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Hi Biology > Breathing and Exchange of Gases > Flashcards

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The mode of exchange of gases in coelentrates is simple _______

A

diffusion

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2
Q

Amphibians like frogs respire through lungs and __________

A

Moist skin

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3
Q

The mode of respiration through gills is known as

A

Branchial respiration

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4
Q

Nasal chamber opens into a common passage for food and air called

A

Pharynx

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5
Q

Pharynx opens through larynx into _______

A

Trachea

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6
Q

The cartilaginous box helping in production of sound is

A

Larynx

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7
Q

Trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of which vertebra?

A

5th thoracic vertebra

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8
Q

Bronchi further undergo repeated sub-divisions and end up in very thin ____________

A

Terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

Terminal bronchioles give rise to?

A

Alveoli

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10
Q

Originating from terminal bronchioles are very thin, irregular-walled and vascularised bag like structures called

A

Alveoli

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11
Q

The double-layered membrane which covers lungs is ________.

A

Pleural membrane

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12
Q

The fluid that reduces friction on lung surface is

A

Pleural fluid

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13
Q

Outer pleural membrane stays in contact with which lining?

A

Thoracic lining

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14
Q

The part of respiratory system constituting external nostrils upto terminal bronchioles is called

A

Conducting part

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15
Q

The exchange part of respiratory system constitutes both __________ and ____________

A

Alveoli and alveolar ducts

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16
Q

The part of respiratory system involved in transportation of air to alveoli, its humidification and removal of foreign particles is

A

Conducting system

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17
Q

Actual diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and atmospheric air occurs at which system?

A

Exchange part of respiratory system

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18
Q

The lungs are situated in an airtight chamber called

A

Thoracic chamber

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19
Q

Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by

A

Vertebral column

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20
Q

The thoracic chamber is formed ventrally by ______

A

Sternum

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21
Q

Thoracic chamber is formed laterally by

A

Ribs

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22
Q

Thoracic chamber on lower side is formed by

A

Diaphragm

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23
Q

The movement of air into and out of lungs is carried out by creating a ___________ gradient between lungs and atmosphere

A

Pressure

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24
Q

Contraction of diaphragm increases volume of thoracic chamber in which axis?

A

Antero-posterior axis

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25
Q

The contraction of external intercoastal muscles increases the volume of thoracic chamber in which axis?

A

Dorso-ventral axis

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26
Q

Intra-pulmonary pressure ________ when pulmonary volume increases

A

decreases

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27
Q

Increased intra-pulmonary pressure with respect to atmospheric pressure leads to

A

Expiration

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28
Q

Device that can be used for the clinical assessment of pulmonary functions is

A

Spirometer

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29
Q

The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration is called

A

Tidal volume

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30
Q

The approximate tidal volume for a healthy adult individual is

A

500 mL

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31
Q

The additional volume of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration is

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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32
Q

Average IRV for a healthy adult individual is

A

2500-3000 mL

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33
Q

The additional volume of air a person can expire by forceful expiration is

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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34
Q

Average volume of ERV is

A

1000-1100 mL

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35
Q

Volume of air remaining in lungs even after a forcible expiration is called

A

Residual volume

36
Q

Average RV for a healthy adult individual is

A

1100-1200 mL

37
Q

Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration is called

A

Inspiratory capacity

38
Q

Inspiratory capacity is the sum of

A

TV+IRV

39
Q

Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume summed together gives _____________

A

Expiratory capacity

40
Q

The volume of air that will remain in lungs after a normal expiration is called

A

Functional residual capacity

41
Q

Functional residual capacity is the sum of _____ and ______

A

ERV and RV

42
Q

The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in or out after a forced expiration or inspiration is called

A

Vital capacity

43
Q

Vital capacity is the sum of

A

ERV, TV and IRV

44
Q

Total volume of air accomodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration is known as

A

Total lung capacity

45
Q

The sum of RV, ERV, TV and IRV is equal to

A

Total lung capacity

46
Q

The primary site for exchange of gases in lungs is

A

Alveoli

47
Q

Apart from pressure gradient, rate of diffusion of gases also depends on thickness of membranes and _________________

A

Solubility of gases

48
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is

A

104 mm Hg

49
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli is

A

40 mm Hg

50
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood is

A

45 mm Hg

51
Q

Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of alveolar capillaries and basement substance together constitute the _______________ of lungs.

A

Diffusion membrane

52
Q

The diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers namely, the thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, the endothelium of alveolar capillaries and the _____________

A

basement substance

53
Q

The solubility of which gas is 20-25 times higher than that of oxygen during respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide

54
Q

The medium for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide is

A

Blood

55
Q

The percentage of oxygen transported by RBCs is

A

97%

56
Q

3% of oxygen is transported through

A

Plasma

57
Q

20-25% of carbon dioxide is transported through

A

RBCs

58
Q

70% of carbon dioxide is carried in the form of

A

Bicarbonate

59
Q

The percentage of carbon dioxide transported in a dissolved state through plasma is

A

7%

60
Q

The red-coloured iron containing pigment present in RBCs is

A

Haemoglobin

61
Q

Oxygen binds with Hb in a reversible manner to form

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

62
Q

Maximum number of oxygen molecules that can be carried by a molecule of Hb are

A

Four

63
Q

Binding of oxygen with Hb is primarily dependent on partial pressure of which gas?

A

Oxygen

64
Q

The shape of oxygen dissociation curve under normal physiological conditions is

A

Sigmoid

65
Q

High pO2, low pCO2, lesser H+concentration and lower temperature are the favourable conditions for formation of which Hb complex?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

66
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin is formed in

A

Alveoli

67
Q

Low pO2, high pCO2, high H+concentration and higher temperature are the favourable conditions for

A

Dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin

68
Q

Dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin takes place in _______

A

Tissues

69
Q

The volume of oxygen that every 100 mL of oxygenated blood can provide to tissues under normal physiological conditions is

A

5 mL

70
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried by Hb as

A

Carbamino-Hb

71
Q

The major factor affecting the binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin is

A

pO2

72
Q

Dissociation of CO2from carbamino-Hb occurs when pCO2is ______ and pO2is _______

A

Low pCO2; high pO2

73
Q

The enzyme that facilitates formation of bicarbonate ions is

A

Carbonic anhydrase

74
Q

Due to high pCO2at tissue site, CO2diffuses in blood and forms __________ and _________

A

HCO−3HCO3-and H+

75
Q

In which form carbon dioxide is trapped at tissue level?

A

Bicarbonate

76
Q

Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately ____ of CO2 to the alveoli.

A

4 mL

77
Q

Respiratory rhythm centre is present in which part of brain?

A

Medulla

78
Q

The centre primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration is

A

Respiratory rhythm centre

79
Q

Pneumotaxic centre is located in

A

Pons

80
Q

The duration of inspiration can be reduced by which centre in brain?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

81
Q

The chemosensitive area located near rhythm centre is highly sensitive to

A

CO2 and H+ ions

82
Q

Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing that occurs due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles is characteristic of _____

A

Asthma

83
Q

The chronic disorder in which alveolar walls get damaged is

A

Emphysema

84
Q

The major cause of emphysema is

A

Cigarette smoking

85
Q

Occupational lung disorders eventually lead to

A

Lung damage

86
Q

Occupational lung disorders can be prevented by using ___________

A

Protective masks

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