Mineral Nutrition Flashcards
The technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution is known as
Hydroponics
The scientist who demonstrated the technique of hydroponics for the first time was
Julius von Sachs
In hydroponics, it is important that the nutrient solutions must be adequately ___________
Aerated
Most of the minerals present in soil can enter plants through _____
Roots
Out of the 105 discovered elements, more than _____ are found in different varities of plants.
60
An essential element should be directly involved in the ___________ of plant
Metabolism
The element which cannot be replaced by another element is called
Essential element
The essential nutrients present in plant in large amounts are called
Macronutrients
The nutrients of plants which are present in large amounts i.e., more than 10 mmole/Kg of dry matter are called
Macronutrients
The macronutrients obtained from CO2and water are
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Name the macronutrients absorbed by plants from soil
Nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium
The essential nutrients needed in very small amounts are called
Micronutrients
The nutrients of plants which are present in small amount i.e., less than 10 mmole/Kg of dry matter are called
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are also called
Trace elements
Name the micronutrients needed by plants
Iron, Manganese, Copper, Molybdenum, Zinc, Boron, Chlorine and Nickel
The beneficial elements required by higher plants are
Sodium, Silicon, Cobalt, Selenium
Essential elements are classified into four groups on the basis of their ________
Diverse functions
Name four structural elements of plant cells
C, H, O and N
Energy related chemical compound in chlorophyll is
Mg
Energy related chemical compound in ATP is
Phosphorus
The element which acts as an activator of RuBisCO and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase is
Magnesium
Zinc ion is an activator of enzyme __________and Mo of nitrogenase during
nitrogen metabolism
Alcohol dehydrogenase
The element which is an activator of nitrogenase during nitrogen metabolism is
Molybdenum
The element which aids in opening and closing of stomata is
Potassium
The essential nutrient element that is required by plants in greatest amount is
Nitrogen
Most of nitrogen by plant is absorbed in the form of
NO3-
AfterNO3-, some of the nitrogen is also absorbed in the form of
NO2-orNH4+
The element that is predominantly required by meristematic tissues and metabolically active cells is
Nitrogen
The biomolecules of which nitrogen is a major constituent are proteins, nucleic acids, ___________ and ____________
Vitamins and hormones
Phosphorus is abosorbed by plantsfrom soil in the form of _______________
Phosphate ions (H2PO4-orHPO42-)
The element required for phosphorylation reactions is
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is highly essential for synthesis of a biomolecule i.e.,
Nucleic acid
The element which is major component of cell membranes, some proteins and all nucleic acids is
Phosphorus
The element that helps to maintain anion-cation balance in plant cells is
Potassium
Maintainance of turgidity and an anion-cation balance in cells, activation of enzymes and opening and closing of stomata are some of the functions of __________.
Potassium
The element required by meristematic and differentiating tissues and used in synthesis of cell wall is
Calcium
Calcium is required for synthesis of cell wall and is used as calcium pectate in synthesis of
Middle lamella
The element required in the formation of mitotic spindle is
Calcium
The element which gets accumulated in older leaves and plays an important role in regulating metabolic activities is
Calcium
Magnesium particularly activates the enzymes involved in the process of ______________ and _______________
Respiration and photosynthesis
The element that is the constituent of ring structure of chlorophyll is
Magnesium
The element involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA and maintains ribosome structure is
Magnesium
Plants absorb sulphur in the form of ____________
SO2−4
The two amino acids containing sulphur are
Cysteine and methionine
The element which is a main constituent of several coenzymes and vitamins is
Sulphur
The element which is a constitutent of thiamine, biotin and Coenzyme A is
Sulphur
The element which is a major constituent of ferredoxin and cytochromes is
Iron
Iron is obtained by plants in the form of _______
Ferric ions
During electron transfer, _________ state is reversibly oxidised to ________ state of iron
Ferrous, ferric
The element essential for the formation of chlorophyll is
Iron
The micronutrient which is required in larger amounts as compared to other micronutrients is
Iron
Catalase enzyme is activated by ________
Iron
The element involved in splitting of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis is
Manganese
The element which activates carboxylase and is involved in synthesis of auxin is
Zinc
Zinc is involved in synthesis of phytohormone
Auxin
Copper is absorbed by plants in the form of ?
Cupric ions
Copper is associated with certain enzymes of _________ reactions
Redox
The element required for calcium uptake and utilisation by plants is
Boron
The element involved in cell elongation and differentiation, pollen germination and membrane functioning is
Boron
Boron is required during translocation of which biomolecule?
Carbohydrates
The element which is a component of enzymes like nitrogenase and nitrate reductase is
Molybdenum
Along with Na and K, the element involved in maintaining anion-cation balance in plant cells is
Chlorine
Along with Mn, the element required during water-splitting reaction of photosynthesis is
Chlorine
The concentration of the essential element below which plant growth is retarded is called
Critical concentration
An element, when present below the critical concentration is said to be
Deficient
The morphological changes that occur due to the absence of any particular element are called
Deficiency symptoms
The deficiency of N, K and Mg is first visible in ____________ leaves.
Senescent
The deficiency of structural elements like S and Ca is first visible in ________ leaves.
