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dHA 2nd year - Botanical medicine > HISTO LAB - CT > Flashcards

HISTO LAB - CT Flashcards

1
Q

– responsible for providing and maintaining form

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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2
Q

-made up mainly of non-living material, extracellular matrix

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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3
Q

-matrix: physically links cells and tissues, gives mechanical support to the different organs

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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4
Q

-contains blood vessels and nerves; serves the needs of avascular epithelium

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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5
Q

CT component

CT Cells originate from —————–

A

precursor cells in primitive mesenchyme

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6
Q

ct fibers are made up of

A

proteins and polysaccharides

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7
Q

most abundant protein in the human body

A

collagen

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8
Q

-key element of all CT, basement membrane, external laminae of muscles and nerve cells

A

collagen

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9
Q

-synthesizes collagen and reticular fibers

A

collagen

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10
Q

CT fiber
may be arranged as parallel fibers or discontinuous sheets
-has properties of stretching and elastic recoil

A

elastin

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11
Q

GS is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

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12
Q

-form a medium for the passage of molecule throughout supporting tissues

A

ground substance

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13
Q

-for the exchange of metabolites with the circulatory system

A

ground substance

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14
Q

-gel-like: serves as lubricant, barrier to invasive microorganism

A

ground substance

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15
Q

embryonic CT which originates from the mesoderm and neural crest ectoderm

A
  1. Mesenchymal CT
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16
Q

Mesenchymal CT originates from?

A

mesoderm and neural crest ectoderm

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17
Q

fibers of Mesenchymal CT

A

uniformly distributed sparse collagen fibers (reticular type)

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18
Q

cells of Mesenchymal CT

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (a homogenous population of cells but may also have stem/progenitor cells)

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19
Q

transient type of tissue

A

mucoid CT

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20
Q

LOCATION OF MUCOID CT

A

-location: umbilical cord and fetal organs

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21
Q

-matrix of mucoid ct

A

jelly-like

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22
Q

-fibers: mucoid ct

A

delicate network of collagen fibers

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23
Q

-cells:mucoid ct

A

scattered star-shaped fibroblasts (w/ flattened processes that appear to fuse with neighboring cells)

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24
Q

-ground substance: mucoid ct

A

soft, very abundant, appears homogenous in fresh state, composed chiefly of hyaluronic acid

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25
Q

-residue: contains granules and fibrillar precipitates when fixed; exhibits staining reactions of mucin

A

mucoid CT

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26
Q

– most widely distributed CT

A
  1. Loose/Areolar CT
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27
Q

CT found in almost every microscopic section of the body

A
  1. Loose/Areolar CT
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28
Q

-fills up empty spaces

A
  1. Loose/Areolar CT
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29
Q

-serves as packing and anchoring material

A
  1. Loose/Areolar CT
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30
Q

-supports epithelium where it encompasses the lamina propia (thick layer beneath the epithelial lining of stomach and intestines)

A
  1. Loose/Areolar CT
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31
Q
  • flexible, but not very resistant to stress

- richly supplied with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A
  1. Loose/Areolar CT
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32
Q

-cells of loose ct:

A

holds a collection of all types of cells, more abundant than fiber

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33
Q

-ground substance of loose ct:

A

moderate

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34
Q

-cells: adipocytes which may be isolated, in small groups (loose and dense irregular CT), in large aggregates (fat)

A
  1. Adipose CT
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35
Q

-efficient thermal insulators

A
  1. Adipose CT
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36
Q

-primary storage site for neutral fats (triglycerides)

A
  1. Adipose CT
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37
Q

-key regulators of the body’s overall energy metabolism

A
  1. Adipose CT
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38
Q
  • shock absorbers

- richly vascularized

A
  1. Adipose CT
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39
Q

-cells of adipose ct:

A

adipocytes which may be isolated, in small groups (loose and dense irregular CT), in large aggregates (fat)

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40
Q

– spherical

  • large due to the presence of a single lipid droplet
  • nucleus appears flattened, displaced on one side
  • surrounded by reticular fibers
A

*Adipocyte

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41
Q

what fibers surround an adipocyte

A

reticular

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42
Q

*As the number of adipocytes grow, they are pushed aside these fibers forming the ————- (where other CT cells and blood vessels are located).

