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Plant growth and development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______________ is the sum of growth and differentiation

A

Development

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2
Q

The first step in the process of plant growth is

A

Seed germination

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3
Q

The most fundamental and conspicuous characteristic of living being is

A

Growth

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4
Q

Plants retain capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life due to the presence of _____________

A

Meristems

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5
Q

The form of growth wherein new cells are always being added to the plant body by the activity of the meristem is called _____________ form of growth.

A

Open

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6
Q

Root and shoot meristem are responsible for __________ growth of plants

A

Primary

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7
Q

Lateral meristems appear later in life in __________ and ____________

A

Dicots and gymnosperms

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8
Q

The two lateral meristems are _______________ and _________________

A

Vascular and cork cambium

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9
Q

The meristems that cause increase in girth of organs are known as

A

Lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork-cambium)

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10
Q

Lateral meristems are responsible for _________ growth of plant

A

Secondary

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11
Q

Increase in fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume and cell number are parameters for measuring increase in

A

Growth

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12
Q

One single maize root apical mersitem can give rise to more than ________ new cells per hour

A

17500

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13
Q

Growth of pollen tube is measured in terms of ____________

A

Length

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14
Q

Growth of dosriventral leaf is measured in terms of _________

A

Surface area

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15
Q

The period of growth is divided into three phases, namely

A

Meristematic, elongation and maturation

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16
Q

Abundant protoplasm, large nuclei and primary nature of walls are charateristic of cells undergoing ____________ growth

A

Meristematic

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17
Q

Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement and new cell wall deposition are the characteristics of the cells in which phase of growth?

A

Elongation

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18
Q

Cells in their maximum size correspond to which phase of growth?

A

Maturation

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19
Q

The increased growth per unit time is called

A

Growth rate

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20
Q

In which type of growth following mitotic cell division, only one daughter cell continues to divide while the other differentiates and matures?

A

Arithmatic

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21
Q

Root elongation at constant rate is an example of

A

Arithmetic growth

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22
Q

The curve of arithematic growth comes out to be __________

A

Linear

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23
Q

In most systems, the initial growth is slow(lag phase), and it increases rapidly thereafter – at an exponential rate (____________).

A

log or exponential phase

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24
Q

The growth in which both the progeny of cells following mitotic cell division retain the ability to divide and continue dividing is

A

Geometrical growth

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25
Q

The exponential growth in plants slows down due to _____________

A

Limited nutrient supply

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26
Q

A ______ curve is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment.

A

Sigmoid

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27
Q

The curve which is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment is

A

Sigmoid

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28
Q

r’ in exponential growth expression represents

A

Relative growth rate

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29
Q

Lag and stationary phases are characteristics of ___________ growth

A

geometric

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30
Q

What is measure of efficiency index in exponential growth expression?

A

Relative growth rate

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31
Q

Measurement and the comparison of total growth per unit time is called

A

Absolute growth rate

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32
Q

The growth of the given system per unit time expressed on a common basis is called

A

Relative growth rate

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33
Q

Plant cells grow in size by ________

A

Cell enlargement

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34
Q

Turgidity of cells helps in growth by ______

A

Extension

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35
Q

The three most essential elements for plant growth are

A

Water, oxygen and nutrients

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36
Q

Oxygen helps in releasing ________ energy essential for growth activities

A

metabolic

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37
Q

________ are required by plants for energy and synthesis of protoplasm

A

Nutrients

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38
Q

The two environmental signals that affect certain phases of plant growth are

A

Light and gravity

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39
Q

The process of maturation of cells derived from meristems and cambium to perform specific functions is called

A

Differentiation

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40
Q

In order to form a tracheary element, cell will lose its

A

Protoplasm

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41
Q

Secondary cell walls of tracheary elements are composed of

A

Lignocellulose

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42
Q

The living differentiated cells, that have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions, the process is called

A

Dedifferentiation

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43
Q

An example of dedifferentiation in plants is

A

Formation of meristems – interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells.

