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Respiration in Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Green plants and cyanobacteria prepare their own food by the process of

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

Photosynthesis in plants is limited to cells containing ____________

A

Chloroplasts

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3
Q

The mode of nutrition in animals is

A

Heterotrophic

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4
Q

An example of saprophyte is

A

Fungi

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5
Q

The organisms which are dependent on dead and decaying matter for nutrition are called

A

Saprophytes

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6
Q

The mechanism of breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy is called

A

Cellular respiration

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7
Q

Energy released by respiration is stored in the form of

A

ATP

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8
Q

Photosynthesis in eukaryotes occurs in ____________

A

Chloroplasts

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9
Q

In eukaryotes, the breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy takes place in ______________ and ___________

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

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10
Q

The breaking of the C–C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to release of considerable amount of energy is called

A

Respiration

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11
Q

The compounds that are oxidised during respiration are known as

A

Respiratory substrates

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12
Q

The biomolecule majorly used as a respiratory substrate is

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

Energy is released by the process of ____________ during respiration.

A

Oxidation

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14
Q

The energy currency of the cell is

A

ATP

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15
Q

Respiration in plants occur with the help of

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

The structures in plants responsible for gaseous exchange are

A

Stomata and lenticels

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17
Q

The living cells beneath the bark have openings for gaseous exchange called

A

Lenticels

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18
Q

Interconnected network of air spaces is provided by loose packing of which cells in leaves, stems and roots?

A

Parenchyma

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19
Q

The combustion of glucose produces ___________ and ________ along with energy

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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20
Q

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called

A

Glycolysis

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21
Q

Glycolysis is also called

A

EMP pathway

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22
Q

The scheme of glycolysis was given by the contribution of

A

Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and J. Parnas

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23
Q

The only process of respiration in anaerobic organisms is

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

In glycolysis, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of

A

Pyruvic acid

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25
Q

In plants, glucose is usually derived from

A

Sucrose

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26
Q

The end product of photosynthesis is

A

Sucrose

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27
Q

The enzyme that converts sucrose to glucose is

A

Invertase

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28
Q

The monosaccharides that readily enter glycolytic pathway is

A

Glucose and fructose

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29
Q

Glucose/fructose is phosphorylated to form

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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30
Q

The enzyme responsible for phosphorylating glucose/fructose is

A

Hexokinase

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31
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by the process of

A

Isomerization

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32
Q

Total number of reactions occuring in glycolysis are

A

10

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33
Q

Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate requires utilization of

A

ATP

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34
Q

In glycolysis, ATP is required for conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphospate

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35
Q

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits into

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde

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36
Q

PGAL is converted to

A

1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid

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37
Q

In glycolysis, NADH + H+is formed from NAD+during synthesis of ____________

A

1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid

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38
Q

Two redox equivalents are removed in the form of two hydrogen atoms from which compound and transferred to a molecule of NAD+?

A

3-phosphoglyceraldehyde

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39
Q

BPGA is converted into

A

3-phosphoglyceric acid

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40
Q

Energy in glycolysis is yielded in the form of ATP during synthesis of

A

1)BPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)

2)PEP to pyruvic acid

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41
Q

The compound directly converted into pyruvic acid is

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate

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42
Q

The key product of glycolysis is

A

Pyruvic acid

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43
Q

The process that takes place for oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes is

A

Fermentation

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44
Q

The process of incomplete oxidation of glucose in yeast is called

A

Fermentation

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45
Q

During fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into ____________ and __________

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

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46
Q

Sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2and ethanol are catalysed by __________ and _________

A

Pyruvic acid decarboxylase ;alcohol dehydrogenase

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47
Q

The process of production of ethanol during fermentation is catalysed by

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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48
Q

Other organisms like some bacteria produce ________ from pyruvic acid.

A

lactic acid

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49
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid is catalysed by

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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50
Q

The reducing agent in fermentation is

A

NADH + H+

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51
Q

The % of energy in glucose released by fermentation is less than ______

A

7%

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52
Q

Yeasts poison itself to death when concentration of alcohol reaches _______%

A

13%

53
Q

Aerobic respiration in eukaryotes occur in

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

The process of complete oxidation of organic substances in presence of oxygen to release CO2, water and energy is called

A

Aerobic respiration

55
Q

For aerobic respiration to take place, pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

The complete oxidation of pyruvate leaving three molecules of CO2is the crucial step of the process of

A

Aerobic respiration

57
Q

During aerobic respiration, the passing on of the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular O2leads to synthesis of ________

A

ATP

58
Q

The complete oxidation of pyruvate releasing three molecules of CO2occurs in

A

Mitochondrial matrix

59
Q

In which part of mitochondria, synthesis of ATP takes place?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

60
Q

Product formed by glycolytic catabolism of carbohydrates in cytosol is

A

Pyruvate

61
Q

Pyruvate after entering mitochondrial matrix undergoes the process of

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

62
Q

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is catalysed by enzyme -

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

63
Q

The coenzymes required by pyruvic dehydrogenase to catalyse the reaction are

A

NAD+and CoA

64
Q

Pyruvic acid is converted to CO2, NADH, H+and ___________ by the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Acteyl CoA

65
Q

How many molecules of NADH are produced by oxidative decarboxylation of two molecules of pyruvic acid?

