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First Aid Sections > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Methemoglobin

A 
oxidized form (Fe3+), doesn't bind O2 as well
increased affinity for cyanide
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2
Q

Nitrate poisoning

A

oxidize to Fe3+

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3
Q

cyanide poisoning

A

use nitrates to oxidize hemoglobin to methemglobinemia and bind cyanide
allows cytochrome oxidase to function
thiosulfate to bind cyanide and renal excrete

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4
Q

carboxyhemoglobin

A

Hg bound to O2, left shift

decreased oxygen unloading

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5
Q

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension gene

A

BMPR2 gene

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6
Q

fat emboli

A

long bone fratures

liposuction

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7
Q

alveolar hyperventilation

A

hypocapnia

paCO2= BMR/alv vent

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8
Q

Tb med that requires acidic environment

A

pyrazinamide

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9
Q

N-acetylcysteine mechanism in CF treatment

A

reduces intermolecular disulfide bridges

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10
Q

histo of true vocal cords

A

stratified squamous

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11
Q

mycolic acids

A

long, branched, saturated Fatty acids

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12
Q

PE (changes in O2, etc)

A

hypoxemia
hyperventilation
resp alkalosis

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13
Q

CO poisoning (O2 values)

A

Normal Po2 (dissolved O2)
decreased O2 saturation
decreased O2 content

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14
Q

Anemia (O2 values)

A

Normal PO2
Normal O2 sat
decreased O2 content

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15
Q

Polycythemia (O2 values)

A

Normal Po2
Normal O2 sat
increased O2 content

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16
Q

P02

A

dissolved oxygen

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17
Q

percent saturation of O2

A

O2 per gram of Hb

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18
Q

O2 content

A

dissolved + O2 attached to Hb

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19
Q

diaphragm perforation at T8

A

IVC

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20
Q

diaphragm perforation at T10

A

esophagus, vagus nerve

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21
Q

diaphragm perforation at T12

A

aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein

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22
Q

V/Q of Zero

A

airway obstruction

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23
Q

V/Q of infinity

A

blood flow obstruction

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24
Q

Response to High Altitude

A 
increase ventilation
increased EPO
increased BPG
increased mitochondria
increased renal excretion of bicarb
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25
Q

hypertrophy of mucous glands

A

bronchitis

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26
Q

increased elastase

A

emphysema

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27
Q

anthracosis location

A

coal mine

upper lobes

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28
Q

silicosis location

A

sandblasting, mines

upper lobes

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29
Q

asbestosis location

A

lower lobes

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30
Q

tracheal dviation towards side of lesions

A

atelectasis, spontaneous pneumo

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31
Q

tracheal deviation AWAY from side of lesion

A

tension pneumothorax

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32
Q

L-myc

A

small cell carcinoma of lung

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33
Q

Kluchitsky cells

A

small, dark blue cells

small cell carcinoma of lung

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34
Q

keratin pearls and intracellular bridges

A

squamous cell carcinoma of lung

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35
Q

psammomma bodies

A

mesothelioma

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36
Q

theophylline

A

inhibits phosphodiesterase and causes bronchodilation

blocks adenosine

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37
Q

montelukast, zileuton

A

anti-leukotrienes

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38
Q

zileuton

A

5 lipooxygenase inhibitor

inhibts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes

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39
Q

guaifenesin

A

thins resp secretions

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40
Q

bosentan

A

treats pulmonary arterial hypertension
comp antagnst of endothelin-1 receptor
decreases PVR

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41
Q

dextromethorphan

A

anti-tissuive, antagnoizes NMDA glutamate receptors

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42
Q

dextromethorphan overdose

A

naloxone

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43
Q

pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine

A

alpha-agonists

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44
Q

Potter Syndrome

A

pulmonary hypoplasia
limb deformities
oligohydroaminos/renal agenesis

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45
Q

CF

A

high sweat chloride concentrations
more negative nasoepithelial surface
increased sodium absorption

