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Neuro! Flashcards

1
Q

neutral tube defects

A

increases AFP, AChE

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2
Q

syringomyelia

A

bilateral loss of pain and temp in upper extremities

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3
Q

cells that originate from neural crest

A

PNS neurons

Schwann cells

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4
Q

GFAP

A

astrocyte marker

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5
Q

NE location

A

locus ceruleus

increased in anxiety, decrease in depression

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6
Q

Dopamine location

A

ventral tegmentum and SNc
increased in schizpophrenia
decreases in Parkinsons, depression

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7
Q

5HT

A

raphe nucleus

decreased in anxiety and depression

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8
Q

AcH

A

basal nucleus of meynert
decreases in alzheimers, huntingtons
increase in REM sleep

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9
Q

GABA

A

nucleus accumbens

decreases in anxiety, depression

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10
Q

resting tremor

A

parkinson’s

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11
Q

essential tremer

A

exacerabted by holding posture/limb position

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12
Q

intention tremor

A

cerebellar dysfunction

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13
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

thiamine/B1 def

confusion, ataxia, ophthalomoplegia

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14
Q

Broca’s area

A

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

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15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

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16
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

comprehends, but can’t understand when they talk

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17
Q

Wernicke’s

A

fluent aphaisa, impaired comprehension

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18
Q

dorsal column

A

pressure
vibration
fine touch
proprioception

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19
Q

anterior spinothalmic tract

A

crude touch, pressure

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20
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain, temp

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21
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

descending voluntary mvmt of CL limbs

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22
Q

biceps reflex

A

C5

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23
Q

triceps reflex

A

C7

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24
Q

patella reflex

A

L4

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25
Q

achilles reflex

A

S1

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26
Q

Optic Canal

A

CN II
opthalmic artery
central retinal vein

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27
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI

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28
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A

CN V2

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29
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

CN V3

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30
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

middle mengingial artery

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31
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

CN VII, VIII

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32
Q

jugular foramen

A

CN IX, X, XI

juglar vein

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33
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

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34
Q

cavernous sinus

A

CN III, IV
V1, V2
VI

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35
Q

mastication muscles - close jaw

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

V3

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36
Q

mastication muscles - lower jaw

A

lateral pterygoid

V3

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37
Q

lateral rectus

A

VI

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38
Q

superior oblique

A

IV

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39
Q

miosis

A

constrction
parasympathetic
edinger-westphal nucleus, short ciliary nerves to pupillary sphincter muscles

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40
Q

mydriasis

A

dilation, sympathetic
superior cervical ganglion
long ciliary nerves
pupillary dilator muscles

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41
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

bilateral pupillary constriction

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42
Q

Krabbe’s disease

A

AR
def of galactocerebrosidase
destroys myelin sheath

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43
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

calcified cystic mass

cholesterol crystals

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44
Q

common origin of craniopharyngioma

A

pituitary gland

ectoderm

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45
Q

early onset Alzheimer’s genes

A 
APP (ch21)
presenilin 1 (Ch 14)
presenilin 2 (Ch 1)
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46
Q

Late onset Alzheimer’s genes

A

E4 allele of apolipoprotein E

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47
Q

ApoE2

A

protective for Alzheimer’s disease

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48
Q

Alzheimer’s disease treatments

A

1) enhance cholinergic neurotransmission
2) antioxidants/neuroprotective
3) NMDA receptor antagonism

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49
Q

Alzheimer’s NT

A

decreased ACH

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50
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

AD, intracellular
abnormally phosphorylated tau protein
correlate with degree of dementia

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51
Q

alpha tocopheral

A

vitamin E

neuroprotective for AD

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52
Q

memantine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

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53
Q

blood brain barrier

A

tight junctions (nonfenestrated)
basement membrane
astrocyte foot processes

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54
Q

MCA

A

contralateral paralysis of upper limb and face

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55
Q

ACA

A

contralateral paralysis of lower limb

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56
Q

crescent shaped

A

subdural hematoma

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57
Q

subdural hematoma: vasospasm

A

due to blood breakdown

treat with CCB (nimodipine)

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58
Q

degernation of posterior columns, spinocerebellar tracts + lateral corticospinal tracts

