Neuro! Flashcards
1
Q
neutral tube defects
A
increases AFP, AChE
2
Q
syringomyelia
A
bilateral loss of pain and temp in upper extremities
3
Q
cells that originate from neural crest
A
PNS neurons
Schwann cells
4
Q
GFAP
A
astrocyte marker
5
Q
NE location
A
locus ceruleus
increased in anxiety, decrease in depression
6
Q
Dopamine location
A
ventral tegmentum and SNc
increased in schizpophrenia
decreases in Parkinsons, depression
7
Q
5HT
A
raphe nucleus
decreased in anxiety and depression
8
Q
AcH
A
basal nucleus of meynert
decreases in alzheimers, huntingtons
increase in REM sleep
9
Q
GABA
A
nucleus accumbens
decreases in anxiety, depression
10
Q
resting tremor
A
parkinson’s
11
Q
essential tremer
A
exacerabted by holding posture/limb position
12
Q
intention tremor
A
cerebellar dysfunction
13
Q
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
A
thiamine/B1 def
confusion, ataxia, ophthalomoplegia
14
Q
Broca’s area
A
inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe
15
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe
16
Q
Broca’s aphasia
A
comprehends, but can’t understand when they talk
17
Q
Wernicke’s
A
fluent aphaisa, impaired comprehension
18
Q
dorsal column
A
pressure
vibration
fine touch
proprioception
19
Q
anterior spinothalmic tract
A
crude touch, pressure
20
Q
lateral spinothalamic tract
A
pain, temp
21
Q
lateral corticospinal tract
A
descending voluntary mvmt of CL limbs
22
Q
biceps reflex
A
C5
23
Q
triceps reflex
A
C7
24
Q
patella reflex
A
L4
25
achilles reflex
S1
26
Optic Canal
CN II
opthalmic artery
central retinal vein
27
Superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, V1, VI
28
Foramen Rotundum
CN V2
29
Foramen Ovale
CN V3
30
Foramen spinosum
middle mengingial artery
31
internal auditory meatus
CN VII, VIII
32
jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI
| juglar vein
33
hypoglossal canal
CN XII
34
cavernous sinus
CN III, IV
V1, V2
VI
35
mastication muscles - close jaw
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
| V3
36
mastication muscles - lower jaw
lateral pterygoid
| V3
37
lateral rectus
VI
38
superior oblique
IV
39
miosis
constrction
parasympathetic
edinger-westphal nucleus, short ciliary nerves to pupillary sphincter muscles
40
mydriasis
dilation, sympathetic
superior cervical ganglion
long ciliary nerves
pupillary dilator muscles
41
pupillary light reflex
bilateral pupillary constriction
42
Krabbe's disease
AR
def of galactocerebrosidase
destroys myelin sheath
43
Craniopharyngioma
calcified cystic mass
| cholesterol crystals
44
common origin of craniopharyngioma
pituitary gland
| ectoderm
45
early onset Alzheimer's genes
```
APP (ch21)
presenilin 1 (Ch 14)
presenilin 2 (Ch 1)
```
46
Late onset Alzheimer's genes
E4 allele of apolipoprotein E
47
ApoE2
protective for Alzheimer's disease
48
Alzheimer's disease treatments
1) enhance cholinergic neurotransmission
2) antioxidants/neuroprotective
3) NMDA receptor antagonism
49
Alzheimer's NT
decreased ACH
50
neurofibrillary tangles
AD, intracellular
abnormally phosphorylated tau protein
correlate with degree of dementia
51
alpha tocopheral
vitamin E
| neuroprotective for AD
52
memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist
53
blood brain barrier
tight junctions (nonfenestrated)
basement membrane
astrocyte foot processes
54
MCA
contralateral paralysis of upper limb and face
55
ACA
contralateral paralysis of lower limb
56
crescent shaped
subdural hematoma
57
subdural hematoma: vasospasm
due to blood breakdown
| treat with CCB (nimodipine)
58
degernation of posterior columns, spinocerebellar tracts + lateral corticospinal tracts
vit b12 or vit E def
59
vitamin E def (degeneration of posterior + spinocerebellar tracts) similar to
Friedrich's ataxia
60
neuro cytoplasmia eosinophilia
glial hyperplasia
61
CN V lesion
jaw towards side of lesion
62
CN X lesion
uvula deviates away
63
CN XI lesion
weakness turning head to CL side of lesion
| shoulder droop on side of lesion
64
CN XII lesion
tongue deviates towards side of lesion
65
Schwannoma
spindle cells
| S100 positive
66
Germinoma
pineal gland tumor
- precocious pubery
- obstructive hydrocephalus
- parniaud syndrome
67
parinaud syndrome
paralysis of upward gaze and convergance
