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Chemical coordination and Intergration Flashcards

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1
Q

Glands without ducts are called

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

_______ is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain and regulates a wide spectrum of body functions.

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Hypothalamus contains several groups of cells called ____________which produce hormones

A

nuclei

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4
Q

Hormones released from the hypothalamus regulate the synthesis and secretion of

A

Pituitary hormones

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5
Q

A hypothalamic hormone called ___________ stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of ____________

A

GnRH, gonadotrophins

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6
Q

_____________ released from hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary.

A

Somatostatin

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7
Q

The _______________ is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.

A

posterior pituitary

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8
Q

The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called ____________ and is attached to the hypothalamus by a __________

A

sella tursica, stalk

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9
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into two parts, namely, anterior pituitary (also called______________) and posterior pituitary (also called_________________)

A

adenohypophysis, neurohypophysi

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10
Q

Name the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A

1) Growth Hormone (GH)

2) Prolactin (PRL)

3) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

4) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

5) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

6) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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11
Q

Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called _______________

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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12
Q

The hormones stored & released by posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis are___________ & ______________

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

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13
Q

Over secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to _____________

A

gigantism

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14
Q

Low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting in ___________

A

pituitary dwarfism

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15
Q

Excess secretion of GH in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of the face) called_________

A

Acromegaly

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16
Q

______________regulates the growth of mammary glands and formation of milk in them

A

Prolactin

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17
Q

____________ stimulates the synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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18
Q

ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called ______________ from the adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids

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19
Q

LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called _________

A

gonadotrophins

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20
Q

LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called _____________from testis

A

androgens

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21
Q

In males, FSH and androgens regulate ________

A

spermatogenesis

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22
Q

in females LH induces ovulation of fully mature-

A

graafian follicles

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23
Q

In females, LH induces ___________ of fully mature ________________and maintains the _______

A

ovulation, graafian follicles, corpus luteum

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24
Q

MSH acts on the _____________________and regulates ________________ of the skin

A

melanocytes ,pigmentation

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25
Q

___________ acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child birth.

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

________acts mainly on the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis)

A

Vasopressin

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27
Q

Vasopressin is also called _______________

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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28
Q

An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration. This condition is known as

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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29
Q

Pineal gland is located on the ____________side of forebrain

A

dorsal

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30
Q

Melatonin is secreted by ____________

A

pineal gland

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31
Q

_______________ influences metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability

A

Melatonin

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32
Q

The two lobes of thyroid gland are interconnected with thin flap of connective tissue called_____

A

isthmus

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33
Q

thyroid gland is composed of _____________ & _____________

A

follicles, stromal tissues

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34
Q

Folicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesise two hormones called _________________ and _________

A

tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

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35
Q

Tetraiodothyronine is also called

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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36
Q

The essential element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones is

A

Iodine

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37
Q

Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in ______________

A

hypothyroidism

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38
Q

Enlargement of thyroid gland due to deficiency of iodine is commonly called _________

A

goitre

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39
Q

Increased secretion of thyroid hormone above the normal level leads to a condition called

A

Hyperthyroidism

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40
Q

____________ is a form of hyperthyroidism, characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate and weight loss.

A

Exopthalmic goitre

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41
Q

Exopthalmic goitre is also called _______

A

Graves’ disease

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42
Q

Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called ___________________ which regulates the blood calcium levels

A

thyrocalcitonin (TCT)

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43
Q

PTH increases the ____________levels in the blood.

A

calcium

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44
Q

PTH increases the blood calcium levels so it is also called

A

hypercalcemic hormone

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45
Q

Along with ___________, PTH plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body

A

TCT

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46
Q

The thymus gland is a _____________structure located between the __________ behind sternum on the ventral side of __________

A

lobular, lungs, aorta

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47
Q

___________ plays a major role in the development of the immune system

A

Thymus

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48
Q

Peptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland are called

A

Thymosins

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49
Q

Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of ______________, which provide _____________immunity

A

T-lymphocytes, cell mediated

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50
Q

thymosins also promote production of ____________ to provide __________immunity

A

antibodies, humoral

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51
Q

Thymus is ______________ in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins. As a result, the immune responses of old persons become weak.

