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Hi Biology > Environmental Issues > Flashcards

Environmental Issues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land, water or soil is called:-

A

Pollution

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2
Q

In order to control environmental pollution, the Government of India has passed the act:-

A

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

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3
Q

_____ pollutants reduce growth and yield of crops and cause premature death of plants

A

Air

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4
Q

Harmful effects of pollutants depend on duration of exposure, the organism and the ____________

A

concentration of pollutant

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5
Q

The most widely used device to remove particulate matter is:-

A

electrostatic precipitator

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6
Q

An electrostatic precipitator can remove over ______ percent particulate matter present in the exhaust from a thermal power plant

A

99

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7
Q

An electrostatic precipitator has electrode wires, which produce a _________ that releases electrons.

A

corona

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8
Q

The ___________ of air between the plates must be low enough to allow the dust to fall

A

velocity

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9
Q

A ____________ can remove gases like sulphur dioxide from exhaust

A

scrubber

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10
Q

A ____________ can remove gases like sulphur dioxide from exhaust

A

scrubber

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11
Q

CPCB stands for:-

A

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

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12
Q

According to CPCB, particulate matter of size __________________ or less in diameter are responsible for causing the greatest harm to human health.

A

2.5 micrometers

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13
Q

A major cause for atmospheric pollution in the metro cities is:-

A

Automobiles

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14
Q

Proper maintenance of automobiles along with use of _______________ or diesel can reduce the pollutants they emit

A

Lead-free petrol/diesel

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15
Q

The metals used as the catalysts by catalytic converters are:-

A

platinum-palladium and rhodium

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16
Q

Catalytic converter converts unburnt hydrocarbons into _________ and _________.

A

carbon dioxide; water

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17
Q

Catalytic converter converts Harmful gases like ____________ and ____________ into carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas, respectively.

A

carbon monoxide; nitric oxide

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18
Q

Motor vehicles equipped with catalytic converter should use _________ petrol

A

unleaded

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19
Q

Lead present in the petrol inactivates the _____________ of catalytic converter.

A

catalyst

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20
Q

In India, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act came into force in the year:

A

1981

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21
Q

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was amended in 1987 to include ________ as an air pollutant.

A

Noise

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22
Q

Undesirable high level of sound is called:-

A

Noise

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23
Q

High sound level of 150 dB or more can damage ___________ thus permanently impairing hearing ability.

A

ear drums

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24
Q

Delimitation of _________ zones around schools and hospitals is recommended to reduce noise pollution.

A

horn-free

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25
Q

Permissible sound-levels of ________ and of _________ should be enforced to avoid noise pollution.

A

crackers; loud-speakers

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26
Q

In the 1990s, Delhi ranked _______ among the 41 most polluted cities of the world

A

fourth

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27
Q

PIL stands for:-

A

Public Interest Litigation

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28
Q

All the buses of Delhi were converted to run on ______ by the end of 2002

A

CNG

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29
Q

_______ burns most efficiently, unlike petrol or diesel, in the automobiles and very little of it is left unburnt.

A

CNG

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30
Q

Use of ___________ in vehicles is recommended to reduce air pollution.

A

catalytic converters

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31
Q

Use of unleaded and ___________ petrol is recommended to reduce pollution level

A

low-sulphur

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32
Q

In order to cut vehicular pollution in India, it is recommended to reduce __________ and ___________ content in petrol and diesel fuels.

A

sulphur; aromatic

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33
Q

The norms that stipulate sulphur to be controlled at 350 ppm in diesel and 150 ppm in petrol are:-

A

Euro III norms

34
Q

Government of India has stipulated that aromatic hydrocarbons are to be contained at ____% of the concerned fuel.

A

42

35
Q

The goal, according to the roadmap, is to reduce sulphur to ____ ppm in petrol and diesel and bring down the level to ____ per cent.

A

50, 35

36
Q

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed to safeguard water resources of India in the year:-

A

1974

37
Q

Nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, calcium and sodium are _____________ impurities present in sewage water.

A

dissolved

38
Q

_______% impurities make domestic sewage water unfit for human use.

A

0.1

39
Q

Domestic sewage primarily contains ____________ organic matter

A

biodegradable

40
Q

The amount of biodegradable organic matter in sewage water is measured by:-

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

41
Q

Decline in dissolved oxygen content of sewage discharge causes mortality of ___________ and _____________

A

fish and other aquatic creatures.