| due to germinoma
68
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
due to advanced age
| recurrent hemorrhagic stroke
69
morphine mofA at spinal cord level
G protein, increase K efflux
| hyperpolarize the cell, terminate pain transmission
70
treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
71
treatment for refractory partial seizures
tigabine, vigabatrin, gabapnetin
| topiramate
72
topiramate mofa
blocks Na channels
| increase GABA
73
benzodiazepines
-zepam
| increase GABAa
74
acute opiod withdrawal in neonates
opium solution
75
Steven Johnson syndromes drugs
carbamazepine
ethosuximide
lamotrigine
phenytoin
76
lamotrigine AE
steven johnson
77
carbamazepine AE
SIADH (hyponatremia)
| hepatic dysfunction
78
valproic acid AE
acute hepatic failure
pancreatitis
teratogen
79
felbamate
aplastic anemia, hepatic failure
80
phenytoin
ataxia
hepatic dysfunction
gingivial hyperplasia
81
topiramate
metabolic acidosis
glaucoma
weight loss
kidney stones
82
levetiracetam
sedation, irriability
83
zolpidem (ambien)
short acting, binds GABAa receptor
84
zolpidem reverasal
flumazenil
85
gardner's mydriasis
belladonna alkoids -- anticholin
| treat with physotigimine
86
atropine overdose
physostigmine
87
NTD mechanism
failure of neurospores to close
88
NF-1 Specifics
1) cafe au lait spots
2) neurofibromas
3) lisch nodules (iris)
4) pheochromocytomas
89
Friedreich Ataxia Symptoms
1) ataxia
2) kyphoscholiosis
3) foot abnormalities
4) DM
5) HCM
90
intracranial schwanomas location
cerebellopontine angle
91
Timolol
(beta blocker), use for glaucoma
| decrease aqueous humor production
92
where does aqueous humor production occur
ciliary epithelium
93
to decrease aqueous humor synthesis
alpha agonist
beta blocker
acetazolamide
94
benzos increase frequency of
cloride channel openings
95
contract diaphragm
intrapleural pressure falls
96
progressively weaker contractions of diaphragm
mysasthenia gravis
97
suprachiasmatic nucleus
circardian rhythm
98
CSF flow
lateral --> 3rd --> 4 th --> subarachnoid space
99
lateral --> 3rd ventricle
interventricular foramen of Monro
100
3rd ventricle --> 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
101
4th ventricle --> subarachnoid space
foramen of luschka (lateral)
| foramen of magendie (medial)
102
hydrocephalus exvacu
appearance of increase CSF because atrophy
| Alzheimers, HIV, Pick's
103
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
increased subarachnoid space but no increase in pressure
urinary incontinence
ataxia
cognitive dysfucntion
104
communicating hydrocephalus
decrease CSF absorption
| increase ICP
105
non communicating hydrocephalus
structural blockage of CSF
106
Pick's disease
tau protein aggregates
| frontal cortex atrophy
107
spongiform cortex (transformation of gray matter)
CJD
108
transtentorial herniation (uncal)
medial temporal lobe thru gap between crus cerebri and tentorium
109
uncal herniation - symptoms
paralysis of CN III
homonymous hemaniopia with macular sparing
ipsilateral hemiparesis
brainstem hemorrhage = death
110
subfalcine herniation
cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri
| compress ACA
111
tonsillar herniation
thru foramen magnum
| compress medulla
112
linezolid
weak MAOI
113
drugs that can cause serotonin syndrome
linezolid
tramadol
ondansteron
triptans
114
phenelzine
MAOI
115
washout period after MAOI cessation
allow synthesis of MAO to resume
116
treatment of drug induced parkinsons
antimuscarinics
| benzotropine, trihexyphenidyl
117
micturition reflex
parasym s2-4
pontine center
cerebral cortex
118
drugs that can increase lithium levels
hctz
acei
nsaids
119
tuberoinfundibular pathway
connects hypothalamus and pituitary
| prolactin/dopamine
120
n. meningitis prophylaxis
rifampin
121
ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy
wedge shaped areas, esp at watershed regions
122
primary CNS lymphomas
think EBV, AIDs
123
side effect of phenytoin
genearlized LAD
124
what not to take with levodopa therapy
B6, increases metabolism
125
ischemic neurons release
lysosomal enzymes
126
narcolepsy treatment
modafinil
127
nacrolepsy mofa
low levels of orexin/hypocretin
128
primidone
metabolized to phenobarbital
129
diphenyldramine SE
anti-cholinergic SE
