Renal [Hormonal]

Question 1

____ in the hypothalamus detect changes in _____. ADH is stored in the ___. ADH is released when osmolarity decreases/increases.

Answer 1

Osmoreceptors
Osmolarity
Posterior pituitary
Increases

Question 2

ADH acts on the _____ part. It increases water reabsorption by ____. ____ inhibits ADH, resulting in _____.

Answer 2

dT + CD.
Aquaporin-2 vesicles into apical membranes.
Alcohol
Dilute urine, dehydration

Question 3

When the cell ____, the _____ in osmoreceptors open. This means the ion ___ enters, causing an ___.

Answer 3

Shrinks due to hypertonic
Stretch-inhibited cation channels
Na+, AP

Question 4

Threshold for ADH release and thirst

Answer 4

ADH: 280
Thirst: 295

Question 5

Summary purple

Increase in ____ and ___ stimulates osmoreceptors which trigger the posterior pituitary to release ____. This targets ____ which increases ___. This results in an increase in ____ and a decrease in _____ and __urine.

Answer 5

Increase in osmolarity and Na+ plasma conc stimulates osmoreceptors which trigger the posterior pituitary to release ADH. This targets collecting ducts of kidneys which increases water reabsorption. This results in an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in osmolarity and scant urine.

Question 6

When plasma volume and BP falls, it inhibits and causes an increase/decrease in _____. This stimulates the posterior pituitary to release ADH.

Answer 6

Decreases

Baroreceptors in atrium and large vessels

Question 7

Main purpose of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and 2 main hormones

Answer 7

Regulate Na+ reabsorption

Angiotensin and aldosterone

Question 8

Decreased sodium is sensed by _____ in the _____ which increases renin secretion.

Answer 8

Macula densa

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 9

3 causes leading up to the juxtaglomeruler cells of the kidneys releasing ____.

Answer 9

Renin

Dehydration, na+ deficiency, hemorrhage.
Decrease BV
Decrease BP

Question 10

Increased renin from kidney combined with increased angiotensinogen from liver leads to increased ___ then ______.

Answer 10

Angiotensin 1 + 2

Question 11

Increased A2 leads to ____ and _____

Answer 11

Vasoconstriction, increase BP

Adrenal cortex aldosterone

Question 12

What does increased aldosterone do? How does it achieve this?

Answer 12

Increased Na and H2O reabsorption and increased K+ and H+ secretion into urine.

Increased transcription of Na/K+ ATPase

This increases BV and therefore BP

Question 13

Increase BV effect on atria

Answer 13

Increased stretching

Increase release of ANP which reduces reabsorption if NaCl in kidneys

Question 14

Big summary diagram

Blood loss —> __ cells + ___ —> 3 responses —> vasoconstriction + conserve H2O + Na

Answer 14

Jux cells + baro

Increase sympathetic, increase ADH, increase renin/A2/1

Question 15

How does ADH stimulate aquaporin-2 channels to be made?

Answer 15

Stimulates insertion of vesicles into apical membrane via exocytosis

Question 16

Renin is an enzyme that converts ____ (produces in the ___) to A1, which is then converted to A2 via _____ in the ____.

Answer 16

Angiotensinogen
Liver
Via ACE in the lungs