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Hi Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

To understand the changes in flora and fauna that have occured over millions of years on earth, we must have an understanding of the context of _____

A

Origin of life

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2
Q

Huge _______ comprises the universe

A

Clusters of galaxies

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3
Q

________ theory talks of a singular huge explosion unimaginable in physical terms

A

Big Bang theory

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4
Q

Origin of universe is explained by _____ theory

A

Big bang theory

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5
Q

How many billion years back the earth was formed?

A

about 4.5 billion years back

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6
Q

Name 4 gases which were released from molten mass covered surface

A

water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia

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7
Q

The ______ from the sun broke up water into hydrogen and oxygen

A

UV rays

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8
Q

Early Greek thinkers thought life came in the form of units from outer space called?

A

spores

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9
Q

Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England propose that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living________

A

organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein,etc)

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10
Q

Diverse organic molecules are formed from _______

A

inorganic constituents

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11
Q

What were the conditions of early earth?

A

high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing, CH4, NH3, etc.

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12
Q

Who proposed the theory of chemical evolution?

A

Oparin of russia and haldane of england

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13
Q

Who provided an experimental proof for chemical evolution of life in 1953?

A

S.L. Miller

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14
Q

The first non-cellular forms of life could have originated ________ years back

A

3 billion

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15
Q

_________ are remains of hard parts of life forms found in rocks

A

Fossils

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16
Q

Different -aged rock sediments contain?

A

fossils of different life forms(who probably died during the formation of the particular sediment)

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17
Q

A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates?

A

The geological period in which these life forms existed

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18
Q

The study of fossils show evidence for evolution. These evidences are called?

A

Paleontological evidence

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19
Q

A technique which is used to find the age of a fossil is called?

A

radioactive-dating

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20
Q

_________ for evolution was proposed by Ernst Heckel

A

Embryological support

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21
Q

Embryological support for evolution was based upon the observation of:

A

Certain features during embryonic stage common to all vertebrates that are absent in adult

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22
Q

_______ and ________ shows similarities and differences among organisms of today and those that existed years ago

A

Comparative anatomy and morphology

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23
Q

Whales, bats, cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the ______ of forelimbs

A

pattern of bones

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24
Q

_______ structures perform different functions but they have similar anatomical structure

A

Homologous structures

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25
Q

The same structures developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs of species. This phenomenon is called

A

Divergent evolution

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26
Q

Give examples of homologous organs in plants

A

Thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and cucurbita

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27
Q

Homology indicates common _______

A

ancestry

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28
Q

_________ are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions

A

Analogous structures

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29
Q

Give an example of analogous structures

A

Wings of butterfly and birds

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30
Q

Analogous structures are a result of:

A

convergent evolution

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31
Q

Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to _______

A

common ancestry

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32
Q

Man has bred selected plants and animals for agriculture, horticulture, sport or security. This type of selection is called

A

Artificial selection

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33
Q

The classical example of natural selection is:

A

melanised moth

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34
Q

________ can be used as industrial pollution indicators as they donot grow in polluted areas

A

Lichens

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35
Q

Evolution is stochastic process based on:

A

chance of events in nature and chance of mutation in the organisms

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36
Q

Small black birds (well known for their remarkable diversity in beak form) found in Galapagos Island are called?

A

Darwin’s Finches

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37
Q

From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become _______ and _______

A

insectivorous; vegetative finches

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38
Q

The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography is called?

A

Adaptive radiation

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39
Q

Give an example of adaptive radiation?

A

Australian marsupials

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40
Q

Within the Australian Island continent, a number of marsupials each different from the other evolved from an ______

A

ancestral stock

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41
Q

Give an example of convergent evolution?

A

Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins

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42
Q

The two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution are:

A

Branching descent and natural selection

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43
Q

Lamarck’s theory of evolution is based on the principle that:

A

Evolution of life forms had occured but driven by used and disuse of organs

44
Q

The novelty of _____ was: He asserted that variations, which are heritable and which make resources utilisation better for few (adapted to habitant better) will enable only to reproduce and leave more progeny

A

Darwin

45
Q

Hugo deVries work was based on?

A

evening primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana)

46
Q

The term used for single step large mutation is?

A

Saltation

47
Q

________ is a specific position on a chromosome where a particular gene is located.

A

Locus

48
Q

We can find out the frequency of occurence of alleles of a gene or a locus by using _______

A

Algebraic equations

49
Q

What does the Hardy-weinberg principle predict?

A

It predicts that allele frequencies in a population are stable and is contant from generation to generation

50
Q

_________ is the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool(such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation

A

genetic equilibrium

51
Q

What are the factors known to affect Hardy weinberg principle?

A

Gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection

52
Q

The movement of genes from one group of organism to another is called

A

Gene migration

53
Q

________ is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another

A

gene flow

54
Q

When the change in frequency of allele occurs in a small population by chance then it is called

A

genetic drift

55
Q

The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called?

A

Founder effect

56
Q

______ shows that pre-existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of new phenotypes

A

Microbial experiments

57
Q

Variation due to mutation or variation due to recombination during gametogenesis, or due to gene flow or genetic drift results in?