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44
Q

Formation of interfascicular cambium from parenchyma cells is an exmaple of

A

Dedifferentiation

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45
Q

During dedifferentiation, when meristems are able to divide and produce cells that once again lose capacity to divide but then mature to perform specific functions is known as

A

Redifferentiation

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46
Q

The cells positioned away from root apical meristem differentiate as _____________

A

Root cap cells

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47
Q

The process that includes all changes that an organism goes through during its life cycle from germination of the seed to senescence is called

A

Development

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48
Q

The ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures is called

A

Plasticity

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49
Q

Heterophylly in cotton, coriander and larkspur is an example of

A

Plasticity

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50
Q

In buttercup, difference in shapes of leaves produced in air and in water is an example of

A

Heterophylly/plasticity

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51
Q

Plant development is considered as the sum of its

A

Growth and differentiation

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52
Q

Name the extrinsic factors affecting plant development

A

Light, temperature, water, oxygen, nutrition

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53
Q

PGRs stand for

A

Plant growth regulators

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54
Q

An indole containing PGR is

A

Indole-3-acetic acid

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55
Q

A PGR with adenine derivative is

A

Kinetin/N6-furfurylamino purine

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56
Q

A PGR which is derivative of carotenoid is

A

Abscisic acid

57
Q

PGR composed of terpenes is

A

Gibberellic acid

58
Q

Name a gaseous PGR

A

Ethylene

59
Q

The PGRs which are involved in growth promoting activities are called

A

Plant growth promoters

60
Q

Name three plant growth promoters

A

Auxins, Gibberrelins, Cytokinins

61
Q

A gaseous plant growth regulator which inhibits growth activities is

A

Ethylene

62
Q

The PGR playing an important role in plant responses to wounds and stresses of biotic and abiotic origin is

A

Abscisic acid

63
Q

The discovery of PGRs started with observations of Charles Darwin and his son on unilateral illumination of ____________ by growing towards light source

A

Coleoptile

64
Q

Auxin was isolated by which scientist from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings

A

F.W. Went

65
Q

The ‘bakanae’ (foolish seedling) disease of rice seedlings, was caused by a fungal pathogen

A

Gibberella fujikuroi

66
Q

The active substances held responsible for causing bakanae in rice seedlings was

A

Gibberelins

67
Q

Cytokinesis promoting active substance discovered by Miller was termed -

A

Kinetin

68
Q

Inhibitor-B, abscission II and dormin were chemically identified same and named as

A

Abscisic acid

69
Q

The presence of ethylene was first confirmed by

A

H. H. Cousins

70
Q

Auxin was isolated for the first time from ________

A

Human urine

71
Q

IAA stands for

A

Indole-3-acetic acid

72
Q

The PGR produced by growing apices of stems and roots is

A

Auxins

73
Q

Name two natural auxins

A

Indole-3-acetic acid and Indole butyric acid

74
Q

Name two synthetic auxins

A

Naphthalene acetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

75
Q

Auxins promote flowering in which fruit?

A

Pineapples

76
Q

The PGR that helps to prevent fruit and leaf drop at early stages but promote the abscission of older mature leaves and fruits is __

A

Auxin

77
Q

In agricultural practices, ___________ is used to initiate rooting in stem cuttings

A

Auxins

78
Q

The phenomenon of growing apical bud inhibiting the growth of the lateral buds is called

A

Apical dominance

79
Q

Removal of shoot tips is called

A

Decapitation

80
Q

The technique widely applied in tea plantations and hedge making is

A

Decapitation

81
Q

Parthenocarpy in tomato is induced by

A

Auxins

82
Q

The PGRs widely used as herbicides are

A

Auxins

83
Q

Auxin used to kill dicot weeds is

A

2, 4-D

84
Q

Auxin is responsible for controlling differentiation of which vascular tissue?

A

Xylem

85
Q

The PGR that has been known to exist in more than 100 forms in fungi and plants is

A

Gibberelins

86
Q

The first discovered gibberelic acid was

A

GA3

87
Q

The PGR employed to increase length of grape stalk due to its capability of increasing axis length is

A

Gibberelins

88
Q

The PGR used to delay senescence and speed up the malting process is

A

Gibberelins

89
Q

Increase in length of sugarcane to produce more sugar can be done by spraying crops with ____________

A

Gibberelins

90
Q

Gibberelins can induce early seed production in

A

Conifers

91
Q

The process of internode elongation just prior to flowering is called

A

Bolting

92
Q

Bolting in beet and cabbages can be induced by application of

A

Gibberrelins

93
Q

Kinetin was discovered from

A

Herring sperm DNA

94
Q

Kinetin is modified form of which purine?

