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Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ deals with techniques of using live organism or enzymes from organism to produce products and processes useful to humans

A

Biotechnology

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2
Q

Techniques to alter chemistry of genetic material in order to change the phenotype to host organism are a part of _______ engineering

A

genetic

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3
Q

The two core techniques that enabled birth to modern biotechnology are :

A

Genetic and bioprocess engineering

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4
Q

Maintenance of sterile environment in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of desired organism in large quantities for manufacture of biotechnological products is called:

A

bioprocess engineering

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5
Q

The type of reproduction which permits variation is :

A

sexual reproduction

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6
Q

The type of reproduction which preserves genetic information is:

A

asexual reproducton

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7
Q

The techniques of genetic engineering which include creation of _______ use of ______ and ______, allows us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes into the target organism

A

Recombinant DNA, gene cloning, gene transfer

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8
Q

The process of making multiple identical copies of any template DNA is called :

A

Cloning

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9
Q

The specific DNA sequence of chromosome responsible for initiating DNA replication is :

A

Origin of replication

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10
Q

First recombinant DNA was constructed in 1972 by ______ and ______

A

Stanley Cohen; Herbert Boyer

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11
Q

An autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA of bacteria is called :

A

PLasmid

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12
Q

First recombinant DNA was constructed by linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with native plasmid of :

A

Salmonella typhimurium

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13
Q

Restriction enzymes are also known as :

A

Molecular scissors

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14
Q

The cutting of DNA at specific locations is done with the help of :

A

restriction enzymes

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15
Q

In genetic engineering, plasmid DNA act as ______ to transfer the piece of DNA linked to it into host organism

A

vector

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16
Q

The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with the enzyme _____

A

DNA ligase

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17
Q

Replication of recombinant DNA in host is accomplished by using which enzymes of host?

A

DNA polymerase

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18
Q

Key tools of genetic engineering are:

A

Restriction enzymes, polymerase, ligase, vetor and host organism

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19
Q

The first restriction endonuclease that was found to cut DNA at specific sequence was-

A

Hind II

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20
Q

The specific base sequence recognised by restriction endonuclease to cut the DNA is called:

A

recognition sequence

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21
Q

Restriction enzyme Escherichia coli
RY 13 is written as:

A

EcoRI

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22
Q

While naming restriction enzymes, the order in which enzyme was isolated from the strain of bacteria is indicated by:

A

roman numbers

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23
Q

Restriction enzymes belong to which class of enzymes?

A

nucleases

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24
Q

Nucleases which remove nucleotide from the ends of DNA are called:

A

exonucleases

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25
Q

Nucleases which make cuts at specific position within DNA re called:

A

endonucleases

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26
Q

The sequence recognised by restriction endonuclease to cut the strand in DNA is:

A

palindromic nucleotide sequence

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27
Q

The sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept same is called :

A

Palindrome

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28
Q

The overhanging stretches or single stranded portion left at the end by restriction enzymes are called:

A

sticky ends

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29
Q

The stickiness of sticky ends facilitates the action of enzyme _____ on them

A

DNA ligase

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30
Q

Source DNA and ______ are need to be cut with same restriction enzyme, in order to create a recombinant molecule

A

vector

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31
Q

The fragments of DNA can be separated by a technique known as:

A

Gel electrophoresis

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32
Q

The charge on DNA molecules is :

A

negative

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33
Q

Most commonly used gel matrix for electrophoresis is:

A

agarose

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34
Q

Agarose is extracted from:

A

sea weeds

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35
Q

DNA fragments in agarose gel separate through sieving effect according to their:

A

size

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36
Q

During separation, agarose gel provides ______ effect

A

sieving

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37
Q

Compound used to visualise separated DNA fragments in agarose gel is:

A

ethidium bromide

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38
Q

Ethidium bromide is visible when gel is exposed to:

A

UV light

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39
Q

The process of cutting out and extracting separated bands of DNA from gel is called:

A

Elution

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40
Q

Bacteriophage have very ______ copy numbers of thier genome within bacterial cells

A

high

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41
Q

The sequence from where replication starts is called:

A

Origin of replication(ori)

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42
Q

Copy number of the linked DNA is under control of which sequence?