130
trazodone AE
pripism
131
head of radius
radial nerve
132
lesion to optic nerve
anopia of one eye
133
lesion to optic chiasma
bitemporal hemianopia
134
lesion to optic tract
CL homonymous hemianopia
135
temporal lesion (MCA)
CL upper quandrantic anopia
136
parietal lesion (MCA)
CL lower quandrantic anopia)
137
PCA infarct
CL hemianopia with macular sparing
138
central scotoma
macular degeneration
139
blood in lateral ventricles
germinal matrix hemorrhage
140
POMC produces
ACTH
MSH
B-endorphins
141
Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysms
```
HTN, hyaline artersclerosis
small vessels (basal ganglia, thalamus)
sudden onset focal deficits
```
142
hemorrhagic stroke
intracerebral bleeding
| due to HTN, anticoagulation, cancer
143
ischemic stroke
atherosclerotic emboli
144
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
```
flaccid paralysis of bladder and rectum
saddle anesthesia (S3-S5)
```
145
Cauda Equina Syndrome
low back pain, radiates to legs
| bladder and bowel dysfunction (S3-S5)
146
Simple Partial Seizure Rx
carbamazepine
147
Complex Partial Seizure Rx
carbamazepine
148
Tonic-Clonic Seizure Rx
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproate
149
Myoclonic Seizure Rx
Valproic Acid
150
Absence Seizure Rx
Ethosuximide
| 2 - valproate
151
450 INDUCERS
carbamazepine
griseofulvin
phenobarbital, phenytoin
rifampin
152
450 INHIBTORS
Azoles, Cimetidine, Ciprofloxain
Erythomycin, Grapefruit Juice
Isoniazid
Ritonavir
153
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
lung, breast, ovary
uterus
lymphoma
154
cerebellar dgen from lung cancer
anti P/Q
| anti Hu
155
cerebellar degen from breast and ovarian cancer
anti Yo
156
Alzheimer's atrophy of
hippocampus
| temporopariteal lobes
157
hemiballism
flinging mvmts of arm
| due to CL subthalamic nuclei
158
lentiform nucleus
Wilson's dz
| globus pallidus + putamen
159
internal capusle
lacunar infarcts
| pure motor or sensory deficits
160
thalamus insult
bruning or stabbing pain in 1/2 of body
161
Anterior pituitary origin
surface ectoderm
162
meningiomas arise from
archnoid villi
163
meningiomas associated with what histo feature
psassoma bodies
164
meningiomas often compress
parasagital cortex
| CL spastic leg paralysis
165
ALS - loss of neurons in
anterior horn
| lateral corticospinal tracts
166
hemaglutinin
paramyoxviruses (measles!)
167
Axonal Rxn
cerebellar edema
cell body rounding
peripheral displacement of nucleus
Nissl substance to peripehry
168
Cholinergic Agonists - effects
N/V abd cramps
decrease HR, hypotension
Increase NO: sweating, salivating
decrease intraocular pressure
169
Cholinergic Agonists - examples
Bethanechol
| Carbachol, pilocarpine (glaucoma treatment!)
170
what sensory pathway reaches cortex without using thalamus as relay station?
smell
171
B2 agonist - use in ob/gyn
uterine relaxation, can prevent preterm labor
ritodrine
terbutaline
172
double vision when looking down
CN IV
173
serotonin precursor
tryptophan
174
GABA precursor
glutamic acid
175
short acting Benzo's
addictive
triazolam
oxazepam
midazolam
176
what binds GABA receptor
benzos
barb
ETOH
177
Anesthetics - decrease solubility in blood
rapid induction and recovery
178
Anesthetics - increase potentcy
lower MAC
| increase solubility in lipids
179
DA Agonists - Ergot
bromocriptine
| pergolide
180
DA Agonist - Nonergot
pramipexole
| ropinirole
181
drugs that increase DA
amantadine
| L-dopa/cardipoa
182
prevent DA breakdown
```
selegiline (MAO type B inhibitor)
COMT inhibitors (entacapone)
```
183
curb excess cholinergic activity in parkinson's
bentropine (antimuscarinic)
184
entacapone
prevents DA breakdown/COMT inhibitor
| increase amount of levodopa entering brain
185
Triptan MofA
5HT 1B/D agonist
| post synaptic serotonin receptor blockade
186
typical antipsychotics
block D2 receptors, increase cAMP
187
high potency typical antipsychotics
Trifluoperazine
Fluphenazine
Haloperidal
extrapyramidal symptoms
188
low potency typical antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine
| Thioridazine
189
Venlafazine
SNRI
inhibit SE and NE reuptake
can induce mania
190
SNRI
venlafazine + duloxetine
191
Buproprion
increase NE and DA
| seizures esp with high doses + EDs