A

degenerated

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52
Q

Adrenal gland is gland composed of two types of tissues. Centrally located tissue is called ______________ and outside this lies the _______________

A

adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

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53
Q

Underproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex alters ___________metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue leading to a disease called __________

A

carbohydrate, Addison’s disease

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54
Q

Another name for adrenaline is

A

epinephrine

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55
Q

Another name for noradrenaline is

A

norepinephrine

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56
Q

Two hormones are commonly called as catecholamines. Name the hormones.

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline

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57
Q

the two hormones are called Adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine are secreted by-

A

adrenal medulla

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58
Q

The hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secrted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called ____________ hormones or hormones of ________ or ______

A

emergency, Fight, Flight

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59
Q

_____________ & _____________ increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and rate of respiration.

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline

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60
Q

_____________ also stimulate the breakdown of ______________ resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood.

A

Catecholamines, glycogen

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61
Q

The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers, called _____________(inner layer), _______________(middle layer) and ________________(outer layer)

A

zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa

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62
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones commonly called as

A

Corticoids

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63
Q

Corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called ________________

A

glucocorticoid

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64
Q

The main glucocorticoid in our body is ______

A

cortisol

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65
Q

Corticoids, which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are called __________

A

mineralocorticoids

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66
Q

_____________ is the main mineralocorticoid in our body

A

Aldosterone

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67
Q

_____________stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids

A

Glucocorticoid

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68
Q

__________is also involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney functions.

A

Cortisol

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69
Q

______________acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions, water and excretion of potassium and phosphate ions

A

Aldosterone

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70
Q

Small amount of ______________are also secreted by the adrenal cortex which play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair during puberty.

A

androgenic steroids

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71
Q

Pancreas is a composite gland which acts as both _____________ and ______________ gland

A

exocrine, endocrine

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72
Q

There are about 1 to 2 million _________________ in a normal human pancreas representing only 1 to 2 percent of the pancreatic tissue.

A

Islets of Langerhans

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73
Q

The two main type of cells in the Islet of langerhans are called

A

α-cells & β-cells

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74
Q

α-cells secret a hormone called ________________ while β-cells secrete ____________

A

glucagon, insulin

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75
Q

Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal _____ levels.

A

blood glucose

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76
Q

Glucagon mainly acts on the _____________ and stimulates ______________ resulting in an increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia)

A

liver cells (hepatocytes), glycogenolysis

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77
Q

___________________reduces the celluar glucose uptake and utilisation. Thus it is a hyperglycemic hormone

A

Glucagon

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78
Q

Insulin is a ________ hormone, which plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.

A

peptide

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79
Q

Insulin acts mainly on _______________ and ______________ and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation

A

hepatocytes, adipocytes

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80
Q

Decreased blood glucose level is called

A

hypoglycemia

81
Q

Insulin also stimulates conversion of __________ to ________ in the target cells

A

glucose, glycogen

82
Q

Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called _____________which is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds knows as _____________

A

diabetes mellitus, ketone bodies

83
Q

The ______________ or interstitial cells, which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone

A

Leydig cells

84
Q

_____________regulate the development, maturation and functions of male accessory organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland & urethra

A

Androgens

85
Q

Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of

A

Spermatogenesis

86
Q

Androgens produce ___________ on protein and carbohydrate metabolism-

A

anabolic effects

87
Q

Ovaries produce two groups of steroid hormones called

A

estrogen & progesterone

88
Q

After ovulation, ruptured follicle is converted into a structure called ___________________, which secretes mainly ____________

A

corpus luteum, progesterone

89
Q

Progesterone acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of ________________(sac like structures which store milk) and milk secretion

A

alveoli

90
Q

The atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone which decreases blood pressure called__________________________

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

91
Q

The cells of kidney that produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin are called

A

juxtaglomerular cells

92
Q

The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called ________ which stimulate formation of RBC.

A

erythropoietin

93
Q

The hormone which acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen is

A

gastrin

94
Q

Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones. These four hormones are

A

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

95
Q

The hormone which acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice respectively is

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

96
Q

The hormone which inhibits gastric secretion and motility is

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

97
Q

Several other non endocrine tissues secretes hormones called ________________________ which are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/ regeneration.