A

ori

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43
Q

_____ helps in identifying and eliminating non - transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants?

A

selectable marker

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44
Q

The process through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium is called:

A

Transformation

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45
Q

Genes encoding resistance to ____ are considered useful selectable markers

A

antibiotics

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46
Q

Name some antibiotic genes useful as selectable marker for E. coli.

A

Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin

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47
Q

During cloning, the ligation of alien DNA is carried out at a restriction site present in ______ genes

A

antibiotic resistance

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48
Q

An enzyme used as a selectable marker for selection of recombinants from non - recombinants is:

A

Beta galactosidaes

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48
Q

During cloning, rDNA is inserted within coding sequence of beta - galactosidase, thus leading to:

A

insertional inactivation

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49
Q

While using insertional inactivation, the colonies which donot produce any colour in presence of chromogenic substrate are identified as:

A

Recombinants

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50
Q

Non-recombinants colonies appear ____ in presence of chromogenic substrate when subjected to insertional inactivation

A

blue

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51
Q

_______ of Agrobecterium is used as a modified cloning vector to deliver gene of interest into plants

A

Ti plasmid

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52
Q

The viruses which have capability to transform normal cells to cancerous cell in animals are

A

retroviruses

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53
Q

Agrobacterium delivers a piece of DNA known as _____ in plants to transform normal cells into tumor cells

A

T-DNA

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54
Q

A pathogen of dicot plants which is used as cloning vector is:

A

Agrobacterium tumifaciens

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55
Q

The cation used to make bacterial cells competent to take up DNA is

A

calcium

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56
Q

Heat shock is given to bacterial cells at which temperature to make them competent to take up DNA?

A

42 degree C

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57
Q

Recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell by

A

micro-injection

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58
Q

In biolistic method of rDNA transfer, micro-particles of _______ are coated with DNA

A

tungsten or gold

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59
Q

Cells are bombarded with high velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA in a method known as:

A

biolistics or gene gun

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60
Q

Genetic material of all organism is:

A

nuclei acid

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61
Q

To isolate DNA from bacteria enzymes used to break the cell open is :

A

Lysozyme

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62
Q

Isolation of DNA from plant cells is done by disintegrating the cell wall using enzyme:

A

cellulase

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63
Q

To isolate DNA from fungus, enzyme used to break the cell open is:

A

chitinase

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64
Q

Molecules of DNA are intertwined with proteins like:

A

histones

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65
Q

During isolation od DNA, DNA is made free from RNA by using enzymes:

A

Ribonuclease (RNase)

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66
Q

During isolation of DNA, DNA is made free from proteins by using enzymes:

A

Proteases

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67
Q

After isolating DNA, purified DNA is observed as fine threads in suspension when treated with chilled _______

A

ethanol

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68
Q

After restriction digestion, the technique which is employed to check whether the DNA has been digested is:

A

Agarose gel electrophoresis

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69
Q

Joining of source DNA and vector DNA is done with the help of enzymes:

A

DNA ligase

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70
Q

PCR stands for:

A

polymerase chain reaction

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71
Q

Multiple copies of the gene of interest are synthesised in vitro using two sets of primers in:

A

polymerase chain reaction

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72
Q

In PCR, the small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides that are complementary to the regions of DNA are called:

A

primers

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73
Q

DNA polymerase extends the _____ using nucleotides provided during PCR

A

primers

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74
Q

Thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR is isolated from:

A

Thermus aquaticus

75
Q

Ampicillin resistance gene when used to select transformed cell is called:

A

selectable marker

76
Q

When a protein encoding gene is expressed in a heterologous host, it is called:

A

Recombinant protein

77
Q

For production of recombinant protein, the type of culture system which produces a large biomass is:

A

continuous culture system

78
Q

The vessels in which large volumes of raw materials are biologically converted into specific products under optimum conditions are called:

A

Bioreactors

79
Q

The most commonly used bioreactors are:

