endocrine system

Question 1

allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities
-most are produced by a specific collection of cells or gland

Answer 1

chemical messenger

Question 2

organ consisting of epithelial cells that specialized in secretion

Answer 2

gland

Question 3

controlled release of chemicals from a cell

Answer 3

secretion

Question 4

– secreted in a local area

-stimulates the cell that originally secreted it

Answer 4

autocrine

Question 5

act locally on nearby cells

-secreted by one cell type in ECF and affect surrounding cells

Answer 5

paracrine

Question 6

– secreted by neurons

• activate an adjacent cell, whether neuron, muscle cell or glandular cell
• secreted into synaptic cleft
• can be considered paracrine agents

Answer 6

neurotransmitters

Question 7

– secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells

-affect cells distant from source

Answer 7

endocrine

Question 8

composed of – endocrine glands + endocrine cells (throughout the body)

Answer 8

endocrine system

Question 9

– chemical messengers secreted into bloodstream, not into a duct

Answer 9

hormones

Question 10

types of hormones
– nonpolar
-steroid, thyroid, fatty acid derivative (e.g. eicosanoids)

Answer 10

Lipid-soluble hormones

Question 11

type of hormone
– polar
-protein, peptide, most amino acid derivative

Answer 11

water soluble hormones

Question 12

• Circulate as free hormones (dissolve directly into blood and delivered to target tissue w/o attaching to binding proteins) because they can dissolve in blood

Answer 12

water soluble hormones

Question 13

• Tend to diffuse from the walls of the capillaries more slowly (because they are big)

Answer 13

water soluble hormones

Question 14

• Capillaries regulated by these hormones are usually fenestrated or very porous

Answer 14

water soluble hormones particularly protein

Question 15

type of hormone that • Have short half-lives

Answer 15

water soluble

Question 16

• Travel in the bloodstream attached to binding proteins (because they are small and low solubility in aqueous fluids, this prevents them from being degraded or eliminated)

Answer 16

lipid soluble hormones

Question 17

hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

tropic hormones

Question 18

type of control of hormonal release
• These hormones are sensitive to blood levels of a particular substance
occurs when there are bloodborne molecules that can directly stimulate the release of some hormones

Answer 18

Humoral stimuli

Question 19

type of control of hormonal release

occurs when neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone

Answer 19

control by neural stimuli

Question 20

– hormones that are secreted by neurons directly into the blood when they are stimulated

Answer 20

neuropeptides

Question 21

– neuropeptides that stimulate hormone secretion from other endocrine cells
-usually for hormones from hypothalamus

Answer 21

releasing hormones

Question 22

occurs when a hormone is secreted and in turn stimulates the secretion of other hormones

Answer 22

control by hormonal stimuli

Question 23

type of regulation of hormones
– regulates most hormones
-hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point and there is adequate hormone to activate the target cell (self-limiting system)

Answer 23

negative feedback

Question 24

type of regulation of hormones
some hormones, when stimulated by a tropic hormone, promote the synthesis and secretion of the tropic hormone in addition to stimulating their target cell (self-propagation system)

Answer 24

positive feedback

Question 25

proteins where hormones bind to exert their actions

Answer 25

receptors

Question 26

portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds

Answer 26

receptor site

Question 27

tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor

Answer 27

specificity

Question 28

class of receptor
 where lipid soluble hormones bind (because they are small and can diffuse into the plasma membrane)
-found in cell nucleus or in the cytoplasm (but move to nucleus when activated)
-hormone-receptor complex interacts with DNA in the nucleus or w/ cellular enzymes to regulate the transcription of particular genes in the target tissue

Answer 28

nuclear

Question 29

class of receptor
where water soluble hormones bind (because they are big and cannot diffuse into PM)
-proteins that extend across the plasma membrane’s outer surface
-hormone-receptor complex initiates a response inside the cell

Answer 29

membrane-bound

Question 30

MBR activate responses in 2 ways:

Answer 30

1. Altering the activity of G proteins at the inner surface of PM
2. Directly altering the activity of intracellular enzymes

Question 31

chemical produced inside a cell once a hormone or another chemical messenger binds to certain MBR, which then activates specific cellular processes

• some are second messengers
• second-messenger system

Answer 31

intracellular mediator

Question 32

happens wheneach receptor produces thousands of second messengers
-a single hormone activates many second messengers, each of which activates enzymes that produce an enormous amout of final product

Answer 32

signal amplification