192
treatment for serotonin syndrome
serotonin receptor antagonist
| cyproheptadine
193
Status eptileptic treatment
1) IV benzo
2) phenytoin
3) phenobarbital
4) intubate and put in come
194
Phenytoin MofA
decreases Na current
195
polyhydroaminos
anencephaly
| gi obstruction
196
wernickes - which symptom may persist
memory loss
197
MS symptom exacerabtor
heat
| decreases axonal transmission
198
left optic nerve lesion
light on left eye: no change
| light on right eye: both constrict
199
mu
euphoria
physical dependence
decrease GI motility
resp and card depression
200
kappa
miosis
201
delta
anti-depression
202
nalaxone
greatest effect on mu receptor
203
myotonic dystrophy
duchenne
204
duchenne - physical characteristics
frontal balding
catarcts
gonadal atrophy
205
carbamazepine mofa
blocks Na channels
206
methadone for addiction
long half life
207
synaptophysin stain
neuronal origin
208
fainting mediated by
vagus nerve
209
Neurloptic Malignant syndrome
fever, muscle rigidity
| haloperidol
210
edrophonium test
symptom improve -- up meds
| no change - too much medication
211
blotchy red fibers on gomori trichrome stain
mitochondrial myopathy
212
NF tumors oirigins
neural crest
213
blood/gas partition coeff
decreased -- poor solubility, also fast rise in partial pressure
214
clozapine
acts on D4
| agraulocytosis
215
syringomyelia destroys
ventral white commisure and ventral horns
216
psych drug that causes hypothyroidism
lithium
217
organophophate poisoning -- excess
cholinergic stmulation
218
treatment of organophosphate poisoning
atropine
| still risk for muscle paralysis
219
symptoms of organophosphoate posionin
diarrhea, diaphoresis, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, salviation
220
tb - type of hydrocephalus
communication
221
fexofenadine
2nd generation antihistamine
222
12-28 hrs after T/E
red neurons
223
24-72 hrs after T/E
neutrophilic infiltrate
| necrosis
224
3-5 days after T/E
macrophage
225
1-2 weeks after T/E
reactive gliosis
vascular proliferation
liquefactive necrosis
226
1 month after T/E
gial scar
227
ethoxasumide mofa
decreases calcium current
228
Botulinium toxin binds to
Ach containing synaptic vesicles
229
pentazocine
can precipitate withdrawal of opiates
| partial agonist/antagonist at mu receptor
230
inhaled anesthetics
increases cerebral blood flow
231
cocaine
inhibits presynaptic reuptake of NE, DA, serotonin
232
fragile x syndrome mutation
causes hypermethylation of FMR1gene and deactivates it
233
vomitting control center
CTZ, medulla
234
thalamic syndrome
CL sensory loss
235
liquefactive necrosis
brain ischemic injury
236
amitriptyline se
anticholinergic SE
| urinary retention
237
akathsia
restlessness
| antipsychotics AE
238
cardopa/levadopa AE
anxiety, agitation
239
satiety center
VM nucleus of thalamus
240
barbituate metabolism
redistrubution to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
241
MAOI therapy for
mood reactivity
leaden fatigue
rejection sensitivity
increased sleep and appetite
242
UMN
hyperflexia, babinski, muscle paralysis
243
LMN
muscle atrophy, fasciulations, hyporeflexia
244
TCA related death
due to Na channel inhibit
| hypotension, arrhythmia, conduction defects
245
HSV-1 encephalitis
temporal lobe
246
pliocystic astrocytoma
hair-like glial processes
spindle cells
microcysts
247
halothane
causes neuroleptic malignatn syndrome
| due to intracellular ca release in skeletal muscle
248
insulin and sympathetics
alpha adrenergic -- decrease/inhibit insulin
| beta adrenergics - increase insulin
249
phenoxybenzamine
alpha blocker
250
retinitis pigmentosa
thioridazine
251
hiccups
phrenic nerve
252
hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis
lacunas
253
Type II Arnold Chiari Malformations
macrocepahly/hydrocephalus/enlargement of vnetricles
| muscle hypertonicity
254
chlorpromazine SE
corneal deposits
255
ziprasidone SE
prolong QT
256
olanzapone SE
weight gain
257
carbemazepine SE
bone marrow suppression
258
halothane SE
hepatitis
259
CN III palsy in DM, HTN
ischemic neuropathy, sympathetic fibers only
260
first area to be damaged with cerebral ischemia
hippocampus
261
length constant
how far along an axon an electrical impulse can propagate
| decrease in MS
