform plate.

Question 12

What is the epiglottis made of?

Answer 12

Elastic cartilage

Question 13

7 structures in the conducting zone

2. ___ bronchi
3. ___ bronchi
4. ___ bronchi
5. ___ bronchi
6. 7.

Answer 13

Trachea

2. Main Stem bronchi
3. Lobar bronchi
4. Segmental bronchi
5. Smaller bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Terminal bronchioles

Question 14

3 structures in the respiratory zone

Answer 14

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

Question 15

The trachea is ___ long, supported by _____. Free ends of the cartilage are connected by _____ which has the function of _____.

Answer 15

12cm
Incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Trachealis smooth muscle
Contracting to narrow the diameter

Question 16

What is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 16

Mucous from the trachea is transported up towards the nasopharynx

Question 17

Esophagus sits immediately ____ to the trachea, lying in the ____ formed by the ____.

Answer 17

Posterior
Shallow groove
Trachealis muscle

Question 18

The wall of the bronchus contains epithelium and ____ which secrete a mucus layer, then _____, more ______, and _____ and _____ and alveoli.

Answer 18

Goblet cells
Smooth muscle
Mucus cells
Cartilage plates
Bronchus

Question 19

The wall of a bronchiole has ____ cells which secrete a _____ with _____. The epithelium is called _____. Further down there is ____ which has a function of ______. Then there is ____ then alveoli.

Answer 19

The wall of a bronchiole has club cells which secrete a watery secretion with anti-microbial enzymes. The epithelium is called ciliated cuboidal(???) Further down there is smooth muscle which has a function of controlling diameter of airways. Then there is bronchus then alveoli.

Question 20

Name the 3 types of cells in the alveolar wall

Answer 20

Alveolar macrophages
Squamous pseumocytes
Superfactant cells

Question 21

Superfactant function.

Premature Babies lack ____

Answer 21

Prevent alveoli collapse when expiring by repelling each other. Decrease work of breathing. Premature Babies lack superfactant.

Question 22

In the diffusion barrier, there is the alveolar air space then ____, ____, _____, and _____ then blood plasma then RBC.

Answer 22

Squamous pneumocyte
Basement membrane sq. pm.
Basement membrane cap. end.
Cap. Endothelium

Question 23

How thick is the diffusion barrier?

Answer 23

0.5 micro m

Question 24

In fibrosis, there is too much ____ in the ____ which increases _____. This means it’s hy_____.

Answer 24

Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Increases distance
Hypotoxic

Question 25

Cartilage and mucous glands stop at _____. | Small airways have more _____ in relation to their size than large ones but it doesn’t continue past the _____.

Answer 25

Smallest bronchi Smooth muscle Smallest bronchioles

Question 26

Primary bronchi are ____ supplying _____. Secondary are ____ supplying ____ - there are _ on the left and _ on the right. Tertiary bronchi are ____ supplying ____ (_ on the left and _ on the right). Each segment has its own _____ so if a tumor occurs, a segment can be removed without ____.

Answer 26

Primary bronchi are R/L main stem supplying R/L. Secondary are lobar bronchi supplying lobes - there are 2 on the left and 3 on the right. Tertiary bronchi are segmental bronchi supplying segments (8 on the left and 10 on the right). Each segment has its own air and blood supply so if a tumor occurs, a segment can be removed without leakage of air of blood from other segments.

Question 27

The two pleura that line the lungs and thoracic cavity are continuous at the ___ of the lung.

Answer 27

Root / hilium

Question 28

Movement of the rib cage is ___% of air movement through lungs. Inspiration is passive/active whereas expiration is passive/active. The muscles for breathing are the external ___ muscles which run _____.

Answer 28

Movement of the rib cage is 25% of air movement through lungs. Inspiration is active whereas expiration is passive. The muscles for breathing are the external intercostal muscles which run between the ribs under the parietal pleura(?)

Question 29

When the ribs lift, they swing upwards which increases ____ of the ___.

Answer 29

Volume | Thorax

Question 30

The diaphragm forms the floor of the ___ and the roof of the ____. It’s central part is a thin piece of ____ called the ____. There’s a skeletal muscular portion innervated by the _____.

Answer 30

The diaphragm forms the floor of the thorax and the roof of the abdomen. It’s central part is a thin piece of CT called the central tendon. There’s a skeletal muscular portion innervated by the phrenic nerve.

Question 31

Movement of the diaphragm is responsible for _% of bull air flow. A smaller/larger percentage during exercise.

Answer 31

75% | Smaller

Question 32

3 things that filter air

Answer 32

Vibrissae Resp. Epithelium Nasal conchae

Question 32

2 things that humidify

Answer 32

Nasal conchae | Secretions of seromucous

Question 32

``` Generations Trachea: Main stem, lobar, segmental: Smaller bronchi: Bronchioles: Terminal bronchioles: Resp bronchioles: Alveolar ducts: Alveolar sacs: ```

Answer 32

``` Trachea: 0 Main stem, lobar, segmental: 1-3 Smaller bronchi: 4-9 Bronchioles: 10-15 Terminal bronchioles: 16-19 Resp bronchioles: 20-23 !!!!!!!!!!!! Alveolar ducts: 24-27 Alveolar sacs: 28 ```

Question 32

Anatomical shunt vs physiological

Answer 32

Anatomical: pul vein is contaminated with deox blood from tracheobranchial circulation. Physiological: air can’t get to perfused alveoli