Biotechnology and its applications Flashcards
Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, ____ and ____ crop-based agriculture
organic; genetically engineered
The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:
Green revolution
Increased Yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better _____ and use of _____
management practices ; agrochemicals
Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green revolution were - ____ and ____
fertilisers; pesticides
Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like :
cold, drought, salt and heat
___ has helped to reduce post harvest losses
Genetic modification
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is
Golden rice
GM has been used to create tailor made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of ____, ___ and ___
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals
Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called :
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___
bacteria
Some strains of ___ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans
Bacilus thuringiensis
Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxins are ____ and ___
Tobacco budworm; armyworm
Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like
beetles
Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by :
Bt toxin
Bt toxin protein exists as ____ in Bacillus
inactive protoxins
Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of ___ cells in the gut of insects?
midgut epithelial cells
_____ gene controls corn borer in plants
cryIAb
B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ____
insecticdial protein
Inactive protoxin is converted into active form in the gut of the insect due to :
alkaline pH
Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named ___
cry
Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes ____ and ___
cryIAc; cryIIAc
Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ___ and ____
cell swelling; lysis
In RNAi,a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary ____ to it
dsRNA
A nematode ______ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes great reduction in yield
Meloidegyne incognitia
Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ___ of tobacco plants
roots
dsRNA in RNAi prevents ____ of the mRNA
translation
_____ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense
RNA interference (RNAi)
A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of _____
RNA interference (RNAi)
Using ____ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant
Agrobacterium
Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or ______
mobile genetic elements/ transposons
The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both ____ and ____ RNA in the host cells
sense; anti-sense
Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking _____ at regular time intervals
insulin
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by :
disulphide bridges
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from
pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs
In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a _____
pro-hormone
Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the :
C peptide
In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was
Eli Lily
A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ____ to produce insulin chains
E.coli
____ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo
Gene therapy
The first clinical gene therapy was given in ___ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
1990
The first clinical gene therapy was given to a patient with _____ deficiency
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme :
adenosine deaminase
In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by _____ transplantation
bone marrow
In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___ vector
retroviral
Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ______
lymphocytes
Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an ___ stage
early embryonic
Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are :
Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA
PCR stands for:
Polymerase Chain Reaction
ELISA stands for:
Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:
PCR
Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is :
PCR
A probe is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ____
autoradiography
ELISA is based on the principle of :
Antigen - antibody interaction
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as
transgenic animals
95% of all existing transgenic animals are :
mice
____ animals can be specifically designed to allow study of normal physiology and development
transgenic animals
Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as :
cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s
Transgenic animals can be used to produce _____ for treatment of emphysema
alpha-1-antitrypsin
First transgenic cow was :
Rosie
Identify A, B, C and D in the following figure
A) Proinsulin, B) A peptide, C) B peptide, D) Free C peptide
Find A and B in the given figure
A) Cotton Boll destroyed by bollworms, B) A fully mature Cotton Boll
In the given figure for nematode infection, amongst A and B which one is a transgenic plant ?
B
What is represented in the given figure?
Maturation of pro-insulin into insulin
