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Hi Biology > Mineral Nutrition > Flashcards

Mineral Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

The technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution is known as

A

Hydroponics

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2
Q

The scientist who demonstrated the technique of hydroponics for the first time was

A

Julius von Sachs

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3
Q

In hydroponics, it is important that the nutrient solutions must be adequately ___________

A

Aerated

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4
Q

Most of the minerals present in soil can enter plants through _____

A

Roots

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5
Q

Out of the 105 discovered elements, more than _____ are found in different varities of plants.

A

60

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6
Q

An essential element should be directly involved in the ___________ of plant

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

The element which cannot be replaced by another element is called

A

Essential element

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8
Q

The essential nutrients present in plant in large amounts are called

A

Macronutrients

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9
Q

The nutrients of plants which are present in large amounts i.e., more than 10 mmole/Kg of dry matter are called

A

Macronutrients

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10
Q

The macronutrients obtained from CO2and water are

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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11
Q

Name the macronutrients absorbed by plants from soil

A

Nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium

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12
Q

The essential nutrients needed in very small amounts are called

A

Micronutrients

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13
Q

The nutrients of plants which are present in small amount i.e., less than 10 mmole/Kg of dry matter are called

A

Micronutrients

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14
Q

Micronutrients are also called

A

Trace elements

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15
Q

Name the micronutrients needed by plants

A

Iron, Manganese, Copper, Molybdenum, Zinc, Boron, Chlorine and Nickel

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16
Q

The beneficial elements required by higher plants are

A

Sodium, Silicon, Cobalt, Selenium

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17
Q

Essential elements are classified into four groups on the basis of their ________

A

Diverse functions

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18
Q

Name four structural elements of plant cells

A

C, H, O and N

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19
Q

Energy related chemical compound in chlorophyll is

A

Mg

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20
Q

Energy related chemical compound in ATP is

A

Phosphorus

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21
Q

The element which acts as an activator of RuBisCO and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase is

A

Magnesium

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22
Q

Zinc ion is an activator of enzyme __________and Mo of nitrogenase during
nitrogen metabolism

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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23
Q

The element which is an activator of nitrogenase during nitrogen metabolism is

A

Molybdenum

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24
Q

The element which aids in opening and closing of stomata is

A

Potassium

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25
Q

The essential nutrient element that is required by plants in greatest amount is

A

Nitrogen

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26
Q

Most of nitrogen by plant is absorbed in the form of

A

NO3-

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27
Q

AfterNO3-, some of the nitrogen is also absorbed in the form of

A

NO2-orNH4+

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28
Q

The element that is predominantly required by meristematic tissues and metabolically active cells is

A

Nitrogen

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29
Q

The biomolecules of which nitrogen is a major constituent are proteins, nucleic acids, ___________ and ____________

A

Vitamins and hormones

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30
Q

Phosphorus is abosorbed by plantsfrom soil in the form of _______________

A

Phosphate ions (H2PO4-orHPO42-)

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31
Q

The element required for phosphorylation reactions is

A

Phosphorus

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32
Q

Phosphorus is highly essential for synthesis of a biomolecule i.e.,

A

Nucleic acid

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33
Q

The element which is major component of cell membranes, some proteins and all nucleic acids is

A

Phosphorus

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34
Q

The element that helps to maintain anion-cation balance in plant cells is

A

Potassium

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35
Q

Maintainance of turgidity and an anion-cation balance in cells, activation of enzymes and opening and closing of stomata are some of the functions of __________.

A

Potassium

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36
Q

The element required by meristematic and differentiating tissues and used in synthesis of cell wall is

A

Calcium

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37
Q

Calcium is required for synthesis of cell wall and is used as calcium pectate in synthesis of

A

Middle lamella

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38
Q

The element required in the formation of mitotic spindle is

A

Calcium

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39
Q

The element which gets accumulated in older leaves and plays an important role in regulating metabolic activities is

A

Calcium

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40
Q

Magnesium particularly activates the enzymes involved in the process of ______________ and _______________

A

Respiration and photosynthesis

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41
Q

The element that is the constituent of ring structure of chlorophyll is

A

Magnesium

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42
Q

The element involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA and maintains ribosome structure is

