Respiration in Plants Flashcards
Green plants and cyanobacteria prepare their own food by the process of
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis in plants is limited to cells containing ____________
Chloroplasts
The mode of nutrition in animals is
Heterotrophic
An example of saprophyte is
Fungi
The organisms which are dependent on dead and decaying matter for nutrition are called
Saprophytes
The mechanism of breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy is called
Cellular respiration
Energy released by respiration is stored in the form of
ATP
Photosynthesis in eukaryotes occurs in ____________
Chloroplasts
In eukaryotes, the breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy takes place in ______________ and ___________
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
The breaking of the C–C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to release of considerable amount of energy is called
Respiration
The compounds that are oxidised during respiration are known as
Respiratory substrates
The biomolecule majorly used as a respiratory substrate is
Carbohydrates
Energy is released by the process of ____________ during respiration.
Oxidation
The energy currency of the cell is
ATP
Respiration in plants occur with the help of
Oxygen
The structures in plants responsible for gaseous exchange are
Stomata and lenticels
The living cells beneath the bark have openings for gaseous exchange called
Lenticels
Interconnected network of air spaces is provided by loose packing of which cells in leaves, stems and roots?
Parenchyma
The combustion of glucose produces ___________ and ________ along with energy
Carbon dioxide and water
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is also called
EMP pathway
The scheme of glycolysis was given by the contribution of
Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and J. Parnas
The only process of respiration in anaerobic organisms is
Glycolysis
In glycolysis, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of
Pyruvic acid
In plants, glucose is usually derived from
Sucrose
The end product of photosynthesis is
Sucrose
The enzyme that converts sucrose to glucose is
Invertase
The monosaccharides that readily enter glycolytic pathway is
Glucose and fructose
Glucose/fructose is phosphorylated to form
Glucose-6-phosphate
The enzyme responsible for phosphorylating glucose/fructose is
Hexokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by the process of
Isomerization
Total number of reactions occuring in glycolysis are
10
Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate requires utilization of
ATP
In glycolysis, ATP is required for conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to
Fructose 1,6-bisphospate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits into
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
PGAL is converted to
1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid
In glycolysis, NADH + H+is formed from NAD+during synthesis of ____________
1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid
Two redox equivalents are removed in the form of two hydrogen atoms from which compound and transferred to a molecule of NAD+?
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
BPGA is converted into
3-phosphoglyceric acid
Energy in glycolysis is yielded in the form of ATP during synthesis of
1)BPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
2)PEP to pyruvic acid
The compound directly converted into pyruvic acid is
Phosphoenol pyruvate
The key product of glycolysis is
Pyruvic acid
The process that takes place for oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes is
Fermentation
The process of incomplete oxidation of glucose in yeast is called
Fermentation
During fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into ____________ and __________
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2and ethanol are catalysed by __________ and _________
Pyruvic acid decarboxylase ;alcohol dehydrogenase
The process of production of ethanol during fermentation is catalysed by
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Other organisms like some bacteria produce ________ from pyruvic acid.
lactic acid
Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid is catalysed by
Lactate dehydrogenase
The reducing agent in fermentation is
NADH + H+
The % of energy in glucose released by fermentation is less than ______
7%
Yeasts poison itself to death when concentration of alcohol reaches _______%
13%
Aerobic respiration in eukaryotes occur in
Mitochondria
The process of complete oxidation of organic substances in presence of oxygen to release CO2, water and energy is called
Aerobic respiration
For aerobic respiration to take place, pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to
Mitochondria
The complete oxidation of pyruvate leaving three molecules of CO2is the crucial step of the process of
Aerobic respiration
During aerobic respiration, the passing on of the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular O2leads to synthesis of ________
ATP
The complete oxidation of pyruvate releasing three molecules of CO2occurs in
Mitochondrial matrix
In which part of mitochondria, synthesis of ATP takes place?
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Product formed by glycolytic catabolism of carbohydrates in cytosol is
Pyruvate
Pyruvate after entering mitochondrial matrix undergoes the process of
Oxidative decarboxylation
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is catalysed by enzyme -
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
The coenzymes required by pyruvic dehydrogenase to catalyse the reaction are
NAD+and CoA
Pyruvic acid is converted to CO2, NADH, H+and ___________ by the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase
Acteyl CoA
How many molecules of NADH are produced by oxidative decarboxylation of two molecules of pyruvic acid?
