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Endo (Path/Ques/First Aid) Flashcards

1
Q

death in acromegaly

A

cardiac failure

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2
Q

treatment of prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonists: bromocriptine, cabergoline

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3
Q

drugs that cause DI

A

lithium

demeclocycline

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4
Q

SIADH treatment

A

free water restriction or demeclocycline

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5
Q

DI treatment

A

desmopressin

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6
Q

drugs that cause SIADH

A

cyclophosphamide

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7
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst

A

anterior neck mass

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8
Q

lingual thyroid

A

base of tongue mass

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9
Q

hyperthyroid increased BMR

A

increased synthesis of NaK ATPase

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10
Q

hyperthyroid increased SNS activity

A

increased expression of B1 adrenergic receptors

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11
Q

cause of exophthalmos

A

fibroblasts behind orbit express the TSH receptor

results in glycosaminoglycan buildup

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12
Q

scalloped colloid

A

Graves Disease

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13
Q

Graves Disease Treatment

A

B blockers
thioamide
radioiodine ablation

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14
Q

thyroid storm

A

due to elevated catecholamines

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15
Q

thyroid storm treatment

A

PTU, B blockers, Steroids

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16
Q

PTU mofa

A

inhibits peroxidase-mediated oxidation, organification and coupling
peripheral conversion of t4 to t3

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17
Q

multinodular goiter

A

due to relative iodine def

usually nontoxic

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18
Q

hashimoto path findings

A

chronic inflamm with germinal centers, Hurthle cells

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19
Q

hashimoto complications

A

increased risk for B cell marginal zone lymphoma

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20
Q

subacute granulomatous/de quervain thyroiditis

A

after viral infection
tender thyroid
transient hyperthyroidism

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21
Q

reidel fibrosing thyroiditis

A

hard non tender thyroid

fibrosis can involve local structures (airway)

