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Hi Biology > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The anterior and posterior opening of alimentary canal is

A

Mouth and anus

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2
Q

The __________ has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue

A

oral / buccal cavity

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3
Q

The type of attachment of teeth in jaws of humans is called

A

Thecodont

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4
Q

The type of dentition exhibited by majority of mammals is

A

Diphyodont

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5
Q

The dental formula of human adults is

A

2123/2123

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6
Q

Possession of four different types of teeth is called __________ dentition

A

Heterodont

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7
Q

The hard chewing surface of the teeth, made up of enamel helps in __________ of food.

A

mastication

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8
Q

The tongue is attached to the floor of oral cavity by

A

Frenulum

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9
Q

The upper surface of tongue has small projections called _______, some of which bear taste buds.

A

Papillae

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10
Q

Oesophagus and trachea opens into a common passage called

A

Pharynx

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11
Q

During swallowing, entry of food into glottis is prevented by ___________

A

Epiglottis

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12
Q

Food to stomach is transported via thin, long tube called

A

Oesophagus

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13
Q

Opening of oesophagus into stomach is regulated by a muscular sphincter known as

A

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

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14
Q

The part of stomach into which oesophagus opens is

A

Cardiac

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15
Q

The part of stomach which opens into small intestine is

A

Pyloric

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16
Q

The C shaped region of small intestine is

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

The coiled parts of small intestine include both ___________ and __________

A

Jejunum and ileum

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18
Q

The sphincter which guards the opening of stomach into duodenum is

A

Pyloric sphincter

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19
Q

Large intestine is composed of three parts, namely

A

Caecum,colon and rectum

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20
Q

The part of large intestine which is home to several symbiotic microbes is

A

Caecum

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21
Q

A vestigial organ arising from caecum is

A

Vermiform appendix

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22
Q

The part of colon opening into rectum is

A

Descending part

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23
Q

The part of large intestine that opens out through anus is

A

Rectum

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24
Q

The four layers forming the wall of alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum are, namely

A

Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa

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25
Q

Serosa, the outermost layer of alimentary canal is made up of _____________with some connective tissues.

A

Mesothelium

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26
Q

Muscularis is made up of _______________

A

Smooth muscles

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27
Q

The layer of alimentary canal which is arranged into inner circular and outer longitudinal layer is

A

Muscularis

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28
Q

Submucosal layer is primarily made up of __________containing nerves, blood and lymph vessels.

A

Loose connective tissue

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29
Q

In duodenum region, glands are also present in _________ layer of alimentary canal

A

Sub-mucosal

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30
Q

The innermost layer lining the lumen of alimentary canal is

A

mucosa

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31
Q

The layer of alimentary canal forming irregular folds and villi is

A

Mucosa

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32
Q

Villi are present in

A

Small intestine

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33
Q

The cells lining villi produce numerous microscopic projections called

A

Microvilli

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34
Q

The type of appearance given by microvilli is

A

Brush-border appearance

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35
Q

The advantage of villi and microvilli is that they increase ______________ for absorption

A

Surface area

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36
Q

Villi are supplied by a network of capillaries and large lymph vessel called

A

Lacteal

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37
Q

The cells which secrete mucus that help in lubrication are

A

Goblet cells

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38
Q

Gastric glands in stomach are formed by

A

Mucosa

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39
Q

Crypts formed by mucosa in between bases of villi in intestine are called

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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40
Q

The digestive glands associated with alimentary canal are

A

Salivary glands, liver and pancreas

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41
Q

Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands which are -

A

1)Parotid

2)sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular

3)sub- linguals

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42
Q

Submandibular glands are located in

A

Lower jaw

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43
Q

Saliva below the tongue is produced by

A

Sub-lingual glands

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44
Q

The largest gland of human body is

A

Liver

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45
Q

The structural and functional unit of liver is

A

Hepatic lobules

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46
Q

Hepatic lobules are covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called

