Plant Kingdom Flashcards
1
Q
Five kingdom classification was given by-
A
R.H. Whittaker
2
Q
Five kingdoms listed under Whittaker classification are-
A
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae
3
Q
Cyanobacteria is classified under kingdom-
A
Monera
4
Q
The divisions under kingdom Plantae are -
A
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
5
Q
Plant classification system given by Linnaeus was based mainly on ___ or on ___
A
Vegetative characters or on the androecium structure
6
Q
Classification system based on internal structure like embryology, phytochemistry, etc was given by
A
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker
7
Q
Phylogenetic classification systems are based on ___
A
Evolutionary relationships
8
Q
In ___ taxonomy, numbers and codes are assigned to all characters
A
Numerical
9
Q
The taxonomy which is based on chromosome number, structure and behaviour is called
A
Cytotaxonomy
10
Q
Taxonomy which includes chemical constitutes for classification
A
chemotaxonomy
11
Q
Simple chlorophyll bearing, thalloid, aquatic and autotrophic organisms are called
A
Algae
12
Q
Apart from water, algae is available in habitats like ____
A
moist stones, soil and wood
13
Q
Algae live in association with fungi as
A
Lichens
14
Q
Name alga which exists in colonial form
A
Volvox
15
Q
Name any two filamentous algae
A
Ulothrix and Spirogyra
16
Q
Modes of reproduction in Algae are
A
Vegetative, sexual and asexual
17
Q
Vegetative reproduction in algae occurs by
A
Fragmentation
18
Q
Most common type of asexually reproducing spores in algae are
A
Zoospores
19
Q
Gametes are flagellated and similar in size in ___
A
Ulothrix/ Chlamydomonas
20
Q
Gametes of Spirogyra are ___
A
Non-motile
21
Q
Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called
A
isogamy
22
Q
Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is called
A
anisogamy
23
Q
Fusion of large non-motile female gametes with small motile male gametes is called
A
Oogamous
24
Q
Two algae reproducing by oogamy are
A
volvox and fucus
25
An algae reproducing by anisogamy is
Eudorina
26
The organism which is primary producers of compounds forming basis of food cycles of aquatic animals are
Algae
27
Three genus of marine algae used as food are
Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
28
Water holding substances produced by algae are called
hydrocolloids
29
Hydro-colloid-algin is produced by ____ algae
brown
30
Which hydrocolloid is produced by red algae?
Carrageen
31
Gelidium and Gracilaria are producers of ___
Agar
32
A unicellular alga rich in proteins used as a food supplement by space travellers is
Chlorella
33
Algae is divided into three main classes, namely
Chlorophyceae, Phaephyceae, Rhodophyceae
34
Members of chlorophyceae are commonly called
green algae
35
Members of chlorophyceae are green due to the presence of pigments-
chlorophyll a and b
36
Outer and inner layer of green algal cell is __ and ___ respectively
Pectose, cellulose
37
Most of the members of chlorophyceae possess storage bodies located in chloroplasts called
Pyrenoids
38
Pyrenoids contains ___ besides ___
Proteins; starch
39
Chlorophyceae reproduces vegetatively by ____ and by formation of ____
Fragmentation and spores
40
Asexual reproduction in green algae occurs by
Zoospores
41
Sexual reproduction is green algae can be through
isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy
42
Name 3 green algae
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix/ Spirogyra/ Chara
43
Members of Phaeophyceae are also called
brown algae
44
Brown algae is usually found in ___
marine habitats
45
Name the filamentous brown algae
Ectocarpus
46
A branched form of brown algae reaching upto 100 metres is ___
kelps
47
Pigments possessed by brown algae are
chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls
48
Colour of brown algae depends on the amount of ___ present
xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin
49
Xanthophyll pigment present in brown algae is
fucoxanthin
50
Food in brown algae is stored as ___
complex carbohydrates
51
Carbohydrates in brown algae is present in the form of
laminarin or mannitol
52
The gelatin coating covering cellulosic wall of brown algae is ___
algin
53
Protoplast of brown algae consists of ___, ___ and ___
plastid, central vacuole and nucleus
54
Plant body of brown algae is attached to substratum by
holdfast
55
The stalk of brown algae is called
Stipe
56
Leaf like photosynthetic organ of brown algae is called
frond
57
Vegetative reproduction in brown algae takes place by ___
Fragmentation
58
Asexual reproduction in brown algae takes place with the help of ___
biflagellate zoospore
59
Biflagellate zoospores of brown algae are __ shaped
pear
60
Sexual reproduction in brown algae may be
isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous
61
Union of gametes in brown algae takes place in ____
water
62
Attachment of flagella on the body of gametes of brown algae is ____
lateral
63
Five examples of algae belonging to Phaeophyceae are
Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus
64
Members of rhodophyceae are commonly called
red algae
65
Dominant pigment in red algae is
r-phycoerythin
66
Algae is found in warmer regions in
Rhodophyceae
67
The algae found in both well-lighted region close to the surface as well as at greater depths are
Red algae
68
The red thalli of most of the red algae are
Multicellular
69
Food in red alage is stored in the form of ___
floridean starch
70
Structure of which starch resembles amylopectin and glycogen ?