A

stirring type

80
Q

Stirrer in stirred-tank reactor facilitates even mixing and ______ availability

A

oxygen

81
Q

The process of downstream processing involves _____ and ______

A

separation; purification

82
Q

Identify A, B, C and D in the following figure

A

A - Vector DNA; B- EcoRI; C- Sticky end; D-Recombinant DNA

83
Q

Mark A, B, C and D in the following figure

A

A- Vector DNA; B-Ligases; C-Recombinant DNA molecule;D-Transformation

84
Q

Mark A and B in the following Figure

A

A-largest; B- Smallest

85
Q

Identify the vector

A

pBR322

86
Q

Mark A, B, C, D and E in the following figure

A

A-EcoRI; B-BamH I; C-ori; D-ampR; E-tetR

87
Q

Mark A, B, C, D and E in the following figure

A

A-Denaturation, B-Primers, C-Annealing, D-Taq Polymerase+deoxynucleotides, E-extension

88
Q

Mark A, B, C, D and E in the following figure

A

A-Motor, B-Foam Braker, C-Flat bladed impeller, D- Culture broth, E-Sterile air

89
Q

Making curd, bread or wine, which are all microbe mediated processes, could also be thought of as a form of ______

A

biotechnology

90
Q

In vitro fertilisation leading to a ‘test-tube’ baby, synthesising a gene and using it, developing a DNA ______ or correcting a _______ gene, are all part of biotechnolgy

A

vaccine, defective

91
Q

What does EFB stands for?

A

European Federation of Biotechnology

92
Q

The EFB has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses both ____ view and modern _____ biotechnology

A

traditional, molecular

93
Q

The definition given by EFB is as follows:- ‘ The integration of _____ and _____ cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services’

A

natural science, organisms

94
Q

_______ procedures used in plant and animal breeding, very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with desired genes

A

Traditional hybridisation

95
Q

Foreign DNA, when it gets integrated into the _____ of the recipient, may multiply and be inherited along with the host DNA

A

genome

96
Q

For the _____ of any alien piece of DNA in an organism, it is needed to be a part of a chromosome(s) which has a specific sequence known as ‘origin of replication’

A

multiplication

97
Q

The construction of the first recombinant DNA emerged from the possibility of linking a gene encoding ______ with a native plasmid

A

antibiotic resistance

98
Q

______ acts as an insect vector to transfer the malarial parasite into human body

A

mosquito

99
Q

Escherichia coli, is a bacterium closely related to ______

A

Salmonella

100
Q

The ability to multiply copies of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli was called _____ of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli

A

cloning

101
Q

In the year 1963, the two enzymes responsible for restricting growth of _____ in Escherichia coli were isolated

A

Bacteriophage

102
Q

Out of two enzymes discovered in 1963, one of these added ______ to cut DNA, while the other cut DNA

A

methyl groups

103
Q

It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of _____ base pairs

A

six

104
Q

Besides Hind II, today we know more than _____ restriction enzymes that have been isolated from over _____ strains of bacteria each of would recognise different recognition sequence

A

900, 230

105
Q

The convention for naming these enzymes is the first letter of the name comes from the ______

A

genus

106
Q

The second two letters while naming an enzyme comes from the species of the ______ from which they were isolated

A

prokaryotic cell

107
Q

Each restriction endonuclease functions by ‘inspecting’ the _____ of a DNA sequence

A

length

108
Q

Restriction endonuclease will bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their ______ backbones

A

sugar-phosphate

109
Q

EcoRI cuts the DNA between bases G and A only when the sequence _____ is present in the DNA

A

GAATTC

110
Q

Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the ______ of the palindrome sites, but between the same two bases on the _____ strands

A

centre, opposite

111
Q

Sticky ends are named so because they form ______ with their complementary cut counterparts

A

hydrogen bonds

112
Q

______ are used in genetic engineering to form ‘recombinant’ molecules of DNA, which are composed of DNA from different sources/genomes

A

Restriction endonucleases

113
Q

When cut by the same restriction enzyme, the resultant DNA fragments have the same kind of ________