2
The compound that enters TCA cycle is
Acetyl CoA
TCA cycle was elucidated for the first time by
Hans Krebs
TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with water and __________
Oxaloacetic acid
In TCA, acetyl group condenses with OAA and water to yield _______
Citric acid
The reaction of synthesis of citric acid is catalysed by
Citrate synthase
Citrate is isomerised to form _________
Citrate is isomerised to form _________
Isocitrate is converted to α-ketoglutaric acid and succinyl CoA by two successive steps of _______
Decarboxylation
α-ketoglutaric acid is decarboxylated to form _______
Succinyl-CoA
A molecule of ______ is synthesised during conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid
GTP
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during synthesis of __________ in TCA cycle
Succinic acid
In TCA cycle, NAD+is reduced to NADH + H+_______ times
Three
Succinyl-CoA is converted to Oxaloacetic acid by the process of
Oxidation
The continuous oxidation of acetyl CoA via the TCA cycle requires the continued replenishment of ____________
OAA
One molecule of pyruvic acid yields ___ molecules of ATP in TCA cycle
One
One molecule of glucose is broken down to give ____ and ____ molecules of FADH2and ATP respectively by aerobic respiration
Two, two
Oxidation of NADH + H+and FADH2to release energy is accomplished via ____________
Electron transport system
The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called
Electron transport system
The location of ETS is
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Complex I is
NADH dehydrogenase
Electrons from NADH produced during TCA are oxidised by
NADH dehydrogenase/complex I
Electrons from complex I are transferred to _______
Ubiquinone
Ubiquinone is located in
Inner mitochondrial membrane
The carrier which receives reducing equivalents via complex II is
Ubiquinone
Protons which are transferred to ETS via complex II were generated in TCA during oxidation of __________
Succinate
The reduced ubiquinone gets oxidised with transfer of electrons to cytochrome c via ___________
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Complex III is also called
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Protein acting as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex III and IV is
Cytochrome c
Complex IV refers to
Cytochrome c oxidase
Complex IV is composed of cytochromes -
a and a3
In addition to cytochromes, complex IV contains _________
Two copper centres
Complex V is called
ATP synthase
When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IV in the electron transport chain, they are coupled to which complex for the production of ATP?
Complex V (ATP synthase)
Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to how many molecules of ATP?
3
Oxidation of one molecule of FADH2gives rise to how many molecules of ATP?
2
The role of O2in aerobic respiration is limited to __________ stage of process
Terminal
Oxygen in ETS acts as a final ___________
Hydrogen acceptor
During photophosphorylation, the energy utilised for production of proton gradient comes from _________
Light
During respiration, energy for production of proton gradient required for phosphorylation comes from ____________
Oxidation-reduction reaction
ETS is also called
Oxidative phosphorylation
The energy released during ETS is utilised in synthesising ATP with the help of ____________
ATP synthase/complex V
The two major components of ATP synthase are
F1and F0
The component of complex V that is headpiece is
F1
F1is a _____________ protein complex
Peripheral membrane
The part of complex V which contains the site for synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is
F1
F0 is an _____________ protein complex
Integral membrane
The part of complex V that forms the channel through which protons cross the inner membrane is
F0
The passage of protons through the channel is coupled to the catalytic site of which component of ATP synthase for the production of ATP?
F1
For each ATP produced, how many H+passes through F0from the intermembrane space to the matrix down the electrochemical proton gradient?
2
The three pathways of respiration that occur one after another in an ordered manner are
Glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS pathway
NADH synthesised in glycolysis is transferred into mitochondria to undergo ________
Oxidative phosphorylation
The substrate molecule which undergoes respiration is
Glucose
The net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration is
38
Partial breakdown of glucose is done by the process of
Fermentation
The net gain of ATP for each molecule of glucose in fermentation is
2
Fatty acids enter the respiratory pathway after getting degraded to
Acetyl CoA
Glycerol enters respiratory pathway after getting converted into
PGAL
Amino acids enter respiratory pathway after undergoing _________
Deamination
In terms of metabolism, respiration is an _____________ pathway
Amphibolic
The ratio of the volume of CO2evolved to the volume of O2consumed in respiration is called
Respiratory quoteint
Respiratory ratio depends on the types of _____________ used during respiration
Respiratory substrate
RQ for carbohydrates is
1
When fats are used in respiration, RQ is __________
Less than 1
RQ for tripalmitin is
0.7
RQ for proteins is
0.9