A

Magnesium

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43
Q

Plants absorb sulphur in the form of ____________

A

SO2−4

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44
Q

The two amino acids containing sulphur are

A

Cysteine and methionine

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45
Q

The element which is a main constituent of several coenzymes and vitamins is

A

Sulphur

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46
Q

The element which is a constitutent of thiamine, biotin and Coenzyme A is

A

Sulphur

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47
Q

The element which is a major constituent of ferredoxin and cytochromes is

A

Iron

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48
Q

Iron is obtained by plants in the form of _______

A

Ferric ions

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49
Q

During electron transfer, _________ state is reversibly oxidised to ________ state of iron

A

Ferrous, ferric

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50
Q

The element essential for the formation of chlorophyll is

A

Iron

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51
Q

The micronutrient which is required in larger amounts as compared to other micronutrients is

A

Iron

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52
Q

Catalase enzyme is activated by ________

A

Iron

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53
Q

The element involved in splitting of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis is

A

Manganese

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54
Q

The element which activates carboxylase and is involved in synthesis of auxin is

A

Zinc

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55
Q

Zinc is involved in synthesis of phytohormone

A

Auxin

56
Q

Copper is absorbed by plants in the form of ?

A

Cupric ions

57
Q

Copper is associated with certain enzymes of _________ reactions

A

Redox

58
Q

The element required for calcium uptake and utilisation by plants is

A

Boron

59
Q

The element involved in cell elongation and differentiation, pollen germination and membrane functioning is

A

Boron

60
Q

Boron is required during translocation of which biomolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

61
Q

The element which is a component of enzymes like nitrogenase and nitrate reductase is

A

Molybdenum

62
Q

Along with Na and K, the element involved in maintaining anion-cation balance in plant cells is

A

Chlorine

63
Q

Along with Mn, the element required during water-splitting reaction of photosynthesis is

A

Chlorine

64
Q

The concentration of the essential element below which plant growth is retarded is called

A

Critical concentration

65
Q

An element, when present below the critical concentration is said to be

A

Deficient

66
Q

The morphological changes that occur due to the absence of any particular element are called

A

Deficiency symptoms

67
Q

The deficiency of N, K and Mg is first visible in ____________ leaves.

A

Senescent

68
Q

The deficiency of structural elements like S and Ca is first visible in ________ leaves.

A

Younger

69
Q

The loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing in leaves is called

A

Chlorosis

70
Q

The symptom caused by deficiency of N, K, Mg and Mo is

A

Chlorosis

71
Q

The death of tissue is called

A

Necrosis

72
Q

Necrosis is seen due to the deficiency of

A

Ca, Mg, Cu and K

73
Q

Absence or low levels of N, K, S and Mo causes

A

Inhibition of cell division

74
Q

Delay in flowering occurs due to lower concentrations of which nutrients?

A

N, S and Mo

75
Q

A moderate increase in concentration of mineral ion above optimum value causes ___________

A

Toxicity

76
Q

Any mineral ion concentration that reduces the dry weight of tissue by about _____% is considered toxic

A

10

77
Q

Brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins are the symptoms for toxicity of

A

Manganese

78
Q

The element that competes with Fe and Mg for uptake is

A

Manganese

79
Q

The element that inhibits calcium translocation in shoot apex is

A

Manganese

80
Q

Toxicity of which element induce deficiencies of Fe, Mg and Ca?

A

Manganese

81
Q

The passive uptake of ions into free or outer space of cells occurs by ________ pathway

A

Apoplastic

82
Q

The passive movement of ions into the apoplast usually occurs through ____, the ______ proteins that function as selective pores.

A

Ion channels; trans-membrane proteins

83
Q

Mineral salts are translocated through ___________

A

Xylem

84
Q

The pull force for translocation through xylem is provided by

A

Transpiration

85
Q

The process that enriches the soil with dissolved ions and inorganic salts is

A

Weathering and breakdown of rocks

86
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria and matrix for stability is provided to plants by

A

Soil

87
Q

Additional minerals to soil are added in the form of _____________

A

Fertilisers

88
Q

The element which is most prevalent in plants apart from C, H and O and is component of amino acids, proteins, etc is

A

Nitrogen

89
Q

Plants compete with which organisms for the limited amount of nitrogen available in soil?