A

Adenine

95
Q

Cytokinins show specific effects during which step of cell division?

A

Cytokinesis

96
Q

The PGR that helps in production of new leaves, chloroplasts, lateral shoot growth and adventitious shoot formation is

A

Cytokinins

97
Q

The hormone that helps overcome apical dominance is

A

Cytokinins

98
Q

Cytokinins promote nutrient mobilisation which helps in delay of

A

Leaf senescence

99
Q

The gaseous PGR synthesised in large amounts in tissues undergoing senescence is

A

Ethylene

100
Q

Tissues undergoing fruit ripening will possess large amounts of PGR

A

Ethylene

101
Q

Horizontal growth of seedlings, swelling of the axis and apical hook formation in dicot seedlings is promoted by PGR

A

Ethylene

102
Q

Ethylene promotes sensescence and abscission of plant organs especially of ____________ and ___________

A

Leaves and flowers

103
Q

The characteristic function of ethylene is

A

Promotion of fruit ripening

104
Q

Ethylene promotes fruit ripening by enhancing the

A

Respiration rate

105
Q

The rise in rate of respiration during fruit ripening is called

A

Respiratory climactic

106
Q

Ethylene initiates germination in

A

Peanut seeds

107
Q

Ethylene promotes rapid ___________________ in deep water rice plants

A

Internode/petiole elongation

108
Q

The PGR involved in sprouting of potato tubers is

A

Ethylene

109
Q

Ethylene also promotes root growth and root hair formation, thus helping the plants to increase their _______ surface

A

absorption

110
Q

Ethylene initiates flowering and synchronises fruitset in ______________

A

Pineapples

111
Q

Flowering in mango is induced by PGR -

A

Ethylene

112
Q

The most widely used PGR in agriculture is

A

Ethylene

113
Q

The most widely used compound as source of ethylene is

A

Ethephon

114
Q

The type of ethylene hastening fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples is

A

Ethepon

115
Q

In cucumber, ethylene promotes

A

Female flowering

116
Q

The hormone discovered for its role in regulating abscission and dormancy is

A

Abscissic acid

117
Q

The PGR acting as general plant growth inhibitor is

A

Abscissic acid

118
Q

ABA inhibits ________ and __________

A

Plant metabolism and seed germination

119
Q

The PGR increasing tolerance to various kinds of stresses is

A

ABA

120
Q

ABA stimulates _________ of stomata

A

Closure

121
Q

ABA is commonly known as _______ hormone of plants

A

Stress

122
Q

Hormone playing an important role in seed development, maturation and dormancy is

A

ABA

123
Q

ABA acts as an antagonist to

A

Gibberelic acid

124
Q

The plants which require exposure of light for period exceeding critical duration are called

A

Long day plants

125
Q

In plants, where there is no correlation between duration of sunlight exposure and induction of flowering response are called

A

Day-neutral plants

126
Q

The response of plants to periods of day/night is termed as

A

Photoperiodism

127
Q

The site of perception of light/dark in plants are

A

Leaves

128
Q

The phenomenon when flowering of plants is either quantitatively or qualitatively dependent on exposure to low temperature is termed as

A

Vernalisation

129
Q

Name three important food plants having two varieties, winter and spring

A

Wheat, rye, barley

130
Q

Vernalisation is exhibited by _____________ plants

A

Biennial

131
Q

Name three biennial plants

A

Sugarbeet, cabbage, carrot

132
Q

Subjecting the growing of a biennial plant to a ________ treatment stimulates a subsequent photoperiodic flowering response

A

Cold

133
Q

The quality of seed coat that inhibits germination is

A

Impermeable and hard seed coat

134
Q

The three chemical inhibitors in seed preventing its germination are

A

ABA, Phenolic acid, Para-ascorbic acid

135
Q

Effect of inhibitory chemicals on seed can be removed by subjecting seeds to _________________

A

Chilling conditions

136
Q

Application of which chemicals can help dormant seed overcome the effect of inhibitory chemicals

A

Gibberrelic acid and nitrates

137
Q

Seed dormancy can be overcome by changing environmental conditions like

A

Light and temperature

138
Q

Barrier in seed coat that prevent it from germinating can be broken by

A

Mechanical abrasions

139
Q

Two means of natural seed abrasion are

A

Microbial action and passage through digestive tract of animals

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