A

fibrous septum

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43
Q

2 Types of Adipose Tissue

– found only in fetus, newborn, hibernating animals
-function: heat production during the first months of postnatal life

A
  1. Brown or Multilocular
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44
Q

2 Types of Adipose Tissue
20% of body weight
-function: reserve energy source through homeostatic mobilization & mobilization of triglycerides

A
  1. White or Unilocular –
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45
Q
  • forms the supportive stroma of lymphoid organs, hematopoietic bone marrow and endocrine glands
A
  1. Reticular CT
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46
Q

-fibers of Reticular CT:

A

reticular fibers (Type III) which anastomose forming a delicated 3D closed-meshed network: lattice fibers

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47
Q

-cells of reticular ct:

A

reticular cells (modified fibroblasts)

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48
Q

-elements create a cell-lined system that allows passage of lymphocytes and lymph

A

Reticular CT

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49
Q
  • contains most of the components found in loose CT

- but has more fibers and fewer cells

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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50
Q

-orientation and arrangement of collagen bundles make it resistant to stress

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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51
Q

– densely packed coarse Type I collagen

-fibers and cells oriented into parallel cylinders

A
  1. Dense Regular CT
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52
Q

– main functional component of tendons and ligaments

A

• Dense regular collagenous or fibrous CT

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53
Q

is Dense regular collagenous or fibrous CT vascular or not

A

AVASCULAR

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54
Q

-cells of dense reg collagenous ct:

A

fibrocytes (appear stellate when the tendon is cut in cross section, sometimes termed tendinocytes)

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55
Q

– occurs infrequently

A

Dense elastic CT

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56
Q

-location of dense elastic

A

yellow ligaments (ligamentum flava) of vertebral column, suspensory ligaments of penis

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57
Q

fibers of dense elastic

A

-thick elastic fibers with thin collagen fibers + flattened fibroblasts

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58
Q

cells of dense elastic

A

-fibroblasts branch frequently and fuse with one another

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59
Q

-ground substance of dense elastic:

A

scanty

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60
Q

-individual fibers are surrounded by a network of reticular fibers
what type of ct

A

Dense elastic CT

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61
Q

– collagen fibers forming unaligned 3D meshwork

A

Dense Irregular CT

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62
Q

function of Dense Irregular CT

A

-function: provide resistance to stress in all directions (because of the haphazard arrangement)

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63
Q

location of Dense Irregular CT

A

-location: fasciae, reticular region of dermis, periosteum, joint capsules, membrane capsules around kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes, heart valves

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64
Q

ground substance of Dense Irregular CT

A

-ground substance: scanty, located between fibers and cells with some bv

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65
Q

cells of Diffuse Lymphoid CT

A

-cells: irregularly scattered in a loose manner lymphoid cells

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66
Q

stroma of Diffuse Lymphoid CT

A

reticular fibers + reticular cells

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67
Q

location of Diffuse Lymphoid CT

A

inter-nodular, deep cortical, medullary regions of lymph nodes
Peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath of spleen
Nodular regions of tonsils and Peyer’s patches

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68
Q

CT with closely packed lymphoid cells

A

Dense lymphoid CT

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69
Q

– compact, circumscribed condensations of lymphocytes

A

Lymph nodules

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70
Q

– pale central portion of lymph nodules, with large lymphocytes showing mitotic figures;

A

Germinal center of Flemming/ Secondary nodules

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71
Q

site of active production of lymphocytes (but newly formed cells die locally and are disposed by macrophages)

A

Germinal center of Flemming/ Secondary nodules

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72
Q

– irregular elongated condensation of lymphocytes in the medulla of lymph node

A

Lymphatic cord

73
Q

-plasma cells are more numerous in?

A

medullary cords

74
Q

-only ———— lymphocytes reach the CVS

A

small and medium-sized

75
Q

—– do not circulate (under normal conditions)

A

large lymphocytes and plasma cells

76
Q

– specialized fibrous CT composed of chondrocytes (islands of cells) surrounded by an intensely basophilic ECM
-avascular

77
Q

-solid and firm, somewhat pliable (accounts for special resilient properties)

78
Q

-key tissue in growing bones

79
Q

-serves as shock absorbing and sliding area for joint

80
Q

-facilitates bone movement

81
Q

-cartilage matrix: serves as route for diffusion of nutrients, makes up 40% of cartilage, primarily composed of type II collagen and GS

82
Q

a) – glassy, amorphous and homogenous staining matrix which appears bluish white

83
Q

cartilage with -low cell-matrix ratio (more matrix)