A

Microbes

90
Q

The process of conversion of nitrogen to ammonia is called

A

Nitrogen fixation

91
Q

Nitrogen is converted to its oxides by energy provided through natural processes like

A

Lightning and UV radiation

92
Q

To nitrogen cycle, industrial combustions and forest fires are a source of ____________

A

Nitrogen oxides

93
Q

Decomposition of organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals into ammonia is called

A

Ammonification

94
Q

Soil bacteria converts ammonia into

A

Nitrate

95
Q

The bacteria that oxidises ammonia to nitrite is

A

Nitrosomonas or Nitrococcus

96
Q

Nitrite is oxidised to nitrate with the help of bacterium

A

Nitrobacter

97
Q

The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and nitrite is called

A

Nitrification

98
Q

The nitrifying bacteria are which type of autotrophs?

A

Chemoautotrophs

99
Q

The form in which nitrogen is absorbed by the plants is

A

Nitrate

100
Q

In leaves, nitrate is reduced to form ____________

A

Ammonia

101
Q

Nitrate present in soil is reduced to nitrogen by the process of

A

Denitrification

102
Q

Bacterium which can carry out denitrification is

A

Pseudomonas or Thiobacillus

103
Q

In nitrogen cycle, Thiobacillus is involved in the process of

A

Denitrification

104
Q

Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms is called as

A

Biological nitrogen fixation

105
Q

The enzyme of prokaryotes which are responsible for nitrogen reduction is

A

Nitrogenase

106
Q

Name two freeliving nitrogenfixing aerobic microbes

A

AzotobacterandBeijernickia

107
Q

A freeliving, anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is

A

Rhodospirillum

108
Q

Cyanobacteria responsible for fixing nitrogen are

A

Anabaena or Nostoc

109
Q

The rodshaped bacteria that has symbiotic relationship with roots of legumes like alfaalfa, lentils,etc is

A

Rhizobium

110
Q

The most common association on roots is in the form of outgrowths called

A

Nodules

111
Q

The microbe which produces nitrogenfixing nodules on roots of non-leguminous plants is

A

Frankia

112
Q

A nonleguminous plant on which Frankia produces root nodules is

A

Alnus

113
Q

The nodules are pink due to the presence of ______________

A

Leg-haemoglobin

114
Q

Rhizobia multiply and colonise the surroundings of roots and get attached to which cells of root?

A

Epidermal and root-hair cells

115
Q

Before root hair is invaded by bacteria, what change occurs in its shape?

A

Curling

116
Q

The process of nodule formation is initiated in the _________ of the root.

A

cortex

117
Q

The enzyme which catalyses the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in nodules is

A

Nitrogenase

118
Q

Two essential elements constituting enzyme nitrogenase are

A

Fe and Mo

119
Q

The first stable product of nitrogen fixation is

A

Ammonia

120
Q

The molecules of ATP required to fix one molecule of nitrogen to two molecules of ammonia are

A

16

121
Q

The enzyme nitrogenase is highly sensitive to ___________

A

Oxygen

122
Q

The oxygen scavenger present in root nodules is

A

Leg-haemoglobin

123
Q

Bacteria involved in nitrogen fixation live as free-living aerobes but during nitrogen fixation, they become ____________

A

Anaerobic

124
Q

The reaction of nitrogen fixation is anaerobic to protect the sensitive enzyme

A

Nitrogenase

125
Q

At physiological pH, ammonia is protonated to form ___________

A

Ammonium ion

126
Q

Out of nitrate and ammonium ions, the molecule that is toxic to plants is

A

Ammonium ion

127
Q

Ammonia is converted to glutamic acid by the process of

A

Reductive amination

128
Q

The enzyme involved in synthesis of glutamate from α-ketoglutaric acid is

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

129
Q

Ammonia reacts with which acid to form glutamate by the process of reductive amination?

A

α-ketoglutaric acid

130
Q

The process of transfer of amino group from one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid is

A

Transamination

131
Q

Most of the essential amino acids are synthesised by the process of

A

Transamination

132
Q

The process of transamination is catalysed by the enzyme -

A

The process of transamination is catalysed by the enzyme -

133
Q

Two most important amides of plants that are structural part of proteins are

A

Asparagine and Glutamine

134
Q

To form glutamine, hydroxyl part of glutamic acid is replaced by

A

NH2 – radicle

135
Q

Amides are transported to other parts of plant through

A

Xylem

136
Q

Fixed nitrogen is transported via transpiration stream in soyabean as ________

A

Ureids

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