A

changed frequency of genes and alleles in future generation

58
Q

The mechanism of how non-cellular aggregates of gaint ____ could evolve into cells with membranous envelop is not known

A

Macromolecules

59
Q

Invertebrates were formed and active approximately ______ years ago

A

500 million

60
Q

In 1938, a fish caught in south Africa happened to be a ______ which was thought to be extinct

A

Coelacanth

61
Q

________ evolved into the first amphibians that lived on both land and water

A

Lobefins

62
Q

The _______ evolved into reptiles

A

Amphibians

63
Q

Some land reptiles went back into water to evolve into fish like reptiles probably _______ mya

A

200

64
Q

______ was the biggest land reptile?

A

Tyrannosaurus rex (It was about 20 feet in height and had huge fearsome dagger like teeth)

65
Q

About _____ mya, the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth

A

65 million years ago

66
Q

How did dinosaurs disapear from the Earth?

A

We dont know the true reason. Some say climatic changes killed them. Some say most of them evolved into birds

67
Q

The first mammals were like ______

A

Shrews

68
Q

_________ animals protect their unborn young inside the mothers body

A

Viviparous

69
Q

Some mammals live wholly in water. Examples are:

A

Whales, dolphins, seals and sea cows

70
Q

Primates were ______ and ______ that have lived 15 million years ago

A

Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus

71
Q

Ramapithecus looked more like:

A

Man

72
Q

Dryopithecus looked more like:

A

Ape

73
Q

The brain capacity of homo-habilis was measured -

A

between 650 to 800 cc

74
Q

The brain capacity of Homo-erectus was

A

Around 900cc

75
Q

The ______ man with a brain size of 1400cc lived in near east and central Asia

A

Neanderthal

76
Q

Cave paintings by pre-historic humans can be seen at?

A

Bhimbetka rock shelter in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh

77
Q

On which continent Homo sapiens arose?

A

Africa

78
Q

Mark A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,I, J and K in the given figure

A

A- vaccum pump; B-electrodes, C-gases; D-spark discharge; E-water out; F- condenser, G-Water in; H-water droplets; I-Water containing organic compounds; J-liquid in trap; K-boiling water

79
Q

Mark A, B, C, D, E, F and G in the given figure

A

A - Triceratops; B- Tyrannosaurs; C- Pteranodon; D-Crocodilian; E-Archeopteryx; F-Stegosaurus; G-Brachiosaurus

80
Q

Mark A abd B in the figure

A

A- Thorn; B-Tendril

81
Q

The figure shows variety of ______ of finches that Darwin found on ______

A

beaks, Galapagos Island

82
Q

Mark A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J in the given figure

A

A- Tasmanian Wolf
B- Tiger cat
C- Banded anteater
D- Marsupial rat
E- Kangaroo
F- Wombat
G- Bandicoot
H- Koala
I- Marsupial mole
J- Sugar glider

83
Q

Mark A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,I, J, K, L, M and N in the given figure

A

A- Mole
B- Anteater
C- Mouse
D- Lemur
E- Flying squirrel
F- Bobcat
G-Wolf
H - Marsupial mole
I - Numbat(anteater)
J- Marsupial mouse
K - Spotted cuscus
L - Flying phalanger
M - Tasmanian tiger cat
N - Tasmanian wolf

84
Q

In the given figures of natural selection figures A, B and C represents

A

A - Stabilizing selection
B- Directional selection
C - Disruptive selection

84
Q

______ is the study of history of life forms on earth

A

Evolutionary Biology

85
Q

When we look at stars on a clear night sky we are, in a way, looking back in _____

A

time

86
Q

Stellar distances are measured in ______

A

light years

87
Q

When we see objects in our immediate surroundings we see them instantly and hence in the _____ time

A

present

88
Q

When we see _____ we apparently are peeping into the past

A

stars

89
Q

The ______ is considered a unique event in the history of universe

A

origin of life

90
Q

Compared to universe, the earth itself is almost only a _____

A

speck

91
Q

The universe is almost ______ years old

A

20 billion

92
Q

Galaxies contain stars and clouds of _____ and _____

A

gas, dust

93
Q

Name two gases that formed after temperature came down due to expansion of universe

A

Hydrogen and Helium

94
Q

The gases condensed under ______ are formed the galaxies of the present day universe

A

gravitation

95
Q

Earth is present in which galaxy?

A

milky way

96
Q

There was no _____ on early earth

A

atmosphere

97
Q

Oxygen combined with ____ and _____ to form water, CO2 and others

A

ammonia, methane

98
Q

As it cooled, the water vapour fell as rain, to fill all the ____ and form oceans

A

depressions

99
Q

Life appeared _____ million years after formation of earth, i.e. almost _____ bilion years back

A

500, four

100
Q

______ is still a favourite idea for some astronomers

A

Panspermia

101
Q

Which theory proposed that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc?

A

Theory of spontaneous generation

102
Q

_______ by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life

A

Louis Pasteur

103
Q

In pre-sterilised flasks, life did not come from killed yeast while in another flask open to air , new organism arose from ‘killed yeast’. This experiment disproved which theory?

A

Spontaneous generation theory

104
Q

When S.L. Miller created electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour at 800 C, he observed formation of ______

A

amino acids

105
Q
A

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