42
Q

Presence of large amounts of nutrients in waters also causes excessive growth of planktonic (free-floating) algae, called an:-

A

algal bloom

43
Q

_________________ cause deterioration of the water quality and fish mortality.

A

algal blooms

44
Q

The world’s most problematic aquatic weed is:

A

Eichhornia crassipes

45
Q

Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is also called the:-

A

Terror of Bengal

46
Q

Water hyacinth grow abundantly in ___________ water bodies

A

eutrophic

47
Q

Disposal of sewage water directly into water without proper treatment may lead to outbreak of serious diseases like:-

A

Dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, cholera

48
Q

Waste water from industries like petroleum, metal extraction and chemical manufacturing contain heavy metals like:-

A

Mercury, cadmium, copper, lead

49
Q

Heavy metals are defined as elements with density greater than:-

A

5 g/cm3

50
Q

A few toxic substances, often present in industrial waste waters, can undergo ______________________ in the aquatic food chain.

A

biological magnification

51
Q

The toxic subtances well-known for biomagnification are _________ and ________.

A

mercury; DDT

52
Q

High concentrations of DDT disturb _________ metabolism in birds

A

calcium

53
Q

High concentrations of DDT in birds causes _________ of eggshell and their premature ________.

A

thinning; breaking

54
Q

The natural aging of a lake by nutrient enrichment of its water is called:-

A

Eutrophication

55
Q

Introduction of nutrients like ________ and _________ into the lake encourage the growth of aquatic organisms.

A

nitrogen; phosphorus

56
Q

The phenomenon of pollutants accelerating the process of aging of a water body is called:-

A

Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication

57
Q

The prime contaminants involved in accelerated eutrophication are _______ and _________.

A

nitrates; phosphates

58
Q

Excess of nitrates and phosphates in the lake overstimulate the growth of:-

A

algae

59
Q

Thermal wastewater eliminates or reduces the number of organisms sensitive to:-

A

high temperatures

60
Q

In which town of California, wastewater is treated in an integrated manner by utilising a mix of artificial and natural processes?

A

Arcata

61
Q

In water treatment plant of Arcata, conventional method involves:

A

sedimentation, filtering and chlorine treatment

62
Q

The biologists developed a series of six connected marshes over 60 hectares of ___________

A

marshland

63
Q

In water treatment plant of Arcata, the organisms used to neutralise, absorb and assimilate pollutants were

A

Appropriate plants, algae, fungi and bacteria

64
Q

The marshes also constitute a ____________, with a high level of biodiversity in the form of fishes, animals and birds

A

sanctuary

65
Q

The group responsible for taking care of sanctuary situated in the marshes of Arcata water treatment project is:-

A

Friends of the Arcata Marsh (FOAM)

66
Q

Ecological sanitation is a sustainable system for handling human excreta, using ________________ toilets

A

dry composting toilets

67
Q

By using dry composting toilets, human excreta can be recycled into a resource as:-

A

natural fertiliser

68
Q

Dry composting toilets are working under the name:-

A

EcoSan’ toilets

69
Q

EcoSan toilets are successfully running in many areas of ________ and __________

A

Kerala and Sri Lanka

70
Q

________________ were adopted as the substitute for open-burning dumps

A

Sanitary landfills

71
Q

With sanitary landfills, there is danger of seepage of ____________, polluting the underground water resources

A

chemicals

72
Q

The waste generated by humans is categorised into three types, namely:-

A

Bio-degradable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste

73
Q

The type of waste material which can be put into deep pits and left for natural breakdown is:-

A

biodegradable waste

74
Q

Humans need to reduce generation of which type of waste?

A

Non-biodegradable waste

75
Q

Humans need to reduce generation of which type of waste?

A

Non-biodegradable waste

76
Q

Polythene bags can be replaced by:-

A

cloth or natural fibre carry bags

77
Q

The use of __________ is crucial to dispoal of hospital waste

A

incinerators

78
Q

Irreparable computers and other electronic goods are known as:-

A

electronic wastes (e-wastes)

79
Q

Over half of the e-wastes generated in the developed countries are exported mainly to _________, __________ and _________.

A

China; India; Pakistan

80
Q

The only desirable solution for the treatment of e-waste is:-

A

Recycling

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