A

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

cells of hyaline

A

chondrocytes (w/in lacuna) are embedded and evenly distributed throughout the matrix

85
Q

fibers of hyaline

A

-fibers: type II collagen fibers

86
Q

GS of hyaline

A

-ground substance: abundant in acidic sulfhydryl group (sulphated proteoglycans) responsible for intense basohilia

87
Q

-surrounded by perichondrium

A

elastic and hyaline cartilage

88
Q

location of hyaline

A

-location: articular surfaces of synovial joints, walls of larger respiratory passages, temporary skeleton of fetus

89
Q

– most resilient cartilage

A

b) Elastic

90
Q

matrix of elastic cartilage

A

-matrix: opaque, high cell-matrix ratio (more cells)

91
Q

fibers of elastic cartilage

A

-fibers: elastic fibers + type II collagen fibers

92
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

-location: pinna of ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages of larynx

93
Q

least resilient cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

94
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

-location: (regions subjected to pulling forces) intervertebral disks, articular disks of sterno-clavicular joint, other areas of insertion of tendons and ligaments

95
Q

fibers of fibrocartilage

A

-fibers: type I collagen (makes the matrix acidophilic)

96
Q

cells of fibrocartilage

A

-cells: chondrocytes in lacuna dispersed in linear arrangement

97
Q
  • vascularized, rigid
98
Q

-dynamic plastic tissue

99
Q

-heavily mineralized ECM, making It hard and brittle

100
Q

storage depot for: ?% calcium
?% phosphorus
?% Na and Mg

A

99% calcium
85% phosphorus
65% Na and Mg

101
Q

BONE MATRIX compnents
– calcium and phosphorus
-impart strength, inflexibility, and hardness

A

A. Inorganic (65%)

102
Q

BONE MATRIX compnents

– proteoglycan, GAGs, glycoproteins, type I collagen fibers

A

B. Organic (35%)

103
Q

BONE CELLS
– derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
-have the capacity for mitosis
-found adjacent to newly formed bone matrix

A

A. Osteoprogenitor cells

104
Q 
BONE CELLS
 – originate from osteoprogenitor cells
-squamous, cuboidal or columnar
-with basophilic cytoplasm
-responsible for formation of bone matrix
-found on surfaces of developing bones
A

Osteoblasts

105
Q

BONE CELLS

  • mature, principal cells of fully formed bone
  • flattened cells, oval nucleus
  • function: maintain mineralized matrix
A

Osteocytes

106
Q

BONE CELLS
– giant, multinucleated cells
-seen in areas where active bone resorption occurs

A

Osteoclasts

107
Q

Types of Bone
– has trabeculae or spicules, regions between are filled with bone marrow
-osteocytes and numerous BV lie within the immediate vicinity of this bone
-occupy greater part of epiphysis

A
  1. Spongy or Cancellous
108
Q

Types of Bone
solid mass occupying the shaft or diaphysis
-presence of osteons
-interstitial lamellae: layers of bone between haversian systems
-Volkmann’s canals: vascular channels w/c connect adjacent Haversian canals

A
  1. Compact or Dense
109
Q

– specialized CT surrounding the bone periphery; made up of osteoprogenitor cells

A

Periosteum

110
Q

– supporting tissue lining the medullary canal of bones; made up of osteoprogenitor cells

111
Q

endosteum is made up of what cells

A

osteoprogenitor

112
Q

–bone development, growth, maturation

A

OSTEOGENESIS or HISTOGENESIS OF BONE

113
Q

OSTEOGENESIS or HISTOGENESIS OF BONE involves

A

a. osteoblast formation
b. mineral deposition
c. bone remodelling at resoprtion sites

114
Q

formed at diaphysis

-site of increase bone diameter

A

*Primary ossification center –

115
Q

located at epiphysis

-site of longitudinal bone growth

A

*Secondary ossification center –

116
Q

– occurs in mesenchymal membrane

-condensation of mesenchymal cells leads to differentiation into osteoblasts to form primary bone tissue

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
117
Q

-forms flat bones

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
118
Q

-also contributes to the growth of short bones and thickening of long bones

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
119
Q

-presence of hyaline cartilage (shape resembles a small bone)

A

Intracartilaginous /Endochondral ossification

120
Q

-forms short and long bones

A

Intracartilaginous /Endochondral ossification

121
Q

-allows functional stresses to be sustained during skeletal growth

A

Intracartilaginous /Endochondral ossification

122
Q

region where bony shaft is separated from bony epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate –

123
Q

5 zones of osteogenesis

A
  1. Zone of reserve cartilage – resting zone
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of maturation and of hypetrophy
  4. Zone of cartilage degeneration (Calcified cartilage)
  5. Osteogenic (ossification) zone
124
Q

red fluid tissue that circulates through CVS, propelled by the pumping action of heart

125
Q

relative volume of cells (45%) and plasma (55%)

A

Hematocrit

126
Q

– upper part, WBC + platelets

A

Buffy coat

127
Q

– method that displays diff cell types of peripheral blood to greatest advantage

A

Blood smear

128
Q

– circulating, anucleated cells

  • stain pink or salmon with eosin
  • about 7.4 um
  • size reference
  • -devoid of organelles and nucleus
129
Q

–smallest and lightest

-tiny irregular masses of basophilic cytoplasm

130
Q

-derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

131
Q

-form clumps

132
Q

granules of platelets

A

-granules: alpha, beta, lambda

133
Q

-function: blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

134
Q

– leukocytes with numerous granules & lobulated/segmented nucleus

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

135
Q

– fine violet/lilac/pink granules

A
  1. Neutrophil
136
Q

-3-5 lobes joined by nuclear strands

A
  1. Neutrophil
137
Q

-increase in number during bacterial infections

A
  1. Neutrophil
138
Q

-active phagocyte

A
  1. Neutrophil
139
Q

-heterochromatin (periphery of nucleus) & euchromatin (center of nucleus)

A

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

140
Q

-less lobes, ______ mature

141
Q

– large, coarse, bright red-orange granules

A

Eosinophils

142
Q

-bilobed nucleus but small, 3rd lobe may be present

A

Eosinophils

143
Q

-release arylsulfatase & histaminases at sites of allergic rxn

A

Eosinophils

144
Q

phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes

A

Eosinophils

145
Q

1st line of defense against parasite infection

A

Eosinophils

146
Q

increase in number during allergic rxns and parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

147
Q

– not as numerous, rarest

  • vary in size
  • stain dark blue
  • obscured nucleus
  • heterochromatin (periphery of nucleus) & euchromatin (center of nucleus)
  • activated: release histamines and leukotrienes that produce inflammatory response
148
Q
  • few or no granules in cytoplasm
A

Mononuclear agranulocytes

149
Q
  1. – main functional cells of lymphatic/immune system
A

Lymphocytes

150
Q

-show more variations in size

A

Lymphocytes

151
Q

-ribosomes: basis for slight basophilia

A

Lymphocytes

152
Q
  • small: intensely staining, slightly indented, spherical nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm
  • medium: more abundant cytoplasm, larger nucleus, less heterochromatic
A

Lymphocytes

153
Q

– long life span

-involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

154
Q

– variable life spans

  • production of antibodies
  • humoral immunity
A

B lymphocytes

155
Q

– immune surveillance

156
Q

–largest of all WBC

157
Q

-many fine, small, dense azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

158
Q

-leaves BV during inflammation and transforms into tissue macrophage

159
Q

agranulocyte which participates in phagocytosis

160
Q

-basophilic cytoplasm

161
Q

-stains lightly than lymphocytes

162
Q

-nucleus shape: round, oval, indented, horseshoe

163
Q

Proteins found in 3 fibers

A

Collagen
Elastin
Fibrillin

164
Q

Soluble fiber in blood

A

Fibrinogen

165
Q

Insoluble fiber in blood

166
Q

Unclotted blood

167
Q

Clotted blood

168
Q

WBC with spongy nucleus and brainlike convolutions

169
Q

Type of WBC
Vacuole may be present
Light gray cytoplasm

170
Q

Formed element that is refractile

A

Platelets/thrombocytes

171
Q

Forms the bulk of CT

172
Q

Where cells and fibers are suspended

173
Q

A fixed cell which produces GS and fibers

A

Fibroblast

174
Q

Layer of CT that encloses glands

175
Q

What does eosinophil release at sites of allergic rxn

A

Arylsulfatases and histaminasrs

176
Q

What does basophil release when activated?

A

Histamines and leukotrienes

177
Q

In lymphocytes, these are the basis for slight basophilia

178
Q

Contain granules called lysosomes

179
Q

-concentrates Ag and presents it to lymphocytes

dHA 2nd year - Botanical medicine (57 decks)

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