Plant growth and development Flashcards
1
Q
______________ is the sum of growth and differentiation
A
Development
2
Q
The first step in the process of plant growth is
A
Seed germination
3
Q
The most fundamental and conspicuous characteristic of living being is
A
Growth
4
Q
Plants retain capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life due to the presence of _____________
A
Meristems
5
Q
The form of growth wherein new cells are always being added to the plant body by the activity of the meristem is called _____________ form of growth.
A
Open
6
Q
Root and shoot meristem are responsible for __________ growth of plants
A
Primary
7
Q
Lateral meristems appear later in life in __________ and ____________
A
Dicots and gymnosperms
8
Q
The two lateral meristems are _______________ and _________________
A
Vascular and cork cambium
9
Q
The meristems that cause increase in girth of organs are known as
A
Lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork-cambium)
10
Q
Lateral meristems are responsible for _________ growth of plant
A
Secondary
11
Q
Increase in fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume and cell number are parameters for measuring increase in
A
Growth
12
Q
One single maize root apical mersitem can give rise to more than ________ new cells per hour
A
17500
13
Q
Growth of pollen tube is measured in terms of ____________
A
Length
14
Q
Growth of dosriventral leaf is measured in terms of _________
A
Surface area
15
Q
The period of growth is divided into three phases, namely
A
Meristematic, elongation and maturation
16
Q
Abundant protoplasm, large nuclei and primary nature of walls are charateristic of cells undergoing ____________ growth
A
Meristematic
17
Q
Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement and new cell wall deposition are the characteristics of the cells in which phase of growth?
A
Elongation
18
Q
Cells in their maximum size correspond to which phase of growth?
A
Maturation
19
Q
The increased growth per unit time is called
A
Growth rate
20
Q
In which type of growth following mitotic cell division, only one daughter cell continues to divide while the other differentiates and matures?
A
Arithmatic
21
Q
Root elongation at constant rate is an example of
A
Arithmetic growth
22
Q
The curve of arithematic growth comes out to be __________
A
Linear
23
Q
In most systems, the initial growth is slow(lag phase), and it increases rapidly thereafter – at an exponential rate (____________).
A
log or exponential phase
24
Q
The growth in which both the progeny of cells following mitotic cell division retain the ability to divide and continue dividing is
A
Geometrical growth
25
The exponential growth in plants slows down due to _____________
Limited nutrient supply
26
A ______ curve is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment.
Sigmoid
27
The curve which is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment is
Sigmoid
28
r' in exponential growth expression represents
Relative growth rate
29
Lag and stationary phases are characteristics of ___________ growth
geometric
30
What is measure of efficiency index in exponential growth expression?
Relative growth rate
31
Measurement and the comparison of total growth per unit time is called
Absolute growth rate
32
The growth of the given system per unit time expressed on a common basis is called
Relative growth rate
33
Plant cells grow in size by ________
Cell enlargement
34
Turgidity of cells helps in growth by ______
Extension
35
The three most essential elements for plant growth are
Water, oxygen and nutrients
36
Oxygen helps in releasing ________ energy essential for growth activities
metabolic
37
________ are required by plants for energy and synthesis of protoplasm
Nutrients
38
The two environmental signals that affect certain phases of plant growth are
Light and gravity
39
The process of maturation of cells derived from meristems and cambium to perform specific functions is called
Differentiation
40
In order to form a tracheary element, cell will lose its
Protoplasm
41
Secondary cell walls of tracheary elements are composed of
Lignocellulose
42
The living differentiated cells, that have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions, the process is called
Dedifferentiation
43
An example of dedifferentiation in plants is
Formation of meristems – interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells.
44
Formation of interfascicular cambium from parenchyma cells is an exmaple of
Dedifferentiation
45
During dedifferentiation, when meristems are able to divide and produce cells that once again lose capacity to divide but then mature to perform specific functions is known as
Redifferentiation
46
The cells positioned away from root apical meristem differentiate as _____________
Root cap cells
47
The process that includes all changes that an organism goes through during its life cycle from germination of the seed to senescence is called
Development
48
The ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures is called
Plasticity
49
Heterophylly in cotton, coriander and larkspur is an example of
Plasticity
50
In buttercup, difference in shapes of leaves produced in air and in water is an example of
Heterophylly/plasticity
51
Plant development is considered as the sum of its
Growth and differentiation
52
Name the extrinsic factors affecting plant development
Light, temperature, water, oxygen, nutrition
53
PGRs stand for
Plant growth regulators
54
An indole containing PGR is
Indole-3-acetic acid
55
A PGR with adenine derivative is
Kinetin/N6-furfurylamino purine
56
A PGR which is derivative of carotenoid is
Abscisic acid
57
PGR composed of terpenes is
Gibberellic acid
58
Name a gaseous PGR
Ethylene
59
The PGRs which are involved in growth promoting activities are called
Plant growth promoters
60
Name three plant growth promoters
Auxins, Gibberrelins, Cytokinins
61
A gaseous plant growth regulator which inhibits growth activities is
Ethylene
62
The PGR playing an important role in plant responses to wounds and stresses of biotic and abiotic origin is
Abscisic acid
63
The discovery of PGRs started with observations of Charles Darwin and his son on unilateral illumination of ____________ by growing towards light source
Coleoptile
64
Auxin was isolated by which scientist from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings
F.W. Went
65
The ‘bakanae’ (foolish seedling) disease of rice seedlings, was caused by a fungal pathogen
Gibberella fujikuroi
66
The active substances held responsible for causing bakanae in rice seedlings was
Gibberelins
67
Cytokinesis promoting active substance discovered by Miller was termed -
Kinetin
68
Inhibitor-B, abscission II and dormin were chemically identified same and named as
Abscisic acid
69
The presence of ethylene was first confirmed by
H. H. Cousins
70
Auxin was isolated for the first time from ________
Human urine
71
IAA stands for
Indole-3-acetic acid
72
The PGR produced by growing apices of stems and roots is
Auxins
73
Name two natural auxins
Indole-3-acetic acid and Indole butyric acid
74
Name two synthetic auxins
Naphthalene acetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
75
Auxins promote flowering in which fruit?