Younger
The loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing in leaves is called
Chlorosis
The symptom caused by deficiency of N, K, Mg and Mo is
Chlorosis
The death of tissue is called
Necrosis
Necrosis is seen due to the deficiency of
Ca, Mg, Cu and K
Absence or low levels of N, K, S and Mo causes
Inhibition of cell division
Delay in flowering occurs due to lower concentrations of which nutrients?
N, S and Mo
A moderate increase in concentration of mineral ion above optimum value causes ___________
Toxicity
Any mineral ion concentration that reduces the dry weight of tissue by about _____% is considered toxic
10
Brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins are the symptoms for toxicity of
Manganese
The element that competes with Fe and Mg for uptake is
Manganese
The element that inhibits calcium translocation in shoot apex is
Manganese
Toxicity of which element induce deficiencies of Fe, Mg and Ca?
Manganese
The passive uptake of ions into free or outer space of cells occurs by ________ pathway
Apoplastic
The passive movement of ions into the apoplast usually occurs through ____, the ______ proteins that function as selective pores.
Ion channels; trans-membrane proteins
Mineral salts are translocated through ___________
Xylem
The pull force for translocation through xylem is provided by
Transpiration
The process that enriches the soil with dissolved ions and inorganic salts is
Weathering and breakdown of rocks
Nitrogen fixing bacteria and matrix for stability is provided to plants by
Soil
Additional minerals to soil are added in the form of _____________
Fertilisers
The element which is most prevalent in plants apart from C, H and O and is component of amino acids, proteins, etc is
Nitrogen
Plants compete with which organisms for the limited amount of nitrogen available in soil?
Microbes
The process of conversion of nitrogen to ammonia is called
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen is converted to its oxides by energy provided through natural processes like
Lightning and UV radiation
To nitrogen cycle, industrial combustions and forest fires are a source of ____________
Nitrogen oxides
Decomposition of organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals into ammonia is called
Ammonification
Soil bacteria converts ammonia into
Nitrate
The bacteria that oxidises ammonia to nitrite is
Nitrosomonas or Nitrococcus
Nitrite is oxidised to nitrate with the help of bacterium
Nitrobacter
The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and nitrite is called
Nitrification
The nitrifying bacteria are which type of autotrophs?
Chemoautotrophs
The form in which nitrogen is absorbed by the plants is
Nitrate
In leaves, nitrate is reduced to form ____________
Ammonia
Nitrate present in soil is reduced to nitrogen by the process of
Denitrification
Bacterium which can carry out denitrification is
Pseudomonas or Thiobacillus
In nitrogen cycle, Thiobacillus is involved in the process of
Denitrification
Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms is called as
Biological nitrogen fixation
The enzyme of prokaryotes which are responsible for nitrogen reduction is
Nitrogenase
Name two freeliving nitrogenfixing aerobic microbes
AzotobacterandBeijernickia
A freeliving, anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is
Rhodospirillum
Cyanobacteria responsible for fixing nitrogen are
Anabaena or Nostoc
The rodshaped bacteria that has symbiotic relationship with roots of legumes like alfaalfa, lentils,etc is
Rhizobium
The most common association on roots is in the form of outgrowths called
Nodules
The microbe which produces nitrogenfixing nodules on roots of non-leguminous plants is
Frankia
A nonleguminous plant on which Frankia produces root nodules is
Alnus
The nodules are pink due to the presence of ______________
Leg-haemoglobin
Rhizobia multiply and colonise the surroundings of roots and get attached to which cells of root?
Epidermal and root-hair cells
Before root hair is invaded by bacteria, what change occurs in its shape?
Curling
The process of nodule formation is initiated in the _________ of the root.
cortex
The enzyme which catalyses the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in nodules is
Nitrogenase
Two essential elements constituting enzyme nitrogenase are
Fe and Mo
The first stable product of nitrogen fixation is
Ammonia
The molecules of ATP required to fix one molecule of nitrogen to two molecules of ammonia are
16
The enzyme nitrogenase is highly sensitive to ___________
Oxygen
The oxygen scavenger present in root nodules is
Leg-haemoglobin
Bacteria involved in nitrogen fixation live as free-living aerobes but during nitrogen fixation, they become ____________
Anaerobic
The reaction of nitrogen fixation is anaerobic to protect the sensitive enzyme
Nitrogenase
At physiological pH, ammonia is protonated to form ___________
Ammonium ion
Out of nitrate and ammonium ions, the molecule that is toxic to plants is
Ammonium ion
Ammonia is converted to glutamic acid by the process of
Reductive amination
The enzyme involved in synthesis of glutamate from α-ketoglutaric acid is
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Ammonia reacts with which acid to form glutamate by the process of reductive amination?
α-ketoglutaric acid
The process of transfer of amino group from one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid is
Transamination
Most of the essential amino acids are synthesised by the process of
Transamination
The process of transamination is catalysed by the enzyme -
The process of transamination is catalysed by the enzyme -
Two most important amides of plants that are structural part of proteins are
Asparagine and Glutamine
To form glutamine, hydroxyl part of glutamic acid is replaced by
NH2 – radicle
Amides are transported to other parts of plant through
Xylem
Fixed nitrogen is transported via transpiration stream in soyabean as ________
Ureids
