Chemical coordination and Intergration Flashcards
Glands without ducts are called
Endocrine glands
_______ is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain and regulates a wide spectrum of body functions.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus contains several groups of cells called ____________which produce hormones
nuclei
Hormones released from the hypothalamus regulate the synthesis and secretion of
Pituitary hormones
A hypothalamic hormone called ___________ stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of ____________
GnRH, gonadotrophins
_____________ released from hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
Somatostatin
The _______________ is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
posterior pituitary
The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called ____________ and is attached to the hypothalamus by a __________
sella tursica, stalk
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts, namely, anterior pituitary (also called______________) and posterior pituitary (also called_________________)
adenohypophysis, neurohypophysi
Name the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary
1) Growth Hormone (GH)
2) Prolactin (PRL)
3) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
4) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
5) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
6) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called _______________
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
The hormones stored & released by posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis are___________ & ______________
oxytocin, vasopressin
Over secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to _____________
gigantism
Low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting in ___________
pituitary dwarfism
Excess secretion of GH in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of the face) called_________
Acromegaly
______________regulates the growth of mammary glands and formation of milk in them
Prolactin
____________ stimulates the synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called ______________ from the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called _________
gonadotrophins
LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called _____________from testis
androgens
In males, FSH and androgens regulate ________
spermatogenesis
in females LH induces ovulation of fully mature-
graafian follicles
In females, LH induces ___________ of fully mature ________________and maintains the _______
ovulation, graafian follicles, corpus luteum
MSH acts on the _____________________and regulates ________________ of the skin
melanocytes ,pigmentation
___________ acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child birth.
Oxytocin
________acts mainly on the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis)
Vasopressin
Vasopressin is also called _______________
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration. This condition is known as
Diabetes Insipidus
Pineal gland is located on the ____________side of forebrain
dorsal
Melatonin is secreted by ____________
pineal gland
_______________ influences metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability
Melatonin
The two lobes of thyroid gland are interconnected with thin flap of connective tissue called_____
isthmus
thyroid gland is composed of _____________ & _____________
follicles, stromal tissues
Folicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesise two hormones called _________________ and _________
tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine is also called
Thyroxine (T4)
The essential element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones is
Iodine
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in ______________
hypothyroidism
Enlargement of thyroid gland due to deficiency of iodine is commonly called _________
goitre
Increased secretion of thyroid hormone above the normal level leads to a condition called
Hyperthyroidism
____________ is a form of hyperthyroidism, characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate and weight loss.
Exopthalmic goitre
Exopthalmic goitre is also called _______
Graves’ disease
Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called ___________________ which regulates the blood calcium levels
thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
PTH increases the ____________levels in the blood.
calcium
PTH increases the blood calcium levels so it is also called
hypercalcemic hormone
Along with ___________, PTH plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body
TCT
The thymus gland is a _____________structure located between the __________ behind sternum on the ventral side of __________
lobular, lungs, aorta
___________ plays a major role in the development of the immune system
Thymus
Peptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland are called
Thymosins
Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of ______________, which provide _____________immunity
T-lymphocytes, cell mediated
thymosins also promote production of ____________ to provide __________immunity
antibodies, humoral
Thymus is ______________ in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins. As a result, the immune responses of old persons become weak.
degenerated
Adrenal gland is gland composed of two types of tissues. Centrally located tissue is called ______________ and outside this lies the _______________
adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
Underproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex alters ___________metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue leading to a disease called __________
carbohydrate, Addison’s disease
Another name for adrenaline is
epinephrine
Another name for noradrenaline is
norepinephrine
Two hormones are commonly called as catecholamines. Name the hormones.
adrenaline, noradrenaline
the two hormones are called Adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine are secreted by-
adrenal medulla
The hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secrted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called ____________ hormones or hormones of ________ or ______
emergency, Fight, Flight
_____________ & _____________ increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and rate of respiration.
adrenaline, noradrenaline
_____________ also stimulate the breakdown of ______________ resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood.
Catecholamines, glycogen
The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers, called _____________(inner layer), _______________(middle layer) and ________________(outer layer)
zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa
The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones commonly called as
Corticoids
Corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called ________________
glucocorticoid
The main glucocorticoid in our body is ______
cortisol
Corticoids, which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are called __________
mineralocorticoids
_____________ is the main mineralocorticoid in our body
Aldosterone
_____________stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids
Glucocorticoid
__________is also involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney functions.
Cortisol
______________acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions, water and excretion of potassium and phosphate ions
Aldosterone
Small amount of ______________are also secreted by the adrenal cortex which play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair during puberty.
androgenic steroids
Pancreas is a composite gland which acts as both _____________ and ______________ gland
exocrine, endocrine
There are about 1 to 2 million _________________ in a normal human pancreas representing only 1 to 2 percent of the pancreatic tissue.