A

Glisson’s capsule

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47
Q

The cells responsible for secreting bile juice are

A

Hepatic cells

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48
Q

Bile juice is stored in

A

Gall bladder

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49
Q

The duct of gall bladder is called

A

Cystic duct

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50
Q

The ducts forming the common bile duct are

A

Cystic duct and hepatic duct

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51
Q

Bile duct and pancreatic duct open together into a common _________________

A

Hepato-pancreatic duct

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52
Q

Sphincter guarding the common hepatopancreatic duct is

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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53
Q

Digestive gland acting as both endocrine and exocrine gland is

A

Pancreas

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54
Q

Pancreas being an elongated organ is situated between the limbs of

A

Duodenum

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55
Q

The exocrine portion of pancreas secretes

A

Pancreatic juice

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56
Q

The nature of pancreatic juice is

A

Alkaline

57
Q

The endocrine portion of pancreas secretes

A

Insulin and glucagon

58
Q

Mastication of food and swallowing is facilitated by

A

Buccal cavity

59
Q

A ball of adhered food particles in saliva is called

A

Bolus

60
Q

Muscular contractions of oesophagus which helps bolus pass down are called

A

Peristalsis

61
Q

The sphincter controlling the passage of food into stomach is

A

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

62
Q

The saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains _______and enzymes, salivary amylase and _________

A

electrolytes,lysozyme

63
Q

The enzymes in saliva are

A

Salivary amylase and lysozyme

64
Q

Digestion of which biomolecule is initiated in oral cavity?

A

Starch

65
Q

30% of starch in oral cavity is hydrolysed by

A

Salivary amylase

66
Q

Starch is hydrolysed by salivary amylase at pH

A

6.8

67
Q

Salivary amylase hydrolyses starch into a disaccharide

A

Maltose

68
Q

The component of saliva that acts as an antibacterial agent is

A

Lysozyme

69
Q

The three major types of cells exhibited by gastric glands are

A

Mucus neck cells, peptic/chief cells and parietal/oxyntic cells

70
Q

Parietal cells are responsible for secreting

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

71
Q

HCl and intrinsic factor in stomach are secreted by

A

Parietal or oxyntic cells

72
Q

Intrinsic factor is essential for absorption of

A

Vitamin B12

73
Q

Gastric juice is ________ in nature.

A

Acidic

74
Q

The mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice is called

A

Chyme

75
Q

Proenzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin when exposed to _________

A

HCl

76
Q

Proteins are converted to peptides and proteoses by

A

Pepsin

77
Q

Mucosal epithelium is protected from the action of HCl by both

A

Mucus and bicarbonates

78
Q

The optimal pH for the action of pepsin is provided by

A

HCl

79
Q

The proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants for the digestion of milk proteins is

A

Rennin

80
Q

The juices released in small intestine include

A

Bile juice, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice

81
Q

The duct releasing bile and pancreatic juice is

A

Hepato-pancreatic duct

82
Q

The juice containing inactive enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, amylases, lipases and nucleases is

A

Pancreatic juice

83
Q

Proenzyme trypsinogen is converted into active form tryspin by enzyme

A

Enterokinase

84
Q

Enterokinase is secreted by

A

Intestinal mucosa

85
Q

The bile pigments present in bile juice are

A

Bilirubin and bili-verdin

86
Q

The enzyme activated by bile is

A

Lipases

87
Q

Apart from bile pigments, bile juice also contains

A

Bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids

88
Q

The secretion involved in emulsification of fats is

A

Bile juice

89
Q

The juice which lacks enzymes is

A

Bile juice

90
Q

Mucus secreting goblet cells are located in

A

Intestinal mucosal epithelium

91
Q

pH required for enzymatic activities in intestine is

A

7.8

92
Q

Intestinal juice is also called

A

Succus entericus

93
Q

The secretion containing enzymes disaccharidases, dipeptidases, lipases and nucleosidases is

A

Intestinal juice or succus entericus

94
Q

The protection to intestinal mucosa from acid is provided by

A

Mucus and bicarbonates

95
Q

The submucosal gland involved in protection of intestinal wall from acidic medium is

A

Brunner’s gland

96
Q

The three proteolytic enzymes which act on proteins, peptones and proteoses in intestine are

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

97
Q

Carbohydrates in chyme are hydrolysed into disaccharides by

A

Amylase

98
Q

Fats are broken down into diglycerides and monoglycerides by which enzyme?