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46
Q

theophyelline side effects

A

seizures

tachyarrythmias

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47
Q

neutrophil chemotaxis caused by

A

leukotriene B4

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48
Q

peak of exercise, you have

A

CO2 content in mixed venous blood

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49
Q

increased ESR due to which cytokines

A

TNF alpha
IL-1
IL-6

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50
Q

Flucytosine

A

targets fungal DNA and RNA synthesis

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51
Q

Capsofungin

A

targets fungal cell wall

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52
Q

Amph B

A

binds ergosterol

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53
Q

Nystatin

A

binds ergosterol

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54
Q

Azoles

A

inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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55
Q

Central Receptors

A

medulla

monitor Co2, PH

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56
Q

Peripheral Receptors

A

carotid and aortic bodies

monitor, O2 (and CO2 and pH)

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57
Q

carotid body sends signals via

A

glossopharyngeal n

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58
Q

aortic body sends signals via

A

vagus nerve

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59
Q

chronic COPD and supplemental O2

A

only hypoxia stimulates resp center

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60
Q

particles 10-15

A

UR trapping

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61
Q

particles 2.5-10

A

mucociliary transport

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62
Q

particles <2

A

macrophages/phagocytosis

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63
Q

low PVR

A

FRC

64
Q

high PVR

A

TLC

RV

65
Q

airway resistance highest in

A

medium sized bronchi (due to turbulent airflow)

66
Q

bronchiole epithelium

A

pseudostratified to simple colmnar

lose cilia in alveoli

67
Q

CFTR -type of protein

A

ATP gated

68
Q

PO2

A

inspired - 160
trachea - 150
alveolar - 104
venous - 40

69
Q

Pco2

A

trachea - 0
alevolar - 40
venous - 45

70
Q

tb drug activated by catalse-peroxidase

A

isoniazid

71
Q

stages of pneumonia

A

congestions, red hep, grey hep, resolution

72
Q

intraalveloar wall destruction

A

emphysema

73
Q

lung abscess

A

release of lysosomal enzymes

74
Q

Reid index

A

chronic bronchitis

thickness of mucous gland/bronchial wall

75
Q

lung - hyperacute injury

A

blood vessel spasm

76
Q

lung - acute injury

A

vascular damage

77
Q

lung - chronic rejection

A

small airways/bronchiolitis obliterans

78
Q

increased work of breathing

A

pulmonary fibrosis

79
Q

relative polycythemia

A

excessive diuretics, dehydration

80
Q

primary vs secondary polycythemia

A

1 - low EPO

2 - high EPO

81
Q

tryptase released from

A

mast cells

82
Q

long term outcomes of COPD

A

low PO2, high PCO2 –> cerebral vasodilation (decrease in cerebral vascular resistance)

83
Q

hamartoma

A

benign lung tumor

hyaline cartilage, fat, smooth muscl

84
Q

popcorn calcifications

A

hamartoma

85
Q

neonatal O2 supplementation consequences

A

retinal damage (upregulated VEGF)

86
Q

cough reflex

A

internal laryngeal nerve

87
Q

gag reflex

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

88
Q

adenocarcinoma of lung

A

peripheral

89
Q

large cell carcinoma of lun

A

peripheral

galactorrhea, gynecomastia

90
Q

vagal stimulation of lungs

A

M3/Ach receptors
increase smooth muscle constriction
increase mucous secretions
(increase work of breathing)

91
Q

hypoxemia - normal A-a gradient

A

high altitude

hypoventilation

92
Q

hypoxemia - increase A-a gradient

A

V/Q mismatch
diffusion limitation
RtoL shunt

93
Q

rifampin

A

inhibits DNA dependent RNA synthesis

red urine

94
Q

birefringent particles

A

silica

95
Q

cromolyn

A

inhibits mast cell cegradation

96
Q

toxo prophylaxis

A

tmp-smx

97
Q

mac prophylasis

A

azithromycin

98
Q

histo prophylaxis

A

itraconazole

99
Q

Ethambutol mofa

A

inhibits arabinosyl transferase

carbohydrate polymerzation in cell wall synthesis of myocbacteria

100
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

A

cycles of hyperventilation and apnea
cardiac - chf
neuro - tumor, TBI, stroke

101
Q

primary PAH

A

increase endothelin
decrease NO and prostacyclin
vascular smooth muscle proliferation

