Autonomic [Stress Response]

Question 1

Adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 1

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 2

Adrenal medulla stimulated by

Answer 2

ACh from sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Question 3

Adrenal medulla principal actions

Answer 3

Enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm response

Question 4

Adrenal cortex Mineralo-corticoids

Eg. Aldosterone stimulated by and principal actions

Answer 4

Increased K+ and angiotensin 2 in blood.

Increase blood Na+ and water and decrease blood K+ leading to increased blood vol and pressure

Question 5

Adrenal cortex glucocorticoids (cortisol) stimulated by + principal actions

Answer 5

ACTH from pituitary which in turn is stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus.

Resistance reaction to stress, dampens inflammation and depresses immune responses

Question 6

6 resistance reactions of glucocorticoids

Answer 6

Protein breakdown
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Resistance to stress
Vasoconstriction
Anti-inflammatory
Immune depression

Question 7

Protein breakdown - glucocorticoids

Answer 7

Increase protein breakdown mainly in muscle fibres. Amino acids released into bloodstream may be used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP

Question 8

Gluconeogensis - glucocorticoids

Answer 8

Liver cells convert some amino acids or lactic acid to glucose which neurons and other cells can use for ATP

Question 9

Lipolysis - glucocorticoids

Answer 9

Breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood

Question 10

Resistance to stress - glucocorticoids

Answer 10

Increased glucose and ATP combat stresses such as exercise, fasting, fright, etc.

Question 11

Vasoconstriction - glucocorticoids

Answer 11

Blood vessels become more sensitive to hormones that cause vasoconstriction leading to raise in blood pressure

Question 12

Anti-inflammatory - glucocorticoids

Answer 12

Inhibit WBC to participate in immune response to limit tissue damage by them. Unfortunately also retard tissue repair and slow wound healing

Question 13

Immune depression - glucocorticoids

Answer 13

High _ conc depress immune responses. Used therapeutically following organ transplants to retard graft rejection

Question 14

4 features of fight-or-flight response for stress response

Answer 14

Immediate burst
Sympathetic
Adrenal medulla involvements
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 15

Resistance reaction as stress response - 3 features

Answer 15

Slower, longer
Associated with hypothalamus - pituitary-adrenal cortex.
Corticosteroid production

Question 16

What is the second stage of the stress response?

Answer 16

Reducing tissue damage (adrenal cortex)

Question 17

Nerves, organ and effectors that CAUSE the alarm response

Answer 17

Sympathetic nerves, visceral effectors

Question 18

organ and neurotransmitters that PROLONGS the alarm response

Answer 18

Adrenal medulla

Secretes NA/E

Question 19

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

Answer 19

Releases inhibitory hormones from axon termini which go to hypophyseal portal veins to secondary plexus then into pituitary cells

Question 20

Hypothalamus releasing hormones to the adrenal glands pathway (??)

Answer 20

The hypothalamus releases CRH into the anterior pituitary, where ACTH is produced and this affects the adrenal glands.

Question 21

Negative feedback effects on pituitary gland

Answer 21

Too much cortisol inhibits release of ACTH or CRH

Question 22

4 steps to CAUSING resistance reaction

Answer 22

CRH released into primary hypophyseal plexus then portal vein to anterior pituitary. This releases ACTH into the bloodstream and the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol leading to the resistance reaction.

Question 23

3 links between neuroendocrine and immune systems

Answer 23

Hormones, autonomic nerves and cytokines which point to the neuroendocrine

Question 24

2 types of stress

Answer 24

Eustress, acute, GOOD

Distress

Question 25

Posterior pituitary: how does it connect to the hypothalamus? How does it respond to neurons or hormones? What does it release?

Answer 25

Connects via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (neural)
Responds directly to neurons.
Releases oxytocin + ADH

Question 26

Anterior pituitary: how does it connect to the hypothalamus? How does it respond to neurons or hormones? What does it release?

Answer 26

Via hypophyseal portal system (vascular).
Responds by releasing or inhibiting hormones from ventral hypothalamus.
Releases many hormones incl. ACTH

Question 27

Name the 3 phases of the stress response in order and their key features and length

Answer 27

Alarm: ms, nerve
Alarm extension: S—>Min, nerve to hormone, medulla, NA/E.
Resistance: min—> hr, hormone, Cortex, cortisol