A

growth factors

98
Q

hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific proteins called

A

hormone receptors

99
Q

Examples of 4 peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones are

A

insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones and hypothalamic hormones are

100
Q

Examples of 4 steroid hormones are

A

cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone

101
Q

Thyroid hormones are iodine containing hormones called

A

iodothyronines

102
Q

One example of amino-acid derivative hormone is

A

epinephrine

103
Q

The __________ provides a point-to-point rapid coordination among organs.

A

neural system

104
Q

The neural coordination is fast but __________.

A

short-lived

105
Q

The nerve fibres do not _______ all cells of the body

A

innervate

106
Q

The cellular functions need to be ____________ regulated.

A

continuously

107
Q

A special kind of coordination and integration is provided by __________.

A

hormones

108
Q

The __________ and the __________ jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological functions in the body.

A

neural system, endocrine system

109
Q

The classical definition of hormone states that is a chemical produced by __________ and released into the _______ and transported to a distantly located target organ

A

endocrine gland, blood

110
Q

Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as ______________ messengers and are produced in trace amounts.

A

intercellular

111
Q

___________ possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones

A

Invertebrates

112
Q

A large number of chemicals act as hormones and provide coordination in the ____________.

A

vertebrates

113
Q

The __________ and ____________ producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the endocrine system.

A

endocrine glands, hormone

114
Q

Pituitary, pineal, _________, adrenal, _________, parathyroid, __________ and gonads are the organised endocrine bodies in our body.

A

thyroid, pancreas, thymus

115
Q

Gonad found in males is

A

testis

116
Q

Gonad found in females is

A

ovary

117
Q

Full form of GnRH is -

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

118
Q

Hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their ___________.

A

nerve endings

119
Q

Hormones reach the pituitary gland through a ________________ system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.

A

portal circulatory

120
Q

Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, __________ and ____________.

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia

121
Q

However, in humans, the _____________ is almost merged with pars distalis.

A

pars intermedia

122
Q

___________ is also known as posterior pituitary.

A

Pars nervosa

123
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin, are actually synthesised by the ___________ and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.

A

hypothalamus

124
Q

Acromegaly, may lead to serious complications, and __________ if unchecked.

A

premature death

125
Q

Acromegaly is hard to diagnose in the early stages and often goes undetected for many years, until changes in ___________ become noticeable.

A

external features

126
Q

______ stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females.

A

FSH

127
Q

In females,oxytocin stimulates a vigorous contraction of _______ at the time of child birth, and __________ from the mammary gland.

A

uterus, milk ejection

128
Q

_________ plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.

A

Melatonin

129
Q

Melatonin helps in maintaining the normal _________ of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature.

A

rhythms

130
Q

Each thyroid follicle is composed of ________ cells, enclosing a cavity

A

follicular

131
Q

________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.

A

Iodine

132
Q

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted growth, called __________.

A

cretinism

133
Q

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can cause _____ retardation, low intelligence quotient, ___________ skin, deaf-mutism, etc. in developing baby.

A

mental, abnormal

134
Q

In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause _________ to become irregular.

A

menstrual cycle

135
Q

Due to ________ of the thyroid gland or due to development of ___________ of the thyroid glands, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormal high levels.

A

cancer, nodules

136
Q

Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the ______________

A

basal metabolic rate

137
Q

Thyroid hormones support the process of _____________cell formation.

A

red blood

138
Q

Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of __________, proteins and ________.

A

carbohydrates, fats

139
Q

Maintenance of ________ and __________ balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones.

A

water, electrolyte

140
Q

In humans, four ___________ glands are present on the back side of the thyroid gland.

A

parathyroid

141
Q

Parathyroid glands are present as one pair each in the two lobes of the _______ gland.

A

thyroid

142
Q

The __________ glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone.

A

parathyroid

143
Q

Expand PTH.

A

parathyroid hormone

144
Q

The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of __________ ions.

A

calcium

145
Q

_______/____________ is the process of bone resorption.

A

Dissolution/ Demineralisation

146
Q

PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the _____________

A

renal tubules

147
Q

PTH increases ________ absorption from the digested food.