A

vit b12 or vit E def

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59
Q

vitamin E def (degeneration of posterior + spinocerebellar tracts) similar to

A

Friedrich’s ataxia

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60
Q

neuro cytoplasmia eosinophilia

A

glial hyperplasia

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61
Q

CN V lesion

A

jaw towards side of lesion

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62
Q

CN X lesion

A

uvula deviates away

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63
Q

CN XI lesion

A

weakness turning head to CL side of lesion

shoulder droop on side of lesion

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64
Q

CN XII lesion

A

tongue deviates towards side of lesion

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65
Q

Schwannoma

A

spindle cells

S100 positive

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66
Q

Germinoma

A

pineal gland tumor

  • precocious pubery
  • obstructive hydrocephalus
  • parniaud syndrome
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67
Q

parinaud syndrome

A

paralysis of upward gaze and convergance

due to germinoma

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68
Q

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

A

due to advanced age

recurrent hemorrhagic stroke

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69
Q

morphine mofA at spinal cord level

A

G protein, increase K efflux

hyperpolarize the cell, terminate pain transmission

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70
Q

treatment for trigeminal neuralgia

A

carbamazepine

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71
Q

treatment for refractory partial seizures

A

tigabine, vigabatrin, gabapnetin

topiramate

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72
Q

topiramate mofa

A

blocks Na channels

increase GABA

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73
Q

benzodiazepines

A

-zepam

increase GABAa

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74
Q

acute opiod withdrawal in neonates

A

opium solution

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75
Q

Steven Johnson syndromes drugs

A

carbamazepine
ethosuximide
lamotrigine
phenytoin

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76
Q

lamotrigine AE

A

steven johnson

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77
Q

carbamazepine AE

A

SIADH (hyponatremia)

hepatic dysfunction

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78
Q

valproic acid AE

A

acute hepatic failure
pancreatitis
teratogen

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79
Q

felbamate

A

aplastic anemia, hepatic failure

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80
Q

phenytoin

A

ataxia
hepatic dysfunction
gingivial hyperplasia

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81
Q

topiramate

A

metabolic acidosis
glaucoma
weight loss
kidney stones

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82
Q

levetiracetam

A

sedation, irriability

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83
Q

zolpidem (ambien)

A

short acting, binds GABAa receptor

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84
Q

zolpidem reverasal

A

flumazenil

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85
Q

gardner’s mydriasis

A

belladonna alkoids – anticholin

treat with physotigimine

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86
Q

atropine overdose

A

physostigmine

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87
Q

NTD mechanism

A

failure of neurospores to close

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88
Q

NF-1 Specifics

A

1) cafe au lait spots
2) neurofibromas
3) lisch nodules (iris)
4) pheochromocytomas

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89
Q

Friedreich Ataxia Symptoms

A

1) ataxia
2) kyphoscholiosis
3) foot abnormalities
4) DM
5) HCM

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90
Q

intracranial schwanomas location

A

cerebellopontine angle

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91
Q

Timolol

A

(beta blocker), use for glaucoma

decrease aqueous humor production

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92
Q

where does aqueous humor production occur

A

ciliary epithelium

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93
Q

to decrease aqueous humor synthesis

A

alpha agonist
beta blocker
acetazolamide

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94
Q

benzos increase frequency of

A

cloride channel openings

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95
Q

contract diaphragm

A

intrapleural pressure falls

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96
Q

progressively weaker contractions of diaphragm

A

mysasthenia gravis

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97
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circardian rhythm

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98
Q

CSF flow

A

lateral –> 3rd –> 4 th –> subarachnoid space

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99
Q

lateral –> 3rd ventricle

A

interventricular foramen of Monro

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100
Q

3rd ventricle –> 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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101
Q

4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space

A

foramen of luschka (lateral)

foramen of magendie (medial)

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102
Q

hydrocephalus exvacu

A

appearance of increase CSF because atrophy

Alzheimers, HIV, Pick’s

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103
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

A

increased subarachnoid space but no increase in pressure
urinary incontinence
ataxia
cognitive dysfucntion

