Musculoskeletal [Joints]

Question 1

Name for joint:

Functions:

Answer 1

Arthrosis

Movement, force transmission, growth

Question 2

Immovable joint location and name

Answer 2

Axial skeleton

Synarthrosis

Question 3

Slightly moveable joint name and location

Answer 3

Amphiarthrosis

Axial skeleton

Question 4

Freely moveable joint name and location

Answer 4

Diarthrosis

Appendicular skeleton

Question 5

Unlike other joints, Synovial joints are not restricted by ____. The ends of articulating bones are ____. They are a type of ____ joint.

Answer 5

The properties of a specific tissue.
Mostly free
Diarthrosis

Question 6

Name the 4 bits of a synovial joint

Answer 6

Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
- fibrous layer 
- synovial membrane 
Joint cavity containing:
Synovial fluid

Question 7

Articular cartilage is a specialized type of ______. Primary function is to ____. ____ thick. Degradation leads to _____.

Answer 7

Hyaline
Protect ends of bones in joint
1-7mm
Arthritis

Question 8

Articular cartilage is _% ____ and __% ____.

Answer 8

5% cells

95% ECM

Question 9

Cells in articular cartilage are called ____. They ______, live in ____ and can occur ___ or ____ depending on __.

Answer 9

Chondrocytes 
Build, repair, maintain cartilage.
Lacunae
Zone
Themselves or large groups called nests

Question 10

The ECM is made of _____ ____ and _____. % of each =

Answer 10

Water (75% WW)
GAG + proteoglycans (25% DW)
Collagen type 2 (75% DW)

Question 11

GAGS name 3

Answer 11

Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitan sulphate
Keratin sulphate

Question 12

Name a PG

Answer 12

Aggrecan

Question 13

Function of GAGS and PG

Answer 13

Swelling and hydrating

Solid component

Question 14

Function of collagen

Answer 14

Structural integrity
Zonation patterns
Solid component

Question 15

The 3 layers of the top layer of cartilage is the ______. The PG content _____. The collagen _____. The cells _____.

Answer 15

Surface/middle/deep zone.
Low PG in surface then increasing.
Collagen horizontal, thin in surface area then cross cross then vertical.
Cells flat, then full, then nests.

Question 16

Name the 2 separation bits in cartilage and what they contain

Answer 16

Tide mark and osteochondral junction.
Tide mark is calcifies, low PG.
Osteo is cement line

Question 17

What are the structures of:
GAGS:
Proteoglycans:
Proteoglycan complex:
Function of proteoglycan complexes:

Answer 17

GAGS: Repeating negative dissachiride units.
Proteoglycans: toothbrush (Protein core w GAGs attached)
Proteoglycan complex: Hyaluronic acid (GAG) with proteoglycans attached
Function: attach to collagen

Question 18

First 3 stages before loading of cartilage
When unloaded, there are ____ in the matrix. Ions then come in because _____. This draws ___ in, causing the cartilage to ____.

Answer 18

Proteoglycan complexes
-ve charges attract positive from joint space.
H2O
Swell

Question 19

Last 3 stages - cartilage swelling and loading
Collagen stretches until_____. This is called _____. When a load is introduced, _____ go out. The loss of this reduces the volume (____) and eventually the ____ = _____ so the cartilage will stop _____ and will be in an _____.

Answer 19

Swelling force = tension
Unloaded equilibrium 
Ions and water
Creep
Compressive load = solid component + repulsion from negatives
Shrinking
Loaded equilibrium

Question 20

Name all parts of the articular capsule from left to right

Answer 20

Intima of synovial membrane
Subintima of synovial membrane
Fiborous layer

Question 21

Fiborous layer of articular capsule is made of ____. Collagen that is continuous with ___ of bone. Thicker sections are called ______. It is poorly ___ but richly ____ which is why it hurts to damage it.

Answer 21

Dense CT
Periosteum
Capsular ligaments
Vascularised
Innervated

Question 22

Synovial membrane is made of _____. It lines ____. The synovial intima is usually ____ thick called ______ and secrete some of the components found in _____. Subintima is/isn’t vascular and has _____ ____ and ____.

Answer 22

Loose CT
All non-articular surfaces inside joint cavity
1-3 cells
Synoviocytes 
Synovial fluid
Is
Macrophages
Fat cells
Fibroblasts

Question 23

Synovial fluid contains ___ acid and free cells. Function is ___, ____, ____, and ____

Answer 23

Hyaluronic 
Joint lubrication
Shock absorption
Chondrocyte metabolism
Joint maintenance