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dHA 2nd year - Botanical medicine > excretory system > Flashcards

excretory system Flashcards

1
Q

– medial side

  • where renal artery and nerve enter kidney
  • where renal vein, ureter, lymphatic vessels exit kidney
  • opens into the renal sinus
A

hilum

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2
Q

contains blood vessels

-part of the system for collecting urine and adipose tissue

A

renal sinus

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3
Q

– cone-shaped

-tip project toward the center

A

Renal Pyramids

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4
Q

surrounds tip of renal pyramid

-calyces join to form renal pelvis

A

Calyx –

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5
Q

functional unit of each kidney

-approx. 1.3 M for each kidney

A

nephron

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6
Q

enlarged end of nephron, double-walled chamber

A

bowman’s capsul

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7
Q

tuft of capillaries (ball of yarn)

A

glomerulus

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8
Q

carry fluid from cortex through medulla

A

Collecting ducts –

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9
Q

– (15%) have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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10
Q

(85%) loops of Henle do not extend deep into the medulla

A

Cortical nephrons –

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11
Q

parts of filtration membrane

A

 Endothelium of glomerular capillaries
 Podocytes
 Basement membrane

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12
Q

Structures consisting of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

 Proximal convoluted tubules
 Thick segments of Loop of Henle
 Collecting ducts

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13
Q

consists of microvilli and mitochondria that actively transport ion & molecules across the wall of nephron

A

Simple Cuboidal epithelium –

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14
Q

Structures consisting of Simple Squamous

A

 Thin segments of the descending and ascending loop of henle

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15
Q

– formed when the distal convoluted tubule come in contact with afferent arteriole
-certain cells secrete renin

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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16
Q

movement of water, ions and small molecules through filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule

A

A.FILTRATION –

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17
Q

portion of plasma entering the nephron

-formation depends on filtration pressure (pressure gradient)

A

Filtrate -

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18
Q

– blood pressure in the glomerular capillary

A

Glomerular capillary pressure

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19
Q

– pressure of the filtrate already inside Bowman

A

Capsular Pressure

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20
Q

– pressure within glomerular capillary
-Because most plasma proteins do not pass the filtration membrane, they produce an osmotic pressure that favors fluid movement into the glomerular capillary from Bowman’s capsule

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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21
Q

– allows small solutes and water to readily pass but not blood cells and most proteins except for albumin
-thus filtrate contains no cells and little protein (albumin)

A

Filtration membrane

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22
Q

– movement of substances from filtrate across nephron wall back into the blood of peritubular capillaries

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

23
Q

active transport of solutes across nephron walls into the filtrate
-can either be active or passive

A

C. TUBULAR SECRETION –

24
Q

– secreted by cells of juxtaglomerular apparatuses in kidneys

  • acts on angiotensinogen to convert it into angiotensin I
  • angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
A

renin

25
Q

– acts on the adrenal cortex, causing it to secrete aldosterone

A

angiotensin II

26
Q

– increases rate of active transport of Na in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

A

Aldosterone

27
Q

– secreted by posterior pituitary gland

  • passes through circulatory system to the kidneys
  • regulates amount of water reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
  • release is regulated by hypothalamus
  • also influenced by baroreceptors (monitor BP) ↓BP, ↑ADH secretion
A

ADH

28
Q

– secreted from cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium of the heart

A

C. ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE

29
Q

– small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of kidney to posterior inferior portion of urinary bladder
-transitional epithelium

A

Ureters

30
Q

hollow, muscular container in the pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphysis
-stores urine, thus its size depends on the quantity of urine present

A

ub

31
Q

– tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside of the body

  • extends to the end of penis in males
  • female urethra: shorter and opens into the vestibule
A

Urethra

32
Q

– triangle-shaped portion of the urinarybladder located between the opening of the ureters and opening of urethra

A

Trigone

33
Q

contracts to keep semen from entering the UB during sexual intercourse

A

Internal urinary sphincter –

34
Q

– made of skeletal muscle that surrounds urethra as the urethra extends through the pelvic floor

  • under voluntary control
  • normally contracted as a result of stimulation somatic nervous system
A

External urinary sphincter

35
Q

activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall

  • ↑urine volume in UB, ↑pressure, baroreceptors stimulated, AP conducted along parasympathetic nerves, UB contracts
  • an automatic reflex, but could be inhibited or stimulated by higher brain centers
A

MICTURITION REFLEX-

36
Q

– includes fluid inside all cells of the body

  • enclosed by cell membranes of individual cells
  • composition of fluid in all compartment and regulation of fluid movement are similar
  • hold 2/3 of all the water in the body
A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

37
Q 
– all the fluid outside the cells
•	Interstitial fluid
•	Plasma within BV
•	Fluid in lymphatic vessels
-has 1/3 of the total body water
A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

38
Q

– contain fluid with composition different from other extracellular fluid

A

Subcompartments

39
Q

fluid in subcompartments

A
  • Aqueous humor
  • Vitreous humor
  • CSF
  • Synovial fluid
  • Serous fluid
  • Fluid secreted by glands
  • Renal filtrate
  • Bladder urine
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Plasma within BV
  • Fluid in lymphatic vessels
40
Q

compartment with ↑conc of ions such as K, Mg, PO4, SO4

  • lower conc of Na, Ca, Cl, HCO3
  • more protein than ECF
A

intracellular

41
Q

– major influence controlling the movement of water between intra and extracellular space

A

Osmosis

42
Q

*Total amount of water and ions in the body long termdoes not change unless individual is

A

growing, gaining or losing weight

43
Q

– the thirst center, controls water intake

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

Body fluid ph:

A

7.35 – 7.45

45
Q

chemicals that resist change in the ph of a solution when either acids or bases are added to the solution

A

buffer

46
Q
  • Proteins
  • PO43- buffer system
  • HCO3- buffer system
A

3 Major Buffers in Body Fluids:

47
Q

powerful regulator of ph, but it responds more slowly than does the respiratory system
-cells in the walls of DCT are primarily responsible for H+ secretion

A

KIDNEYS-

48
Q

occurs when blood ph falls below 7.35

A

ACIDOSIS –

49
Q

– when respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory acidosis

50
Q

excess production of acidic substances such as lactic acid and ketone bodies
-caused by increased metabolism or decreased ability or urine to eliminate H in the urine

A

• Metabolic acidosis –

51
Q

– occurs when blood ph increases above 7.45

  • major effect: hyperexcitability of nervous system
  • spasms and tetanic contractions, extreme nervousness, convulsions
A

ALKALOSIS

52
Q

alkalosis resulting from hyperventilation

A

respiratory alkalosis

53
Q

alkalosis caused by rapid elimination of H from body (during severe vomiting or excess aldosterone secretion)

A

• Metabolic alkalosis –

dHA 2nd year - Botanical medicine (57 decks)

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