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22
Q

increased uptake of I

A

graves dz

nodular goiter

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23
Q

decreased uptake of I

A

adenoma, carcinoma

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24
Q

follicular adenoma of thyroid

A

surrounded by fibrous capsule

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25
anaplastic carcinoma
undifferentiated, elderly | invades local structures -- dysphagia/resp compromise
26
PTH functions
increase bone osteoclasts (release Ca and Phos) increase small bowel absorption of C and P by Activating Vitamin D increases renal calcium reabsorption (DT) decreased phosphate reabsorption (PT)
27
Paratyhroid cells
chief cells - PTH
28
primary hyperparathyroidism causes
adenoma > hyperplasia > carcinoma
29
osteitis fibrosa cystica
reabsorption of bone leading to fibrosis and cystic spaces | hyperparathyroidism
30
weird hyperparathyroidism stuff
acute pancreatitis
31
hyperparathyroidism labs
increased PTH, ca decreased phosphate increased urinary cAMP increased ALKPHOS
32
PTH receptor
Gs (adenylate cyclase)
33
cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure (decreased phosphate excretion)
34
secondary hyperparathyroidism labs
increased PTH decreased ca, increased phosphate increased alkphos
35
pseudohypoparathyroidism
AD, short stature | defective Gs protein
36
DMT1 HLA
DR 3 and 4
37
amyloid deposition in pancreas islets
T2DM
38
T2DM nonenzymatic glycosylation of basement membranes: large and medium sized vessels
atherosclerosis: - cv disease - non traumatic amputations
39
NEG of small vessels
hyaline arteriosclerosis - glumerulosclerosis - efferent arterioles (Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules)
40
NEG of hemoglobin
increase HbA1c
41
aldose reductase
glucose to sorbitol
42
glucose freely enters
Schwann cells | pericytes of retinal BVs
43
somatostatinomas
achlorhydria (inhib of gastrin) | choleithiasis with steatorrhea (inhibition of CCK)
44
VIPomas
watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria
45
abdominal striae
impaired synthesis of collagen
46
high dose dexamethasone
suppress ACTH production by pituitary adenoma (but not ectopic)
47
Hyperaldosteronism labs
hypernatremia hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis
48
Primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma high aldosterone low renin
49
Seconary hyperaldosteronism
activate RAS high aldosterone and renin FMD, atherosclerosis
50
salt wasting/loss of aldosterone
hyponatremia hyperkalemia hypovolemia
51
causes of adrenal insufficiency
``` autoimmune TB metastatic carcinoma (lung cancer) ```
52
diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
increased serum metanephrine | inscreased urine metanephrines and vanillylmadelic acid
53
heavily methylated DNA
low transcription activity
54
hCG stimulates
LH surger
55
LH
testosterone from leydig sells
56
FSH
release of inhibin from sertoli cells
57
inhibin suppresses
FSH
58
testosterone inhibits
LH, GnRH
59
gestational DM treatment
insulin
60
Glucocorticoids
increase neutrophils | decrease lymphocytes
61
treatment of severe hypoglycemia
IM glucagon
62
chromaffin cells activated by
Ach
63
pretreatment for iodine ablation
perchlorate
64
5' deiodinase
t4 --> t3
65
5 alpha reductase
testosterone --> DHT in peripheral tissues
66
CVD risk factors
atherosclerotic dz, CKD, DM
67
TZD specific mechanism
bind to PPAR gamma | increase adiponectin to decrease insulin resistance
68
proinsulin
C peptide and insulin
69
med for radioactive material exposure
potassium iodide
70
21 hydroxylase rxn
(prog) --> (11deoxy)
71
teratomas
increased HCG
72
best test for hypothyroidism
TSH
73
estrogen relationship to thyroid
increases T4
74
potassium shift in diabetic ketoacidosis
shift out | increase extracellular, decrease intracellular
75
GnRH treats
infertility
76
necrolytic migratory erythema
glucagonoma
77
propanol mofa in hyperthyroidism
decreases t4-t3 conversion
78
long acting insulin
NPH, glargine, determir
79
postprandial short acting insulin
lispro, aspart, glisine, regular
80
tamoxifen SE
endometrial hyperplasia
81
risperidone SE
hyperprolactinoma
82
subacute thyroiditis histo
mixed cellular infiltrate | multinuclear giant cells
83
T1DM path
luekocyte infiltrate
84
leuprolide for infertility
increases then decreases T and DHT
85
Beta blockers for hypoglycemia
inhibit Epi and NE medidated rxns/symptoms
86
neuroblastoma
adrenal medulla tumor in children
87
adrenal drainage
left adrenal -- left renal vein -- IVC | right adrenal -- IVC
88
dopamine inhibits
prolactin
89
somatostatin inhibits
GH, TSH
90
prolactin inhibits
GnRH
91
dopamine antagonists
stimulate prolactin secretion | antipsychotics and OCPs
92
21 hydroxylase dysfunction
decreased mc decreased cortisol increased sex steroids
93
17 alpha hydroxylase dysfunction
increased mc decreased cortisol decreased sex steroids
94
11B hydroxylase dysfunction
decreased aldosterone, increased 11 deoxy decreased cortisol increased sex steroids
95
receptor associated tyrosine kinases
prolactin immunomodulartors GH
96
elevated homovanillic acid (HVA)
neuroblastoma
97
carcinoid
high 5-HT 5-HIAA in urine niacin def
98
carcinoid treatment
octreotide
99
demeclocycline
ADH antagonist
100
condyloma acuminatum
HPV 6 or 11
101
lymphogranuloma venerum
chlamydia trachomatis | perianal involvement
102
Squamous cell carcinoma of penis risk factors
HPV | lack of circumsicion
103
bowen disease
shaft, scrotum | leukoplakia
104
erythroplasia of Queyrat
glans
105
Bowenoid papulosis
reddish papules
106
cryptochordism complications
testicular atrophy with infertility | increased risk for seminoma
107
Orchitis in young aduls
chlamydia neisseria mumps
108
orchitis in older adults
e coli | pseudomonas
109
testicular torsion
congenital failure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum via processus vaginalis
110
Varicocele
dilation of spermatic cord bag of worms left sided associated with left sided RCC
111
hydrocele
fluid collection within tunica vaginalis incomplete closure of processus vaginalis transilluminates
112
prostate adenocarcinoma risk factors
african americans | diets high in saturated fats