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104
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

decrease CSF absorption

increase ICP

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105
Q

non communicating hydrocephalus

A

structural blockage of CSF

106
Q

Pick’s disease

A

tau protein aggregates

frontal cortex atrophy

107
Q

spongiform cortex (transformation of gray matter)

108
Q

transtentorial herniation (uncal)

A

medial temporal lobe thru gap between crus cerebri and tentorium

109
Q

uncal herniation - symptoms

A

paralysis of CN III
homonymous hemaniopia with macular sparing
ipsilateral hemiparesis
brainstem hemorrhage = death

110
Q

subfalcine herniation

A

cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri

compress ACA

111
Q

tonsillar herniation

A

thru foramen magnum

compress medulla

112
Q

linezolid

113
Q

drugs that can cause serotonin syndrome

A

linezolid
tramadol
ondansteron
triptans

114
Q

phenelzine

115
Q

washout period after MAOI cessation

A

allow synthesis of MAO to resume

116
Q

treatment of drug induced parkinsons

A

antimuscarinics

benzotropine, trihexyphenidyl

117
Q

micturition reflex

A

parasym s2-4
pontine center
cerebral cortex

118
Q

drugs that can increase lithium levels

A

hctz
acei
nsaids

119
Q

tuberoinfundibular pathway

A

connects hypothalamus and pituitary

prolactin/dopamine

120
Q

n. meningitis prophylaxis

121
Q

ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy

A

wedge shaped areas, esp at watershed regions

122
Q

primary CNS lymphomas

A

think EBV, AIDs

123
Q

side effect of phenytoin

A

genearlized LAD

124
Q

what not to take with levodopa therapy

A

B6, increases metabolism

125
Q

ischemic neurons release

A

lysosomal enzymes

126
Q

narcolepsy treatment

127
Q

nacrolepsy mofa

A

low levels of orexin/hypocretin

128
Q

primidone

A

metabolized to phenobarbital

129
Q

diphenyldramine SE

A

anti-cholinergic SE

130
Q

trazodone AE

131
Q

head of radius

A

radial nerve

132
Q

lesion to optic nerve

A

anopia of one eye

133
Q

lesion to optic chiasma

A

bitemporal hemianopia

134
Q

lesion to optic tract

A

CL homonymous hemianopia

135
Q

temporal lesion (MCA)

A

CL upper quandrantic anopia

136
Q

parietal lesion (MCA)

A

CL lower quandrantic anopia)

137
Q

PCA infarct

A

CL hemianopia with macular sparing

138
Q

central scotoma

A

macular degeneration

139
Q

blood in lateral ventricles

A

germinal matrix hemorrhage

140
Q

POMC produces

A

ACTH
MSH
B-endorphins

141
Q

Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysms

A 
HTN, hyaline artersclerosis
small vessels (basal ganglia, thalamus)
sudden onset focal deficits
142
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

intracerebral bleeding

due to HTN, anticoagulation, cancer

143
Q

ischemic stroke

A

atherosclerotic emboli

144
Q

Conus Medullaris Syndrome

A 
flaccid paralysis of bladder and rectum
saddle anesthesia (S3-S5)
145
Q

Cauda Equina Syndrome

A

low back pain, radiates to legs

bladder and bowel dysfunction (S3-S5)

146
Q

Simple Partial Seizure Rx

A

carbamazepine

147
Q

Complex Partial Seizure Rx

A

carbamazepine

148
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizure Rx

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproate

149
Q

Myoclonic Seizure Rx

A

Valproic Acid

150
Q

Absence Seizure Rx

A

Ethosuximide

2 - valproate

151
Q

450 INDUCERS

A

carbamazepine
griseofulvin
phenobarbital, phenytoin
rifampin

152
Q

450 INHIBTORS

A

Azoles, Cimetidine, Ciprofloxain
Erythomycin, Grapefruit Juice
Isoniazid
Ritonavir