Islets of Langerhans
The two main type of cells in the Islet of langerhans are called
α-cells & β-cells
α-cells secret a hormone called ________________ while β-cells secrete ____________
glucagon, insulin
Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal _____ levels.
blood glucose
Glucagon mainly acts on the _____________ and stimulates ______________ resulting in an increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
liver cells (hepatocytes), glycogenolysis
___________________reduces the celluar glucose uptake and utilisation. Thus it is a hyperglycemic hormone
Glucagon
Insulin is a ________ hormone, which plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
peptide
Insulin acts mainly on _______________ and ______________ and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation
hepatocytes, adipocytes
Decreased blood glucose level is called
hypoglycemia
Insulin also stimulates conversion of __________ to ________ in the target cells
glucose, glycogen
Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called _____________which is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds knows as _____________
diabetes mellitus, ketone bodies
The ______________ or interstitial cells, which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone
Leydig cells
_____________regulate the development, maturation and functions of male accessory organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland & urethra
Androgens
Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of
Spermatogenesis
Androgens produce ___________ on protein and carbohydrate metabolism-
anabolic effects
Ovaries produce two groups of steroid hormones called
estrogen & progesterone
After ovulation, ruptured follicle is converted into a structure called ___________________, which secretes mainly ____________
corpus luteum, progesterone
Progesterone acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of ________________(sac like structures which store milk) and milk secretion
alveoli
The atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone which decreases blood pressure called__________________________
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
The cells of kidney that produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin are called
juxtaglomerular cells
The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called ________ which stimulate formation of RBC.
erythropoietin
The hormone which acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen is
gastrin
Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones. These four hormones are
gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
The hormone which acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice respectively is
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The hormone which inhibits gastric secretion and motility is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Several other non endocrine tissues secretes hormones called ________________________ which are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/ regeneration.
growth factors
hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific proteins called
hormone receptors
Examples of 4 peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones are
insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones and hypothalamic hormones are
Examples of 4 steroid hormones are
cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone
Thyroid hormones are iodine containing hormones called
iodothyronines
One example of amino-acid derivative hormone is
epinephrine
The __________ provides a point-to-point rapid coordination among organs.
neural system
The neural coordination is fast but __________.
short-lived
The nerve fibres do not _______ all cells of the body
innervate
The cellular functions need to be ____________ regulated.
continuously
A special kind of coordination and integration is provided by __________.
hormones
The __________ and the __________ jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological functions in the body.
neural system, endocrine system
The classical definition of hormone states that is a chemical produced by __________ and released into the _______ and transported to a distantly located target organ
endocrine gland, blood
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as ______________ messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
intercellular
___________ possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones
Invertebrates
A large number of chemicals act as hormones and provide coordination in the ____________.
vertebrates
The __________ and ____________ producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the endocrine system.
endocrine glands, hormone
Pituitary, pineal, _________, adrenal, _________, parathyroid, __________ and gonads are the organised endocrine bodies in our body.
thyroid, pancreas, thymus
Gonad found in males is
testis
Gonad found in females is
ovary
Full form of GnRH is -
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their ___________.
nerve endings
Hormones reach the pituitary gland through a ________________ system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.
portal circulatory
Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, __________ and ____________.
pars distalis, pars intermedia
However, in humans, the _____________ is almost merged with pars distalis.
pars intermedia
___________ is also known as posterior pituitary.
Pars nervosa
Oxytocin and vasopressin, are actually synthesised by the ___________ and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.
hypothalamus
Acromegaly, may lead to serious complications, and __________ if unchecked.
premature death
Acromegaly is hard to diagnose in the early stages and often goes undetected for many years, until changes in ___________ become noticeable.
external features
______ stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females.
FSH
In females,oxytocin stimulates a vigorous contraction of _______ at the time of child birth, and __________ from the mammary gland.
uterus, milk ejection
_________ plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.
Melatonin
Melatonin helps in maintaining the normal _________ of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature.