A

‘sticky ends’

114
Q

Ligases join foreign DNA to ______

A

plasmid

115
Q

The cutting of DNA by restriction endonucleases results in the ____ of DNA

A

fragments

116
Q

DNA can be separated by forcing them to move towards the _____ under an electric field through a medium/matrix

A

anode

117
Q

You cannot see pure DNA fragments in the ______ light and without staining

A

visible

118
Q

DNA appears as bright _____ coloured bands in a ethidium bromide stained gel exposed to UV light

A

orange

119
Q

The DNA fragments purified in this way are used in constructing _____ by joining them with _______

A

recombinant DNA, cloning vectors

120
Q

______ and _______ have the ability to replicate within bacterial cells

A

plasmids, bacteriophages

121
Q

Some plasmids may have only one or two copies per cell whereas others may have _____ copies per cell

A

15-100

122
Q

If we are able to link an alien piece of DNA with bacteriophage or plasmid DNA, we can multiply its number equal to the ______ of the plasmid or bacteriophage

A

copy number

123
Q

Vectors used at present , are engineered in such a way that they help easy linking of _____ and ______ of recombinants from non-recombinants

A

foreign DNA, selection

124
Q

If one wants to recover many copies of the target DNA it should be cloned in a vector whose origin support _____ copy number

A

high

125
Q

In order to link the alien DNA, the vector needs to have very few, preferably _____ recognition sites for the commonly used restriction enzymes

A

single

126
Q

Presence of more than one ______ within the vector will generate several fragments, which will complicate the gene cloning

A

recognition sites

127
Q

You can ligate a foreign DNA at the ____ site of tetracycline resistance gene in the vector pBR322

A

BamH I

128
Q

rop codes for the proteins involved in the ______ of the plasmid

A

replication

129
Q

The recombinant plasmids will loose tetracycline resistance due to ______ of foreign DNA at BamH I site

A

insertion

130
Q

In a vector, one antibiotic resistance gene helps in selecting the ____, whereas the other antibiotic resistance gene gets ‘inactivated due to insertion’ of alien DNA, and helps in selection of ______

A

transformants, recombinants

131
Q

Selection of recombinants due to in activation of antibiotics is a cumbersome procedure because it requires _______ plating on two plates having _____ antibiotics

A

simultaneous, different

132
Q

Alternative selectable markers have been developed which differentiate ______ from _______ on the basis of their ability to produce _______ in the presence of a chromogenic substrate

A

recombinants, non-recombinants, colour

133
Q

We have learnt the lesson of transferring genes into plants and animals from______ and ______

A

bacteria, viruses

134
Q

The tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens has noe been modified into a cloning vector which is no more ____ to the plants

A

pathogenic

135
Q

Retroviruses have also been ______ and are now used ______ to deliver ______ genes into animal cells

A

disarmed, desirable

136
Q

Once a gene or a DNA fragments has been ______ into a suitable vector it is transferred into a bacterial, plants or animal host (where it multiples)

A

ligated

137
Q

Since DNA is a molecule, it cannot pass through cell membranes

A

hydrophilic

138
Q

In order to force bacteria to take up the plasmid, the bacterial cells must first be made _______ to take up DNA

A

competent

139
Q

Calcium increases the ______ with which DNA enters the bacterium through _____ in its cell wall

A

efficiency, pores

140
Q

In heat shock recombinant DNA can be forced into cells by ______ the cells with recombinant DNA on ice, followed by placing the briefly at 42 C and then putting them back on ______

A

incubating, ice

141
Q

Biolistics or gene gun method is suitable for _____

A

plants

142
Q

________ vectors, which when allowed to infect the cell, transfer the recombinant DNA into the host

A

Disarmed pathogen

143
Q

In majority of organisms the nuclei acid is ______ or DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

144
Q

In order to cut the DNA with restriction enzymes, it needs to be in pure form, free from other ______

A

macro-molecules

145
Q

Since the DNA is enclosed within the ______, we have to break the cell open to release DNA

A

membranes

146
Q

DNA is released along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, _______ and also ______