102
Q

other causes of PAH

A

LHF
chronic hypoxia (sleep apnea, COPD)
chronic TE
HIV

103
Q

bronchioalveolar carcinoma

A

tall, columnar cells that secrete mucosa

104
Q

eosinophilia and cytokine association

A

IL-5

105
Q

increased ca in

A

TB
Sarcoid
HL
NHL

106
Q

sqaumous metaplasia in pancreatic ducts

A

vit a def

107
Q

rifampin monotherapy

A

menigococcal exposure

108
Q

green sputum color

A

myeloperoxidase (heme)

109
Q

isoniazid mofa

A

inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

110
Q

inotropes

A

increase CONTRACTILITY

increase ca current

111
Q

chronotropes

A

increase SA NODE firing rate (increase HR)

increase Na and Ca

112
Q

dronotropes

A

increase conduction velocity thru AV NODE

increase Ca current

113
Q

Clara cells

A

produce part of surfactant, site of p450 stuff

114
Q

S viridans treatment

A

penicillin

115
Q

Norcardia

A

GP+, weakly acid fast

lung and brain abscesses

116
Q

thiazide diuretics - urine

A

Na-cl

117
Q

Loop diuretics - urine

A

Na, Cl K and Ca

loops lose Ca

118
Q

toxins that increase cAMP

A

pertussis

vibrio

119
Q

largest effect on LDL

A

HMG-CoA Reductase

120
Q

largest effect on triglycerides

A

fibrates

121
Q

largest effect on increasing HDL

A

niacin

122
Q

Niacin mofa

A

inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue

123
Q

niacin ae

A

red face
hyperglycemia (acanthois nigrans)
hyperuricemia

124
Q

bile acid resins

A

prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile

can have cholesterol gallstones

125
Q

cholesterol gallstones from which meds

A

bile acid resins

fibrates

126
Q

ezetimbie

A

prevents cholesterol reabsorption

increase LFTs

127
Q

fibrates mofa

A

upregulate LPL

myositis, hepatotoxicty, cholesterol gallstones

128
Q

Hmg Coa reducatse AE

A

hepatotoxicity

rhabdomyolysis

129
Q

ARDS caused by a virus

A

hantavirus, association with rodents

130
Q

vaginal bacteria

A

lactobailli (faculative anaerobes)

131
Q

medial rotator of arm

A

subscapularis

132
Q

preeclampsia at 20 weeks is suggestive of

A

molar pregnancy

133
Q

BRCA1 and 2 located on which chromosome

A

17

13

134
Q

medical abortion, mifepristone often co adminstered with

A

oxytocin-like drug

135
Q

direct acting sympathomimetics

A

less receptor binding in CNS

136
Q

treatment for carcinoid tumors

A

ocretide

137
Q

carcinoid tumors originate in

A

liver

138
Q

Salmeterol

A

LA B2 agonist

139
Q

Albuterol

A

SA B2 agonist

140
Q

peaked T wavers

A

hyperkalemia

141
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

birds

142
Q

stimulate lipoprotein lipase by activation of PPAR-alpha protein

A

fibrates

143
Q

young patient, CHF symptoms, especially after URI

A

coxsackie B

144
Q

degeneration of anterior horns and corticospinal tracts

A

ALS

145
Q

degeneration of anterior horns

A

polio

146
Q

degeneration of anterior white commisure

A

syringomyelia

147
Q

degerneration of posterior columns and corticospinal tracts

A

pernicious anemia

148
Q

degeneration of posterior columns

A

syphilis

149
Q

mittelschmerz

A

ovulation pain

150
Q

estradiol

A

ovaries

151
Q

estrone

A

adipocytes

152
Q

androstenedione

A

adrenal cortex

153
Q

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

A

PID, perihepatitis

154
Q

dilated airways

A

bronchiectasis

155
Q

2nd line after statins for cholesterol

A

cholestyramine (binds bile acids)

156
Q

Mobitz type II heart block caused by defect in

A

his-purkinje system

First Aid Sections (25 decks)

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