rhythms
Each thyroid follicle is composed of ________ cells, enclosing a cavity
follicular
________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
Iodine
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted growth, called __________.
cretinism
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can cause _____ retardation, low intelligence quotient, ___________ skin, deaf-mutism, etc. in developing baby.
mental, abnormal
In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause _________ to become irregular.
menstrual cycle
Due to ________ of the thyroid gland or due to development of ___________ of the thyroid glands, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormal high levels.
cancer, nodules
Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the ______________
basal metabolic rate
Thyroid hormones support the process of _____________cell formation.
red blood
Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of __________, proteins and ________.
carbohydrates, fats
Maintenance of ________ and __________ balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones.
water, electrolyte
In humans, four ___________ glands are present on the back side of the thyroid gland.
parathyroid
Parathyroid glands are present as one pair each in the two lobes of the _______ gland.
thyroid
The __________ glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone.
parathyroid
Expand PTH.
parathyroid hormone
The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of __________ ions.
calcium
_______/____________ is the process of bone resorption.
Dissolution/ Demineralisation
PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the _____________
renal tubules
PTH increases ________ absorption from the digested food.
Ca2+
The immune responses of old persons become weak due to decreased production of ________
thymosins
Our body has one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each ________
kidney
Emergency hormones increase alertness, ____________ dilation, piloerection , sweating etc
pupilary
Raising of hairs during emergency is known as _______________
Piloerection
In addition to glycogen,catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of _________ and ________
lipids, proteins
Glucocorticoids, particularly _______, produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response.
cortisol
Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of _________, body fluid volume, _________ pressure and blood pressure.
electrolytes, osmotic
Glucagon stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which also contributes to ____________
hyperglycemia
Cells of adipose tissue are known as-
adipocytes
Due to insulin, there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to ______________ and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose levels.
hepatocytes
Conversion of glucose to glycogen is called ________
glycogenesis
The glucose homeostasis in blood is thus maintained jointly by the two – _________ and _________
insulin, glucagons
A pair of testis is present in the __________ (outside abdomen) of male individuals.
scrotal sac
Testis performs dual functions as a primary __________ as well as an ___________ gland.
sex organ, endocrine
Testis is composed of _______________ and _______ or interstitial tissue.
seminiferous tubules, stromal
Androgens stimulate __________ growth, growth of _______ and _________ hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc.
muscular, facial, axillary
Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of ___________.
spermatozoa
________ act on the central neural system and influence the male sexual behaviour.
Androgens
Sexual behaviour is also called as ________
libido
______ is the primary female sex organ.
Ovary
Ovary produces one ovum during each _________ cycle.
menstrual
Ovary is composed of _______ and stromal tissues.
ovarian follicles
The __________ is synthesised and secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles.
estrogen
Estrogens produce wide-ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of ______ secondary sex organs
female
Female secondary sex characters include _______ pitch of voice.
high
Estrogen also stimulate _______ gland development.
mammary
Estrogens also regulate female _______ behaviour.
sexual
__________ supports pregnancy.
Progesterone
Sac-like structures which store milk are ________
alveoli
When blood pressure is ________, ANF is secreted.
increased
ANF causes ________ of the blood vessels which reduces the blood pressure.
dilation
_________ is the process of formation of RBC.
Erythropoiesis
Endocrine cells present in different parts of the ____________ secrete four major peptide hormones.
gastro-intestinal tract
Secretin acts on the __________ pancreas and stimulates secretion of ________ and bicarbonate ions
exocrine, water
Growth factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their _________________.
repairing/regeneration
Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called _______________ receptors
membrane-bound
Hormone receptors present inside the target cell are called _________ receptors.
intracellular
Receptors present in the nucleus are called _______ receptors.
nuclear
Intracellular receptors are mostly _________ receptors.
nuclear
__________ of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex.
Binding
Each receptor is specific to one ________ only and hence receptors are specific
hormone
Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain ___________ changes in the target tissue.
biochemical
Target tissue metabolism and hence ____________ functions are regulated by hormones.
physiological
On the basis of their __________ nature, hormones can be divided into groups.
chemical
Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the ______ cell.
target
Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors generate _______ messengers.
second
Cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ are all _____________
second messengers
Second messengers regulate cellular _______
metabolism
Steroid hormones and iodothyronines have __________ receptors
intracellular
Intracellular receptors mostly regulate ___________ or chromosome function.
gene expression
Intracellular receptors function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the ________
genome
Cumulative biochemical actions result in ___________ and ___________ effects.
physiological , developmental