A

2

66
Q

The compound that enters TCA cycle is

A

Acetyl CoA

67
Q

TCA cycle was elucidated for the first time by

A

Hans Krebs

68
Q

TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with water and __________

A

Oxaloacetic acid

69
Q

In TCA, acetyl group condenses with OAA and water to yield _______

A

Citric acid

70
Q

The reaction of synthesis of citric acid is catalysed by

A

Citrate synthase

71
Q

Citrate is isomerised to form _________

A

Citrate is isomerised to form _________

72
Q

Isocitrate is converted to α-ketoglutaric acid and succinyl CoA by two successive steps of _______

A

Decarboxylation

73
Q

α-ketoglutaric acid is decarboxylated to form _______

A

Succinyl-CoA

74
Q

A molecule of ______ is synthesised during conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid

A

GTP

75
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during synthesis of __________ in TCA cycle

A

Succinic acid

76
Q

In TCA cycle, NAD+is reduced to NADH + H+_______ times

A

Three

77
Q

Succinyl-CoA is converted to Oxaloacetic acid by the process of

A

Oxidation

78
Q

The continuous oxidation of acetyl CoA via the TCA cycle requires the continued replenishment of ____________

A

OAA

79
Q

One molecule of pyruvic acid yields ___ molecules of ATP in TCA cycle

A

One

80
Q

One molecule of glucose is broken down to give ____ and ____ molecules of FADH2and ATP respectively by aerobic respiration

A

Two, two

81
Q

Oxidation of NADH + H+and FADH2to release energy is accomplished via ____________

A

Electron transport system

82
Q

The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called

A

Electron transport system

83
Q

The location of ETS is

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

84
Q

Complex I is

A

NADH dehydrogenase

85
Q

Electrons from NADH produced during TCA are oxidised by

A

NADH dehydrogenase/complex I

86
Q

Electrons from complex I are transferred to _______

A

Ubiquinone

87
Q

Ubiquinone is located in

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

88
Q

The carrier which receives reducing equivalents via complex II is

A

Ubiquinone

89
Q

Protons which are transferred to ETS via complex II were generated in TCA during oxidation of __________

A

Succinate

90
Q

The reduced ubiquinone gets oxidised with transfer of electrons to cytochrome c via ___________

A

Cytochrome bc1 complex

91
Q

Complex III is also called

A

Cytochrome bc1 complex

92
Q

Protein acting as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex III and IV is

A

Cytochrome c

93
Q

Complex IV refers to

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

94
Q

Complex IV is composed of cytochromes -

A

a and a3

95
Q

In addition to cytochromes, complex IV contains _________

A

Two copper centres

96
Q

Complex V is called

A

ATP synthase

97
Q

When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IV in the electron transport chain, they are coupled to which complex for the production of ATP?

A

Complex V (ATP synthase)

98
Q

Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to how many molecules of ATP?

A

3

99
Q

Oxidation of one molecule of FADH2gives rise to how many molecules of ATP?

A

2

100
Q

The role of O2in aerobic respiration is limited to __________ stage of process

A

Terminal

101
Q

Oxygen in ETS acts as a final ___________

A

Hydrogen acceptor

102
Q

During photophosphorylation, the energy utilised for production of proton gradient comes from _________

A

Light

103
Q

During respiration, energy for production of proton gradient required for phosphorylation comes from ____________

A

Oxidation-reduction reaction

104
Q

ETS is also called

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

105
Q

The energy released during ETS is utilised in synthesising ATP with the help of ____________

A

ATP synthase/complex V

106
Q

The two major components of ATP synthase are

A

F1and F0

107
Q

The component of complex V that is headpiece is

A

F1

108
Q

F1is a _____________ protein complex

A

Peripheral membrane

109
Q

The part of complex V which contains the site for synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is

A

F1

110
Q

F0 is an _____________ protein complex

A

Integral membrane

111
Q

The part of complex V that forms the channel through which protons cross the inner membrane is

A

F0

112
Q

The passage of protons through the channel is coupled to the catalytic site of which component of ATP synthase for the production of ATP?

A

F1

113
Q

For each ATP produced, how many H+passes through F0from the intermembrane space to the matrix down the electrochemical proton gradient?

A

2

114
Q

The three pathways of respiration that occur one after another in an ordered manner are

A

Glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS pathway

115
Q

NADH synthesised in glycolysis is transferred into mitochondria to undergo ________

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

116
Q

The substrate molecule which undergoes respiration is

A

Glucose

117
Q

The net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration is

A

38

118
Q

Partial breakdown of glucose is done by the process of

A

Fermentation

119
Q

The net gain of ATP for each molecule of glucose in fermentation is

A

2

120
Q

Fatty acids enter the respiratory pathway after getting degraded to

A

Acetyl CoA

121
Q

Glycerol enters respiratory pathway after getting converted into

A

PGAL

122
Q

Amino acids enter respiratory pathway after undergoing _________

A

Deamination

123
Q

In terms of metabolism, respiration is an _____________ pathway

A

Amphibolic

124
Q

The ratio of the volume of CO2evolved to the volume of O2consumed in respiration is called

A

Respiratory quoteint

125
Q

Respiratory ratio depends on the types of _____________ used during respiration

A

Respiratory substrate

126
Q

RQ for carbohydrates is

A

1

127
Q

When fats are used in respiration, RQ is __________

A

Less than 1

128
Q

RQ for tripalmitin is

A

0.7

129
Q

RQ for proteins is

A

0.9

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