A

Ca2+

148
Q

The immune responses of old persons become weak due to decreased production of ________

A

thymosins

149
Q

Our body has one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each ________

A

kidney

150
Q

Emergency hormones increase alertness, ____________ dilation, piloerection , sweating etc

A

pupilary

151
Q

Raising of hairs during emergency is known as _______________

A

Piloerection

152
Q

In addition to glycogen,catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of _________ and ________

A

lipids, proteins

153
Q

Glucocorticoids, particularly _______, produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response.

A

cortisol

154
Q

Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of _________, body fluid volume, _________ pressure and blood pressure.

A

electrolytes, osmotic

155
Q

Glucagon stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which also contributes to ____________

A

hyperglycemia

156
Q

Cells of adipose tissue are known as-

A

adipocytes

157
Q

Due to insulin, there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to ______________ and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose levels.

A

hepatocytes

158
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen is called ________

A

glycogenesis

159
Q

The glucose homeostasis in blood is thus maintained jointly by the two – _________ and _________

A

insulin, glucagons

160
Q

A pair of testis is present in the __________ (outside abdomen) of male individuals.

A

scrotal sac

161
Q

Testis performs dual functions as a primary __________ as well as an ___________ gland.

A

sex organ, endocrine

162
Q

Testis is composed of _______________ and _______ or interstitial tissue.

A

seminiferous tubules, stromal

163
Q

Androgens stimulate __________ growth, growth of _______ and _________ hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc.

A

muscular, facial, axillary

164
Q

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of ___________.

A

spermatozoa

165
Q

________ act on the central neural system and influence the male sexual behaviour.

A

Androgens

166
Q

Sexual behaviour is also called as ________

A

libido

167
Q

______ is the primary female sex organ.

A

Ovary

168
Q

Ovary produces one ovum during each _________ cycle.

A

menstrual

169
Q

Ovary is composed of _______ and stromal tissues.

A

ovarian follicles

170
Q

The __________ is synthesised and secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles.

A

estrogen

171
Q

Estrogens produce wide-ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of ______ secondary sex organs

A

female

172
Q

Female secondary sex characters include _______ pitch of voice.

A

high

173
Q

Estrogen also stimulate _______ gland development.

A

mammary

174
Q

Estrogens also regulate female _______ behaviour.

A

sexual

175
Q

__________ supports pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

176
Q

Sac-like structures which store milk are ________

A

alveoli

177
Q

When blood pressure is ________, ANF is secreted.

A

increased

178
Q

ANF causes ________ of the blood vessels which reduces the blood pressure.

A

dilation

179
Q

_________ is the process of formation of RBC.

A

Erythropoiesis

180
Q

Endocrine cells present in different parts of the ____________ secrete four major peptide hormones.

A

gastro-intestinal tract

181
Q

Secretin acts on the __________ pancreas and stimulates secretion of ________ and bicarbonate ions

A

exocrine, water

182
Q

Growth factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their _________________.

A

repairing/regeneration

183
Q

Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called _______________ receptors

A

membrane-bound

184
Q

Hormone receptors present inside the target cell are called _________ receptors.

A

intracellular

185
Q

Receptors present in the nucleus are called _______ receptors.

A

nuclear

186
Q

Intracellular receptors are mostly _________ receptors.

A

nuclear

187
Q

__________ of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex.

A

Binding

188
Q

Each receptor is specific to one ________ only and hence receptors are specific

A

hormone

189
Q

Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain ___________ changes in the target tissue.

A

biochemical

190
Q

Target tissue metabolism and hence ____________ functions are regulated by hormones.

A

physiological

191
Q

On the basis of their __________ nature, hormones can be divided into groups.

A

chemical

192
Q

Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the ______ cell.

A

target

193
Q

Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors generate _______ messengers.

A

second

194
Q

Cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ are all _____________

A

second messengers

195
Q

Second messengers regulate cellular _______

A

metabolism

196
Q

Steroid hormones and iodothyronines have __________ receptors

A

intracellular

197
Q

Intracellular receptors mostly regulate ___________ or chromosome function.

A

gene expression

198
Q

Intracellular receptors function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the ________

A

genome

199
Q

Cumulative biochemical actions result in ___________ and ___________ effects.

A

physiological , developmental

Hi Biology (33 decks)

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