floridean starch
71
Asexual reproduction in red algae occurs by ____ spores
non-motile
72
Sexual reproduction in red algae takes place by ____
Non-motile gametes
73
Sexual reproduction in red algae is ____
oogamous
74
4 examples of red algae are
Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium
75
____ includes the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in ____ areas in hills
Bryophytes; moist shaded
76
Bryophytes are called ___ of plant kingdom
Amphibians
77
Bryophytes are dependent on ___ for sexual reproduction
water
78
Bryophytes usually occur in ____, ____ and ___ localities
damp, humid and shaded
79
Bryophytes play major ecological role in
plant succession
80
Plant body of bryophytes is attached to substratum by unicellular or multicellular ____
rhizoids
81
The ploidy of main plant body of bryophytes is
haploid
82
Haploid plant body of bryophytes is called
gametophyte
83
Sex organs of bryophytes are ___ cellular
multi
84
Male sex organ in bryophytes is called
antheridium
85
Antheridium produces biflagellated
antherozoids
86
Female sex organ in bryophytes is called
archegonium
87
Female sex organ in bryophytes is ___ shaped
flask
88
A multicellular body produced by fusion of male and female gametes in bryophytes is called
sporophyte
89
Sporophyte is attached to photosynthetic ____
gametophyte
90
Gametophyte provides nourishment to ____
sporophyte
91
Sporophyte produces haploid spores by the process of
Meiosis
92
Spores produced by sporophyte in bryophytes germinate to produce ____
gametophyte
93
Bryophytes which provide food for herbaceous animals are
mosses
94
Peat used as a fuel is provided by
Sphagnum
95
Bryophytes which are of great ecological importance are
Mosses
96
Bryophytes that prevent soil erosion are ____
Mosses
97
Bryophytes are classified as
liverworts and mosses
98
Plant body of liverworts is usually ____
thalloid
99
Marchantia is a _____
liverworth
100
Thallus of liverworth is ____
dorsiventral
101
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place ___ of thallus
fragmentation
102
Specialised structures for asexual reproduction in liverworts is _____
gemmae
103
Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small repectales called
gemma cups
104
Gemma cups in liverworts are located on ___
thalli
105
Sporophyte gets differentiated into ______, ____ and ____
foot, septa and capsule
106
Spores within the sporophyte capsule are produced by which process?
Meiosis
107
In liverworts, spores released by sporophytes germinate tp form _____
free - living gametophyte
108
The predominant stage of life cycle of moss is the ___
gametophyte
109
First stage of life cycle of gametophyte of moss is
protonema
110
Protonema stage develops directly from _____
spore
111
Creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage of moss is called
Protonema
112
The second stage in life cycle of moss is
leafy stage
113
Leafy stage in mosses develops from _____ as a lateral bud
secondary protonema
114
Upright structure with slender axes and spirally arranged and spirally arranged leaves characteristics of
Leafy stage of moss gametophyte
115
The stage in life cycle of moss gametophyte bearing sex organs is ____
leafy stage
116
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by ___ and ____ in the secondary protonema
fragmentation and budding
117
Bryophyte which has elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal and structure of sporophyte is
Mosses
118
Three examples of mosses are
Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum
119
Horsetails and ferns belong to division -
Pteridophytes
120
Plants which are usually grown as ornamentals but are also used for medicinal purpose and as soil binders are
Pteridophytes
121
Pteridophytes were first terrestrial plants to possess which tissues?
