respiratory - phyanalab Flashcards
Respiration: Three Major Steps
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Moving air in and out of lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
External respiration
Gas exchange between blood and cells
Internal respiration
upper respiratory system
Nose and pharynx
lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
consists of All airways that carry air to lungs
conduction zone
parts included in conduction zone
Nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
Sites within lungs where gas exchange occurs
respiratory zone
parts of the respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Warm, humidify, filter/trap dust and microbes
nose
Detect olfactory stimuli
nose
Modify vocal sounds
nose
“Voice box”
larynx
Made largely of cartilage
larynx
cartilages of the larynx
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoids
cartilage of larynx
: V-shaped
“Adam’s apple”: projects more anteriorly in males
Vocal cords “strung” here (and to arytenoids
thyroid cartilage
leaf-shaped piece; covers airway
During swallowing, larynx moves up so —— covers opening into trachea
epiglottis
cartilage of larynx
inferior most portion
cricoid
cartilage of larynx
superior to cricoid
Arytenoids
windpipe
trachea
Anterior to esophagus and thoracic vertebrae
Extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi
trachea
opening in trachea for tube
tracheostomy
enter the lungs medially
primary bronchiu
Measured by spirometer
Lung Volumes
volume of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV
volume of air that can be exhaled beyond TV
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration
= residual volume (RV)
TV + IRV
Inspiratory capacity
RV + ERV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
IRV + TV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC)
VC + RV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of disorders associated with the nose, ears, and throat
otorhinolarynogology
study of diseases associated with lungs
pulmonology
divides nasal cavity into left and right sides
nasal septum
separates nasal and oral cavity
hard palate
bony ridges that modify the lateral walls of nasal cavity
conchae
openings within the superior and middle meatus
humidifies and heats inhaled air
serves as a crumple zone during facial accidents
PARANASAL SINUSES
located within each inferior meatus
carries excess tears into nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
extends from soft palate to epiglottis
common passageway for air, food, drink
oropharynx
extends from tip of epiglottis to esophagus
both respiratory and digestive pathway
laryngopharynx
located posterior to choanae and superior to soft palate
receives air from nasal cavity
exchanges small amts of air with auditory tubes
nasopharynx
allows air passage to lungs for respiration, thermoregulation, protection
trachea
main passageway of air into the lungs
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
bronchi
right lungs has
3 lobes
left lung has
2 lobes
ends of alveolar ducts
chambers connected to 2 or more alveoli
alveolar sacs
cupshaped outpouching lined by simple squamous epithelium
supported by a thin elastic basement membrane
main sites of gas exchange
lab proceudre to determine the strength of lungs
spirometry
phases of respiratory cycle
exhalation
inhalation
movement of air into and out of respi tract
VENTILATION
used to measure the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs
spirometer
consists of a drum inverted in a tank of water with a tube that extends from the air space in the drum to the mouth of the subject
wet spiromete
suspended from pulley and counterbalanced by weight
drum of spirometer
volume of air exhaled into the spirometer is ___ proportional to the rise of the inverted vessel
directly
spirogram
record of pulmonary volumes
fast, deep, breathing
hyperventilation
slow or shallow breathing
hypoventilation
amount of carbonic acid during hyperventilation
increased
amount of carbonic acid during hypoventilation
decreased
buffering ability of blood in hypo/hyperventilation is affected , resulting to
acidosis or alkalosis
cause of hyperventilation
anxiety attacks
effect of hyperventilation
brief periods of apnea
cessation of breathing
apnea
cessation of breathingcan lead to build up of
carbon dioxide in the blood
if breathing stops for a time, ___ may occur
cyanosis
effect of hyperventilation
cyanosis
apnea
dizzines
faint
effect of hyperventilation to the buffering abilityof blood
alkalosis
constricts cerebral blood vessels
alkalosis
smooth muscle movements that cause churning of food
segmentation ocntractions
enzyme that digests starch
amylase
enzyme that digests lipids
lipase
enzyme that digests proteins
pepsin
test tubes used in experiment
loefflers
reagents used for the digestion of starch by amylase
saliva
0.5% HCl
12 drops buffer
how were the test tubes incubated
heated in a water bath (37C) for 30 min
reagent use for the starch test
1 drop lugol’s iodine solution (orange brown)
brown or negative (starch test result)
- negative
light blue (starch test result)
+
medium blue (starch test result)
++
dark blue (starch test result)
+++
black (starch test result)
++++
sugar test reagent
3 drops of Benedict’s reagent (color: aqua blue)
blue (sugar test result)
-
green (sugar test result)
+
yellow (sugar test result)
++
orange (sugar test result)
+++
red (sugar test result)
++++
procedure for sugar test
add 3 drops benedicts reagent
mix by swirling
put in a beaker with hot water for 3 min
proceudre for starch test
label spot plate A - F get tubes from water bath mix by swirling place 2 drops of soltuion place 1 drop of lugol observe results