A

polysaccharides, lipids

147
Q

Genes are located on long molecules of DNA interwined with proteins such as ____

A

histones

148
Q

DNA that separates out can be removed by ______

A

spooling

149
Q

DNA ultimately precipitates out and can be seen as collection of ______ in the suspension

A

fine threads

150
Q

Restriction enzymes digestions are performed by incubating _______ DNA molecules with the restriction enzymes, at the optimal conditions for that ______ enzymes

A

purified, specific

151
Q

DNA is negatively charged molecule, hence it moves towards the ______ electrode

A

positive

152
Q

The ______ of DNA involves several processes

A

joining

153
Q

The cut out ‘______’ from the source DNA and the cut vector with space are mixed and ligase is added. This results in the preparation of ________

A

gene of interest, recombinant DNA

154
Q

DNA polymerase uses _____ as template in PCR

A

genomic DNA

155
Q

If the process of replication of DNA is repeated many times, the segment of DNA can be amplified to approximately ______ times

A

billion

156
Q

Thermostable DNA polymerase remain active during the high temperature induced _______ of double stranded DNA

A

denaturation

157
Q

The amplified fragment if desired can now be used to ligate with a vector for further ______

A

cloning

158
Q

______ cells after making them ‘competent’ to recieve, take up DNA present in its surrounding

A

Recipient

159
Q

When you insert a piece of alien DNA into a cloning vector and transfer it into a bacterial, plant or animal cell, the alien DNA gets _____

A

multiplied

160
Q

In almost all recombinant technologies, the ultimate aim is to produce a desirable _______

A

protein

161
Q

There is a need for the recombinant DNA to be ______

A

expressed

162
Q

The ______ gene gets expressed under appropriate conditions

A

foreign

163
Q

Expression of the target protein can be induced after cloning the ____ and having optimised the conditions

A

gene of interest

164
Q

To induce the expression of the target protein, one has to consider producing it on a ______

A

large scale

165
Q

The cells harbouring cloned genes of interest may be grown on a ______ in the laboratory

A

small scale

166
Q

The cultures may be used for ______ the desired protein

A

extracting

167
Q

The cultures can be purified it by using different ______ techniques

A

separation

168
Q

In a continuous culture system wherein the _____ medium is drained out from one side while _____ medium is added from the other medium

A

used, fresh

169
Q

The purpose of adding a fresh medium in continuous culture system is to maintain the cells in their physiologically most active ______ phase

A

log/exponential

170
Q

______ cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products

A

small volume

171
Q

What is the range of volume of culture that can be processed in a bioreactor?

A

100-1000 litres

172
Q

A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the ______ by providing optimum growth conditions

A

desired product

173
Q

The optimum growth conditions in a bioreactor include optimum temperature, ______, substrate, ______, ______, oxygen

A

pH, salts, vitamins

174
Q

A stirred-tank reactor is usually _____ or with a ______ base to facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents

A

cylindrical, curved

175
Q

Alternatively air can be ______ through the reactor

A

bubbled

176
Q

Bioreactor has an ______ system, an ______ delivery system and a ______ control system, a ______ control system, ____ control system and sampling ports

A

agitator, oxygen, foam, temperature, pH

177
Q

A bioreactor has sampling ports so that small volumes of the culture can be _____ periodically

A

withdrawn

178
Q

After completion of the _____ stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a ____

A

biosynthetic, finished product

179
Q

The product has to be formulated with suitable ______

A

preservatives

180
Q

Formulation has to undergo through clinical trails as in case of ____

A

drugs

181
Q

Strict ______ testing for each product is also required

A

quality control

182
Q

The ______ and _____ testing vary from product to product

A

downstream processing, quality control

183
Q

The purpose of steam in a simple stirred-tank bioreactor is ______

A

sterilisation

184
Q

Surface area is increased in a bioreactor for ____ transfer

A

oxygen

185
Q

_____ dramatically increase the oxygen transfer area

A

Bubbles

186
Q

What does the following figure depicit?

A

Removal of separated DNA by spooling

Hi Biology (33 decks)

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