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dHA 2nd year - Botanical medicine > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

– saclike structure containing the testes

  • divided into left and right internal compartments by an incomplete CT septum
  • external composition: skin
  • internal composition: dartos muscle (layer of smooth muscle) and layer of loose CT
A

A. SCROTUM

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2
Q

male gonads

  • oval organs about 4-5 cm long within scrotum
  • outer part: thick, white CT capsule
  • extensions of capsule divide testes into 250 cone-shaped lobules which contain seminiferous tubules
A

B. TESTES –

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3
Q

– where sperm cells develop

A

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

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4
Q

– endocrine cells in the delicate CT surrounding seminiferous tubules
-secrete testosterone

A

INTERSTITIAL OR LEYDIG CELLS

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5
Q

– large, extend from periphery to the lumen of seminiferous tubules
-nourish germ cells and produce a number of hormones

A

SUSTENTACULAR OR SERTOLI CELLS

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6
Q

formation of sperm cells

A

SPERMATOGENESIS –

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7
Q

most peripheral germ cells, divide through mitosis

A

Spermatogonia –

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8
Q

– divide by meiosis and become sperm cells

  • contains 46 chromosomes
  • passes through Meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocyte
A

Primary spermatocytes

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9
Q

– undergoes Meiosis II to produce 2 smaller cells or spermatids each having 23 chromosomes

A

Secondary spermatocyte

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10
Q

undergo structural changes after the Meiosis II to become sperm cells
-much cytoplasm are eliminated

A

Spermatids –

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11
Q

contains enzymes released during the process of fertilization
-enzymes are necessary for the sperm cell to penetrate the oocyte or egg cells

A

Acrosome –

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12
Q

developing—- are located around lumen of seminiferous tubules

  • heads directed toward sustentacular cells
  • tails directed toward lumen
A

Sperm cells –

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13
Q

– comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of testis

  • SC continue to mature here
  • SC develop capacity to swim and ability to bind to the oocyte
  • SC taken directly from testes are not capable of fertilizing oocytes
A

EPIDIDYMIS

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14
Q

–final changes in SC, occur after ejaculation of semen into vagina prior to fertilization

A

CAPACITATION

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15
Q

about 45 cm long, emerges from epididymis and ascends along the posterior side of the testis to become associated with BV and nerves (spermatic cord)

  • extends through abdominal wall by way of inguinal canal
  • ampulla of the—— enlargement just before reaching the porstate gland
  • wall contains smooth muscle which contracts in peristaltic waves to propel sperm cells from the epididymis through the ——-
A
  1. Ductus Deferens or Vas Deferens –
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16
Q

PARTS OF SPERMATIC CORD

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Testicular artery and veins and nerves
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • 2 CT sheaths
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17
Q

– sac shaped gland near the ampulla of the ductus deferens

  • glands consisting of many saclike structures located next to the ampulla of ductus deferens
  • each about 5 cm long
A

SEMINAL VESICLE

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18
Q

have both glandular and muscular tissue

  • surrounds urethra and 2 ejaculatory ducts
  • cells lining partition secrete prostatic fluid
  • 10 -20 short ducts carry fluid to prostatic urethra
A

• Prostate Gland –

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19
Q

– pair of small mucus secreting glands near base of penis

  • pea sized, decrease with age
  • single duct from each gland enters urethra
A

• Bulbourethral or Cowper gland

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20
Q

– formed by the ducts from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of vas deferens at the prostate gland
-each extends into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra within the prostate gland

A

EJACULATORY DUCT

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21
Q

– extends from UB to distal end of penis

  • passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids but they do not exit at the same time
  • while MRF are passing through urethra, sympathetic reflex causes internal urinary sphincter to contract, keeping semen from passing into urinary bladder, preventing urine from entering urethra
A

URETHRA

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22
Q

male organ of copulation,

  • functions in the transfer of sperm cells from M to F
  • contains 3 columns of erectile tissue
  • shaft: loosely attached to CT
  • skin is firmly attached at the base of the glans penis, and a thinner layer of skin covers glans penis (prepuce)
A

penis

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23
Q

2 columns of erectile tissue that form the dorsal side of penis

A

Corpora cavernosa –

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24
Q

third smaller column forming the ventral

A

Corpus spongiosum –

25
Q

• – covers glans penis

A

Prepuce or foreskin

26
Q

– mixture of sperm cells and secretions from male reproductive glands

  • 60% seminal vesicles, prostate gland 30%, 5% testes, 5% bulbourethral gland
  • normal semen volume: 2-5 ml with 100 M sperm cells
A

semen

27
Q

• Mucous secretion which lubricates urethra, help neutralize contents of normally acidic urethra, provide small amount of lubrication during intercourse, help reduce acidity of vagina