153
Q

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

A

lung, breast, ovary
uterus
lymphoma

154
Q

cerebellar dgen from lung cancer

A

anti P/Q

anti Hu

155
Q

cerebellar degen from breast and ovarian cancer

156
Q

Alzheimer’s atrophy of

A

hippocampus

temporopariteal lobes

157
Q

hemiballism

A

flinging mvmts of arm

due to CL subthalamic nuclei

158
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

Wilson’s dz

globus pallidus + putamen

159
Q

internal capusle

A

lacunar infarcts

pure motor or sensory deficits

160
Q

thalamus insult

A

bruning or stabbing pain in 1/2 of body

161
Q

Anterior pituitary origin

A

surface ectoderm

162
Q

meningiomas arise from

A

archnoid villi

163
Q

meningiomas associated with what histo feature

A

psassoma bodies

164
Q

meningiomas often compress

A

parasagital cortex

CL spastic leg paralysis

165
Q

ALS - loss of neurons in

A

anterior horn

lateral corticospinal tracts

166
Q

hemaglutinin

A

paramyoxviruses (measles!)

167
Q

Axonal Rxn

A

cerebellar edema
cell body rounding
peripheral displacement of nucleus
Nissl substance to peripehry

168
Q

Cholinergic Agonists - effects

A

N/V abd cramps
decrease HR, hypotension
Increase NO: sweating, salivating
decrease intraocular pressure

169
Q

Cholinergic Agonists - examples

A

Bethanechol

Carbachol, pilocarpine (glaucoma treatment!)

170
Q

what sensory pathway reaches cortex without using thalamus as relay station?

171
Q

B2 agonist - use in ob/gyn

A

uterine relaxation, can prevent preterm labor
ritodrine
terbutaline

172
Q

double vision when looking down

173
Q

serotonin precursor

A

tryptophan

174
Q

GABA precursor

A

glutamic acid

175
Q

short acting Benzo’s

A

addictive
triazolam
oxazepam
midazolam

176
Q

what binds GABA receptor

A

benzos
barb
ETOH

177
Q

Anesthetics - decrease solubility in blood

A

rapid induction and recovery

178
Q

Anesthetics - increase potentcy

A

lower MAC

increase solubility in lipids

179
Q

DA Agonists - Ergot

A

bromocriptine

pergolide

180
Q

DA Agonist - Nonergot

A

pramipexole

ropinirole

181
Q

drugs that increase DA

A

amantadine

L-dopa/cardipoa

182
Q

prevent DA breakdown

A 
selegiline (MAO type B inhibitor)
COMT inhibitors (entacapone)
183
Q

curb excess cholinergic activity in parkinson’s

A

bentropine (antimuscarinic)

