respi - phyanalec

Question 1

1. Ventilation /Breathing – movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 in lungs and blood
3. Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
4. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

Answer 1

4 processes of respiration

Question 2

-process of moving air into and out of the lungs

Answer 2

VENTILATION OR BREATHING

Question 3

Two Phases VENTILATION OR BREATHING

Answer 3

1. Inspiration- movement of air into the lungs, inhalation

2. Expiration – movement of air out of the lungs, exhalation

Question 4

Muscles of Inspiration)

Answer 4

– diaphragm & muscles that innervate ribs and sternum (external intercostals

Question 5

– large dome of skeletal muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

Answer 5

• Diaphragm

Question 6

depress ribs and sternum (ex. Internal intercostals)

Answer 6

Muscles of Expiration –

Question 7

type of breathing
– all inspiratory muscles are active
-muscles contract more forcefully → greater increase in thoracic volume → faster and greater decrease in thoracic volume

Answer 7

labored

Question 8

Principles governing Airflow

Answer 8

1. ↑Pressure, ↑Volume
2. Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
   Greater the pressure difference, greater rate of airflow

Question 9

phase

– alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

Answer 9

end of expi

Question 10

phase
– contraction of muscles of inspiration, ↑thoracic volume, ↑lung expansion, ↑alveolar volume, AVP < ATP, air enters alveoli

Answer 10

during inspi

Question 11

phase
– thorax and alveoli stop expanding
- AVP = ATP, airflow stops

Answer 11

end of inspi

Question 12

phase

↓ thoracic volume, ↓ alveolar volume, AVP > ATP, air leaves alveoli

Answer 12

4. During Expiration -

Question 13

-tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size

Answer 13

LUNG RECOIL

Question 14

causes of LUNG RECOIL

Answer 14

elastic tissue

surface tension

Question 15

– exists because oppositely charged ends of water molecules are attracted to each other
-as water molecules pull together, they pull on alveolar walls, causing alveoli to recoil and become smaller

Answer 15

surface tension

Question 16

FACTORS THAT KEEP THE LUNGS FROM COLLAPSING

Answer 16

surfactant pleural pressure

Question 17

mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of alveolar epithelium
-its molecules form a single layer on the surface of the thin fluid layer lining the alveoli, reducing surface tension

Answer 17

1. Surfactant –

Question 18

– pressure in the pleural cavity

• alveoli expands when PP < AVP
• decreasing pleural pressure expands the alveoli
• increasing alveolar pressure expands alveoli
• pleural pressure is lower than alveolar pressure because of suction effect

Answer 18

2. Pleural Pressure

Question 19

caused by fluid removal by lymphatic system and by lung recoil

• as lungs recoil, the visceral and parietal pleurae tend to be pulled apart
• this pull decreases pressure in the pleural cavity

Answer 19

SUCTION EFFECT –

Question 20

process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of respiratory systems

Answer 20

SPIROMETRY

Question 21

– measures of amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation

Answer 21

Respiratory volumes

Question 22

sums of 2 or more respiratory volumes

Answer 22

Respiratory capacities –

Question 23

– rate at which lung volume changes during direct measurement of vital capacity

Answer 23

FORCED EXPIRATORY VITAL CAPACITY

Question 24

major area of gas exchange

Answer 24

Alveoli –

Question 25

volume of areas of respiratory passageways where gas exchange does not occur (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

Answer 25

Anatomical dead space –

Question 26

FACTORS influencing gas exhange

Answer 26

surface area
partial pressure
respiratory membrane thickness

Question 27

pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases such as air

Answer 27

3. PARTIAL PRESSURE –

Question 28

collapse of lungs

Answer 28

pneumothorax

Question 29

– hemoglobin with oxygen bound to its heme groups

Answer 29

Oxyhemoglobin

Question 30

Normal rate of breathing

•

Answer 30

Adults: 12 – 20 breaths/min

• Children: 20 – 40 breaths/min

Question 31

determined by number of times respiratory muscles are stimulated

Answer 31

Rate of breathing –

Question 32

Medullary Respiratory Center – generates the basic pattern of spontaneous, rhythmic breathing

Answer 32

Medullary Respiratory Center –

Question 33

• longitudinal column of cells bilaterally in the dorsal part of medulla oblongata
• stimulating contraction of diaphragm

Answer 33

• Dorsal respiratory groups (2)

Question 34

• longitudinal column of cells bilaterally in the ventral part of medulla oblongata
• stimulating external/internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Answer 34

• Ventral respiratory groups (2)

Question 35

part of ventral group, establish the basic rhythm of breathing

Answer 35

 Pre- Botzinger complex –

Question 36

– collection of neurons in the pons

• has connection with Medullary Respiratory Center
• plays a role in switching between inspiration and expiration

Answer 36

Pontine Respiratory Group

Question 37

supports rhythmic respiratory movements by limiting extent of inspiration

Answer 37

Hering-Breuer reflex –

Question 38

increase in CO2 level, results in a powerful urge to breather

Answer 38

Hypercapnia

Question 39

decrease in O2, aortic and carotid bodies strongly stimulated

Answer 39

Hypoxia –

Question 40

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON BREATHING

Answer 40

1. Rapid increase

2. Gradual increase

Question 41

highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood ph

Answer 41

Anaerobic threshold –

Question 42

GENERATION OF RHYTHMIC BREATHING

• neurons in MRC are constantly active
• MRC receives much stimulation from different sources
• stimulation can come from parts of brain concerned with respiratory movements

Answer 42

1. STARTING INSPIRATION

Question 43

GENERATION OF RHYTHMIC BREATHING

• once inspiration begins, more and more neurons are activated
• result: progressively stronger stimulation of respiratory muscles, lasts for 2 s

Answer 43

2. INCREASING INSPIRATION

Question 44

GENERATION OF RHYTHMIC BREATHING

• neurons for stimulating are also the neurons for stopping
• lasts for 3 s

Answer 44

3. STOPPING INSPIRATION