113
location of prostate adenocarcinoma
posterior periphery
114
prostate adenocarcinoma spreading to bone - labs
increased alk phosph | increased PAP
115
treatment for prostate adenocarcinoma
prostatectomy leuprolide (supress LH and FSH) flutamide
116
flutamide
competitive inhibitor of androgen receptor
117
cause of BPH
DHT acts on androgen receptor --> hyperplastic nodules
118
histo for prostate adenocarcinoma
prominent/dark nucleoli
119
testicular germ cell tumor risk factors
15-40 cryptochordism klinefelter syndrome
120
seminoma
good prognosis large cells with clear cytoplasm homogenous BHCg
121
embryonal carcinoma
immature primitive cells may produce glands hemorragic mass with necrosis AFP or BhCG
122
yolk sac tumor
children schiller duval bodies AFP elevated
123
choricarcinoma
tumor trophoblasts B hcg hyperthyroidism/gynecomastia
124
terotoma
malignant in famles | AFP or Bhcg
125
sertoli cell tumor
tubules | silent
126
lymphoma of testicles
>60 | diffuse large B cell type
127
vulva histo
sqaumous epithelium
128
lichen sclerosis
``` thining of epidermis, fibrosis of dermis leukoplakia paper-like postmenopausal women benign, slight risk of SCC ```
129
lichen simplex chronicus
hyperplasia luekoplakia, thick skin chronic irritation benign, no risk
130
vulvar carcinoma
Squamous, leukoplakia | HPV or Non HPV
131
non HPV vulvar carcinoma
from long standing lichen sclerosis | >70 years
132
extramammary paget disease
malightant epithelial cells in epidermis of vulva | CIS
133
paget cells
PAS+, Keratin + | S100-
134
melanoma
PAS-, keratin - | S100+
135
vagina histo
non-keratinizaing squamous epithelium
136
adenosis
persistance of columar epitherlium in vagina | DES
137
upper 2/3 of vagina
``` mullerian ducts (originally columnar epithelium) drains to regional iliac nodes ```
138
lower 2/3 of vagina
``` urogential sinus (squamous epithelium) drains to inguinal nodes ```
139
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagaina
DES associated vaginal adenosis
140
Emrbyonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
maligant immature skeletal muscle bleeding, grape like mass <5 yrs
141
rhabdomyoblast stain
desmin and myogenin
142
vaginal carcinoma
SCC, high risk HPV, VAIN
143
exocervix
nonkeratinizing squamous
144
endocervix
single layer of columnar cells
145
HPV
DNA virus
146
E7
knocks out Rb
147
E6
knocks out p53
148
CIN I
<1/3
149
CIN II
<2/3
150
CIN III
151
Cervical Carcinoma
middle aged women, 40-50 | squamous > adenocarcinoma
152
cervical carcinoma risk factors
HPV | smoking, immunodef
153
invasive cervical carcinoma
hydronephrosis with postrenal failure
154
proliferative phase of uterus
estrogen driven | growth of endometrium
155
secretory phase of uterus
progesterone driven | preparation for implantation
156
menstrual phase of uterus
loss of progesteron e--> shedding
157
asherman syndrome
secondary amenorrhea from excess d and c
158
anovulatory cycle
proliferative phase without secretory phase
159
acute endometriosis
retained products of conception
160
chronic endometriosis
lymphocytes and plasma cells | retained products of conception, PID, TB, IUD
161
tamoxifen
anti-e on breast weak pro-e on endometrium polyps!
162
endometriosis increases risk for
carcinoma at side
163
endometrial hyperplasia
hyperplasia of glands unopposed estrogen cellular atypia increaes progression
164
endometrial carcinoma
prolif of glands | hyperplasia vs sporadic pathway
165
endometrial carcinoma - hyperplasia pathway
estrogen exposure 60 years endometrioid histo
166
endometrial carcinoma - sporadic pathway
70 years serous papillary psammoma bodies p53
167
leiomyoma
benign, multiple, e exposure, | well-defined white whorled masses
168
leiomyosarcoma
postmenopausal women | single lesion - necrosis and hemorrhage
169
follicleq
oocyte granulosa theca cells
170
theca cells
LH, androgens
171
granulosa cells
FSH | androgen to estradiol
172
estradiol surger
LH surge --> ovulation
173
corpus luteum
produces progesteron
174
follicular cysts
no significance
175
PCOD
``` increased LH (lots of andorgens) androgen --> estrone, inhibits FSH increased risk for endometrial carcinoma ```
176
BRCA1 mutation
increased risk for serous carcinoma of ovary and fallopian tube
177
endometroid tumor
malignant | arise from endometriosis
178
brenner tumors
bladder-like epithelium | usually benign
179
CA-125
serum marker for treatment/recurrence of surface epithelial tumors
180
cystic teratoma - female
``` fetal tissue (skin, hair, bone etc) benign (unless SCC or neural immature tissue) ```
181
struma ovarii
teratoma composed of thyroid tissue
182
dysgerminoma - female
large cells with clear cytoplasma malignant elevated LDH responds to radiotherapy/good prognosis
183
schiller duval bodies
gluomerous like structures
184
Choriocarcinoma - female
hemorrhagic tumor high beta-hcg may lead to thecal cysts poor response to chemo
185
embryonal carcinoma - female
malignant large primitive cells early metastasis
186
krukenberg tumor
metastatic mucinous tumor both ovaries due to metastatic gastric carcinoma
187
pseudomyoxma peritonei
mucinous tumor of appendix
188
ectopic pregnancy risk factors
scarring
189
teratogens - first two weeks
sponatneous abortion
190
teratogens weeks 3-8
risk of organ malformation
191
teratogens months 3-9
organ hypoplasia
192
SIDS risk factors
sleeping on stomach exposure to cig smoke prematurily
193
phenytoin
digit hypoplasia and cleft palate
194
thalidomide
limb defects
195
partial mole
69 chromosomes | fetal tissue
196
complete mole
46 chromosomes no fetal tissue hydropic villi risk of choriocarcinoma
197
sertoli cells - embryo
MIF -- involute female stuff
198
test in males and development
test - male intenal gen (wolf duct) | dht - male extern gen (UGS/GT)
199
shortened vaginal canal
mullerian agenesis
200
para-aortic nodes
testses
201
deep inguinal nodes
glans penis, superficial nodes
202
superficial inguinal nodeds
scrotum
203
oocyte arrested at
prophase 1 | metaphase ii
204
ovary histo
simple cuboidal
205
fallopian tube histo
simple columnar
206
B-hcg detected
6-11 d after ovulation
207
nondisjunction occurs during
meiosis 1

First Aid Sections (25 decks)

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