184
Q

entacapone

A

prevents DA breakdown/COMT inhibitor

increase amount of levodopa entering brain

185
Q

Triptan MofA

A

5HT 1B/D agonist

post synaptic serotonin receptor blockade

186
Q

typical antipsychotics

A

block D2 receptors, increase cAMP

187
Q

high potency typical antipsychotics

A

Trifluoperazine
Fluphenazine
Haloperidal
extrapyramidal symptoms

188
Q

low potency typical antipsychotics

A

Chlorpromazine

Thioridazine

189
Q

Venlafazine

A

SNRI
inhibit SE and NE reuptake
can induce mania

190
Q

SNRI

A

venlafazine + duloxetine

191
Q

Buproprion

A

increase NE and DA

seizures esp with high doses + EDs

192
Q

treatment for serotonin syndrome

A

serotonin receptor antagonist

cyproheptadine

193
Q

Status eptileptic treatment

A

1) IV benzo
2) phenytoin
3) phenobarbital
4) intubate and put in come

194
Q

Phenytoin MofA

A

decreases Na current

195
Q

polyhydroaminos

A

anencephaly

gi obstruction

196
Q

wernickes - which symptom may persist

A

memory loss

197
Q

MS symptom exacerabtor

A

heat

decreases axonal transmission

198
Q

left optic nerve lesion

A

light on left eye: no change

light on right eye: both constrict

199
Q

mu

A

euphoria
physical dependence
decrease GI motility
resp and card depression

200
Q

kappa

201
Q

delta

A

anti-depression

202
Q

nalaxone

A

greatest effect on mu receptor

203
Q

myotonic dystrophy

204
Q

duchenne - physical characteristics

A

frontal balding
catarcts
gonadal atrophy

205
Q

carbamazepine mofa

A

blocks Na channels

206
Q

methadone for addiction

A

long half life

207
Q

synaptophysin stain

A

neuronal origin

208
Q

fainting mediated by

A

vagus nerve

209
Q

Neurloptic Malignant syndrome

A

fever, muscle rigidity

haloperidol

210
Q

edrophonium test

A

symptom improve – up meds

no change - too much medication

211
Q

blotchy red fibers on gomori trichrome stain

A

mitochondrial myopathy

212
Q

NF tumors oirigins

A

neural crest

213
Q

blood/gas partition coeff

A

decreased – poor solubility, also fast rise in partial pressure

214
Q

clozapine

A

acts on D4

agraulocytosis

215
Q

syringomyelia destroys

A

ventral white commisure and ventral horns

216
Q

psych drug that causes hypothyroidism

217
Q

organophophate poisoning – excess

A

cholinergic stmulation

218
Q

treatment of organophosphate poisoning

A

atropine

still risk for muscle paralysis

219
Q

symptoms of organophosphoate posionin

A

diarrhea, diaphoresis, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, salviation

220
Q

tb - type of hydrocephalus

A

communication

221
Q

fexofenadine

A

2nd generation antihistamine

222
Q

12-28 hrs after T/E

A

red neurons

223
Q

24-72 hrs after T/E

A

neutrophilic infiltrate

necrosis

224
Q

3-5 days after T/E

A

macrophage

225
Q

1-2 weeks after T/E

A

reactive gliosis
vascular proliferation
liquefactive necrosis

226
Q

1 month after T/E

227
Q

ethoxasumide mofa

A

decreases calcium current

228
Q

Botulinium toxin binds to

A

Ach containing synaptic vesicles

229
Q

pentazocine

A

can precipitate withdrawal of opiates

partial agonist/antagonist at mu receptor

230
Q

inhaled anesthetics

A

increases cerebral blood flow

231
Q

cocaine

A

inhibits presynaptic reuptake of NE, DA, serotonin

232
Q

fragile x syndrome mutation

A

causes hypermethylation of FMR1gene and deactivates it

233
Q

vomitting control center

A

CTZ, medulla

234
Q

thalamic syndrome

A

CL sensory loss

235
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

brain ischemic injury

236
Q

amitriptyline se

A

anticholinergic SE

urinary retention

237
Q

akathsia

A

restlessness

antipsychotics AE

238
Q

cardopa/levadopa AE

A

anxiety, agitation

239
Q

satiety center

A

VM nucleus of thalamus

240
Q

barbituate metabolism

A

redistrubution to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

241
Q

MAOI therapy for

A

mood reactivity
leaden fatigue
rejection sensitivity
increased sleep and appetite

242
Q

UMN

A

hyperflexia, babinski, muscle paralysis

243
Q

LMN

A

muscle atrophy, fasciulations, hyporeflexia

244
Q

TCA related death

A

due to Na channel inhibit

hypotension, arrhythmia, conduction defects

245
Q

HSV-1 encephalitis

A

temporal lobe

246
Q

pliocystic astrocytoma

A

hair-like glial processes
spindle cells
microcysts

247
Q

halothane

A

causes neuroleptic malignatn syndrome

due to intracellular ca release in skeletal muscle

248
Q

insulin and sympathetics

A

alpha adrenergic – decrease/inhibit insulin

beta adrenergics - increase insulin

249
Q

phenoxybenzamine

A

alpha blocker

250
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

thioridazine

251
Q

hiccups

A

phrenic nerve

252
Q

hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis

253
Q

Type II Arnold Chiari Malformations

A

macrocepahly/hydrocephalus/enlargement of vnetricles

muscle hypertonicity

254
Q

chlorpromazine SE

A

corneal deposits

255
Q

ziprasidone SE

A

prolong QT

256
Q

olanzapone SE

A

weight gain

257
Q

carbemazepine SE

A

bone marrow suppression

258
Q

halothane SE

259
Q

CN III palsy in DM, HTN

A

ischemic neuropathy, sympathetic fibers only

260
Q

first area to be damaged with cerebral ischemia

A

hippocampus

261
Q

length constant

A

how far along an axon an electrical impulse can propagate

decrease in MS

First Aid Sections (25 decks)

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