Pineapples
76
The PGR that helps to prevent fruit and leaf drop at early stages but promote the abscission of older mature leaves and fruits is __
Auxin
77
In agricultural practices, ___________ is used to initiate rooting in stem cuttings
Auxins
78
The phenomenon of growing apical bud inhibiting the growth of the lateral buds is called
Apical dominance
79
Removal of shoot tips is called
Decapitation
80
The technique widely applied in tea plantations and hedge making is
Decapitation
81
Parthenocarpy in tomato is induced by
Auxins
82
The PGRs widely used as herbicides are
Auxins
83
Auxin used to kill dicot weeds is
2, 4-D
84
Auxin is responsible for controlling differentiation of which vascular tissue?
Xylem
85
The PGR that has been known to exist in more than 100 forms in fungi and plants is
Gibberelins
86
The first discovered gibberelic acid was
GA3
87
The PGR employed to increase length of grape stalk due to its capability of increasing axis length is
Gibberelins
88
The PGR used to delay senescence and speed up the malting process is
Gibberelins
89
Increase in length of sugarcane to produce more sugar can be done by spraying crops with ____________
Gibberelins
90
Gibberelins can induce early seed production in
Conifers
91
The process of internode elongation just prior to flowering is called
Bolting
92
Bolting in beet and cabbages can be induced by application of
Gibberrelins
93
Kinetin was discovered from
Herring sperm DNA
94
Kinetin is modified form of which purine?
Adenine
95
Cytokinins show specific effects during which step of cell division?
Cytokinesis
96
The PGR that helps in production of new leaves, chloroplasts, lateral shoot growth and adventitious shoot formation is
Cytokinins
97
The hormone that helps overcome apical dominance is
Cytokinins
98
Cytokinins promote nutrient mobilisation which helps in delay of
Leaf senescence
99
The gaseous PGR synthesised in large amounts in tissues undergoing senescence is
Ethylene
100
Tissues undergoing fruit ripening will possess large amounts of PGR
Ethylene
101
Horizontal growth of seedlings, swelling of the axis and apical hook formation in dicot seedlings is promoted by PGR
Ethylene
102
Ethylene promotes sensescence and abscission of plant organs especially of ____________ and ___________
Leaves and flowers
103
The characteristic function of ethylene is
Promotion of fruit ripening
104
Ethylene promotes fruit ripening by enhancing the
Respiration rate
105
The rise in rate of respiration during fruit ripening is called
Respiratory climactic
106
Ethylene initiates germination in
Peanut seeds
107
Ethylene promotes rapid ___________________ in deep water rice plants
Internode/petiole elongation
108
The PGR involved in sprouting of potato tubers is
Ethylene
109
Ethylene also promotes root growth and root hair formation, thus helping the plants to increase their _______ surface
absorption
110
Ethylene initiates flowering and synchronises fruitset in ______________
Pineapples
111
Flowering in mango is induced by PGR -
Ethylene
112
The most widely used PGR in agriculture is
Ethylene
113
The most widely used compound as source of ethylene is
Ethephon
114
The type of ethylene hastening fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples is
Ethepon
115
In cucumber, ethylene promotes
Female flowering
116
The hormone discovered for its role in regulating abscission and dormancy is
Abscissic acid
117
The PGR acting as general plant growth inhibitor is
Abscissic acid
118
ABA inhibits ________ and __________
Plant metabolism and seed germination
119
The PGR increasing tolerance to various kinds of stresses is
ABA
120
ABA stimulates _________ of stomata
Closure
121
ABA is commonly known as _______ hormone of plants
Stress
122
Hormone playing an important role in seed development, maturation and dormancy is
ABA
123
ABA acts as an antagonist to
Gibberelic acid
124
The plants which require exposure of light for period exceeding critical duration are called
Long day plants
125
In plants, where there is no correlation between duration of sunlight exposure and induction of flowering response are called
Day-neutral plants
126
The response of plants to periods of day/night is termed as
Photoperiodism
127
The site of perception of light/dark in plants are
Leaves
128
The phenomenon when flowering of plants is either quantitatively or qualitatively dependent on exposure to low temperature is termed as
Vernalisation
129
Name three important food plants having two varieties, winter and spring
Wheat, rye, barley
130
Vernalisation is exhibited by _____________ plants
Biennial
131
Name three biennial plants
Sugarbeet, cabbage, carrot
132
Subjecting the growing of a biennial plant to a ________ treatment stimulates a subsequent photoperiodic flowering response
Cold
133
The quality of seed coat that inhibits germination is
Impermeable and hard seed coat
134
The three chemical inhibitors in seed preventing its germination are
ABA, Phenolic acid, Para-ascorbic acid
135
Effect of inhibitory chemicals on seed can be removed by subjecting seeds to _________________
Chilling conditions
136
Application of which chemicals can help dormant seed overcome the effect of inhibitory chemicals
Gibberrelic acid and nitrates
137
Seed dormancy can be overcome by changing environmental conditions like
Light and temperature
138
Barrier in seed coat that prevent it from germinating can be broken by
Mechanical abrasions
139
Two means of natural seed abrasion are
Microbial action and passage through digestive tract of animals