A

Lipases

99
Q

Nucleotides and nucleosides from nucleic acids are formed by the action of enzyme -

A

Nucleases

100
Q

The final digestion occurs in very close proximity of which cells of intestine

A

Mucosal epithelial cells

101
Q

The breakdown of biomolecules occurs in which region of small intestine?

A

Duodenum

102
Q

The simpler substances formed after digestion are absorbed in which regions of small intestine?

A

Jejunum and ileum

103
Q

The undigested food from small intestine is passed on to

A

large intestine

104
Q

Fats are broken down by _______ with the help of bile into di-and monoglycerides

A

Lipases

105
Q

Absorption of water, minerals and some drugs occur in which part of intestine?

A

Large inestine

106
Q

In order to adhere undigested particles together and lubricate it for easy passage, mucus is secreted by

A

Large intestine

107
Q

Faeces enter into caecum of large intestine through which valve?

A

Ileo-caecal valve

108
Q

Until defaecation, faeces are stored in

A

Rectum

109
Q

The backflow of faecal matter to ileum is prevented by

A

Ileo-caecal valve

110
Q

The sight, smell or presence of food in oral cavity stimulates the secretion of

A

Saliva

111
Q

The amount of heat liberated from complete combustion of 1g of food in a bomb calorimeter is

A

Gross calorific value

112
Q

Small amount of monosaccharides, amino acids and some electrolytes are absorbed by the process of

A

Simple diffusion

113
Q

Glucose and amino acids are usually absorbed with the help of carrier proteins by which transport?

A

Facilitated transport

114
Q

The transport which occurs with the help of carrier proteins is

A

facilitated transport

115
Q

The transport which occurs against the concentration gradient and requires energy is

A

Active transport

116
Q

Absorption of amino acids and electrolytes like sodium occurs through?

A

Active transport

117
Q

Nutrients which cannot be absorbed directly into blood are

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

118
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol are incorporated into small droplets called

A

Micelles

119
Q

Micelles are reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called

A

Chylomicrons

120
Q

In villi, chylomicrons are transported to

A

Lacteals or lymph vessels

121
Q

In alimentary canal, maximum nutrient absorption occurs in ______________

A

Small intestine

122
Q

Certain ____ coming in contact with the mucosa of mouth and lower side of the tongue are absorbed into the blood capillaries lining them

A

drugs

123
Q

Absorption of alcohol occurs in

A

Stomach

124
Q

Absorption of some water, minerals and certain drugs occur in

A

Large intestine

125
Q

The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities. This process is called ____________

A

assimilation

126
Q

Defaecation is which type of process?

A

Voluntary process

127
Q

Tapeworms and roundworms are parasites harbouring which part of alimentary canal

A

Intestine

128
Q

The disease characterised by liver infection and yellow eyes and skin is

A

Jaundice

129
Q

Skin and eyes turn yellow in jaundice due to the deposition of ___________

A

Bile pigments

130
Q

Vomiting is controlled by the vomit center in

A

Medulla

131
Q

The disease which is characterised by abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of faecal discharge is

A

Diarrhoea

132
Q

The condition in which faeces are retained within the colon is

A

Constipation

133
Q

The two diseases caused by protein-energy malnutrition are

A

Marasmus and kwashiorkor

134
Q

The malnutrition caused by simultaneous deficiency of protein and calories in an infant less than a year in age is called

A

Marasmus

135
Q

Marasmus is often caused when ___________ is replaced too early by other foods poor in protein and calories

A

Mother’s milk

136
Q

The malnutrition in which skin of the patient becomes dry, thin and wrinkled is

A

Marasmus

137
Q

The malnutrition caused byprotein deficiency unaccompanied by calorie deficiency is called

A

Kwashiorkor

138
Q

The malnutrition characterised by thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development along with extensive swelling of body parts is

A

Kwashiorkor

139
Q

During swallowing, food is prevented from entering into glottis due to the presence of _________

A

Epiglottis

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