A

Secretions of bulbourethral and mucuous glands

28
Q

• Sperm cells + small amount of fluid

A

Testicular secretions

29
Q
  • Thick mucuslike
  • Contains sugar fructose
  • Contains nutrients to nourish sperm cells
  • Contains proteins that weakly coagulate after ejaculation and enzymes
  • Prostaglandins –
A

Seminal Vesicle secretions

30
Q

high conc. in seminal vesicle secretions, cause contractions of female reproductive tract to help transport sperm through tract

A

Prostaglandins –

31
Q
  • Thin and milky and alkaline
  • Help neutralize acidic urethra, testes secretions, seminal vesicles and vagina
  • Have proteolytic enzymes – break down coagulated proteins of seminal vesicles, make semen more liquid
  • Alkalinity is important for normal sperm cell function
A

prostate gland secretions

32
Q

o Optimal sperm cells need ph of

A

6.0-6.5

33
Q

mechanism for development of reproductive structures, 2nd sex characterisitcs, spermatogenesis, some aspects of intercourse

A

hormonal

34
Q

mechanism for control of sexual act, expression of sexual behavior

A

Neural

35
Q

surgical removal of prepuce, for hygienic purposes too

A

Circumcision –

36
Q

causes cells in anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH

A

GnRH –

37
Q

binds to Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

A

LH –

38
Q

binds to Sertoli cells to promote sperm cell development

-increases inhibin secretion

A

FSH –

39
Q

*For GnRH to stimulate LH and FSH release, pituitary gland must be exposed to a

A

series of brief increases and decreases in GnRH.

40
Q

sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult

A

puberty

41
Q

major male hormone secreted by testes

  • influences reproductive organs and nonreproductive structures
  • causes enlargement of and differentiation of male genitals and reproductive duct system
  • necessary for spermatogenesis and development of male secondary sex characteristics
  • maintains adult structures after puberty
A

TESTOSTERONE-

42
Q

structural and behavioral changes other than in reproductive organs
-develop at puberty, distinguish M from F

A

Secondary sex characteristics –

43
Q

o hair distribution & growth
o fat distribution
o skeletal muscle growth
o changes in larynx

A

Secondary sex characteristics –

44
Q

required for normal sexual behavior

  • enters certain cells w/in brain to influence functions
  • blood levels remain relatively constant from puberty until age 40
A

Testosterone –

45
Q

– series of reflexes that result in penis erection, mucus secretion into urethra, emission and ejaculation

A

MALE SEX ACT

46
Q

movement of sperm, mucus, seminal vesicle and prostatic secretions into the 3 parts of urethra

A

Emission

47
Q

forceful expulsion of secretions that have accumulated in urethra to exterior

A

Ejaculation –

48
Q

intense sensation interpreted as pleasurable, closely related with ejaculation (but are separate functions and do not always occur simultaneously)

A

Orgasm or climax –

49
Q

occurs after ejaculation

  • penis becomes flaccid
  • overall feeling of satisfaction
  • inability to achieve erection and 2nd ejaculation
A

o Resolution –

50
Q

ejaculation while sleeping

-common in young males, associated with dreaming

A

o Nocturnal Emission –

51
Q

1st major component of male sex act

  • parasym AP cause arteries of the erectile tissues to dilate
  • blood fills sinusoids (small venous sinuses), compresses veins, reduces blood flow to penis
  • ↑ blood pressure cause erectile tissue to become inflated and rigid
A

ERECTION –

52
Q

impotence, failure to achieve erection

A

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED) –

53
Q

Causes of ED

A

o Reduced testosterone secretion

o Defective stimulation of erectile tissue

54
Q

stimulated by sympathetic AP that originate in lumbar region of spinal cord
-accumulation of semen in urethra

A

EMISSION –

55
Q

before it, vas deferens begin to contract rhythmically, propelling sperm cells and testicular fluids from epididymis through vas deferens

  • result from contractions of smooth muscle in urethra wall and skeletal muscles surrounding penis base
  • forcing semen out of urethra
  • increased muscle tension
A

EJACULATION –

56
Q

– reduced or diminished infertility

A

INFERTILITY

57
Q

CAUSES OF INFERTILITY

A

:
o Low sperm cell count (belowe 20 M sc per ml)
o Abnormal sperm cell structure
o Reduced sperm cell motility (caused by presence of antibodies)

58
Q

collection of several ejaculation, concentration of sperm cells, insertion into the female RT

A

Artificial Insemination –

dHA 2nd year - Botanical medicine (57 decks)

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