Vascular tissues
122
Pteridophytes are usually found in
cool, damp, shady places
123
Main plant body in pteridophytes is
sporophyte
124
Pteridophytes have true root, stem and leaves with well - differentiated ____ tissues
Vascular
125
The sporophyte bear sporongia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called
Sporophylls
126
Sporophylls form distinct compact structures called
strobili
127
Two pteridophytes which possess cones are
Selaginella and Equisetum
128
Spores are produced by meiosis in
spore mother cells
129
In pteridophytes, spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free - living gametophyte called
prothallus
130
In pteridophytes, gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia
131
_____ is essential for transfer for antherozoids in pteridophytes
water
132
Dominant phase of life cycle of pteridophytes is
Sporophyte
133
Majority of the pteridophytes bear similar kind of spores, thus called
homosporous
134
Two heterosporous pteridophytes are
selaginella and salvinia
135
Megaspores germinates and gives rise to ____ gametophyte
female
136
Development of zygotes takes place within female gametophytes in which plants?
Pteridophytes
137
Four classes of pteridophytes are namely
Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenospsida and Pteropsida
138
A pteridophytes belonging to class Psilopsida is
Psilotum
139
Selaginella and Lycopodium belonging to class
Lycopsida
140
Give examples of two pteridophytes of class Lycopsida
Selaginella and Lycopodium
141
Equisetum belongs to class
Sphenopsida
142
Name three pteridophytes of class Pteropsida
Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum
143
The plants in which ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilization, are called
Gymnosperms
144
One of the tallest tree species of gymnosperms is
Sequoia
145
The type of roots present in gynosperms are
Tap roots
146
A gymnosperm having fungal association of its root with mycorrhiza is
Pinus
147
Coralloid roots of gymnosperm are associated with N2 - fixing cyanobacteria?
Cycas
148
Cycas possesses small specialised roots called
Coralloid roots
149
In cycas, which type of leaves persists for a few years?
pinnate leaves
150
Needle - like leaves are present in which gymnosperms ?
Conifers
151
In order to reduce water loss, leaves of conifers have ____ cuticle and ____ stomata
thick, sunken
152
Gymnosperms produce haploid megaspores and microspores, thus are called
Heterosporous
153
In gymnosperms, spores are produced within sporangia which are borne on ____
sporophylls
154
In gymnosperms, sporophylls are arranged spirally along an axis to form
lax or compact strobili or cones
155
Strobili bearing microsporangia is called
Microsporangiate
156
Microsporangiate is also called
Male strobili
157
The reduced male gametophyte of gymnosperms is called
pollen grain
158
In gymnosperm, development of pollen grains take place within ___
microsporangia
159
Cones bearing megasporophylls ovules of gymnosperms are called
Macrosporangiate
160
Macrosporangiate is called
Female strobili
161
Male and female gametophytes are present on separate trees in which gymnosperms?
Cycas
162
Male and female gametophytes are present on same trees in which gymnosperms?
Pinus
163
____ divides meiotically to form megaspores
megaspore mother cell
164
In gymnosperms, one megaspore mother cell divides to form -
4 megaspores
165
In gymnosperms, one of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into multicellular female gametophyte bearing ____
archegonia
166
In gymnosperms, gametophytes remain within the ____
sporangia
167
Pollen grains in gymnosperms are released from ____
Microsporangium
168
In angiosperms, pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called
Flowers
169
In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed in
Fruits
170
The smallest angiosperm is
Wolffia
171
An angiosperm with tall trees upto 100 metres is
Eucalyptus
172
Angiosperms are divided into two classes, namely
Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons
173
Angiosperms characterised by two cotyledons and reticulate venetion in leaves are
Dicotyledons
174
Dicotyledons bear ____ flowers
tetramerous or pentamerous
175
Angiosperms possessing parallel venation in their seeds are
Monocotyledons
176
Monocots bear ____ flowers
trimerous
177
Male sex organ of a flower is
stamen
178
Within which structure of flower does pollen mother cells divide to produce microspores ?
Anther
179
Pollen mother cells divide by ___ to produce microspores
meiosis
180
Female sex organ of a flower is -
pistil
181
Pistil is composed of ___, ____ and ____
stigma, style and ovary
182
Ovules in flowers are present inside ___
ovary
183
Megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis to give rise to?
four haploid megaspores
184
How many megaspores out of four divide to form embryo sac?
1
185
Three - celled egg apparatus in embryo consists of ____ and ____
one egg cell and two synergids
186
Embryo sac consists of -
Three - celled egg apparatus, Three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei
187
In embryo sac, polar nuclei fuse to produce ?
diploid secondary nucleus
188
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called
Pollination
189
Pollen grains germinate on which part of pistil?
stigma
190
Number of male gametes discharged by pollen tube into embryo sac are
two male gametes
191
One male gamete fuses with agg cell to form
zygote
192
Zygote is formed by the process of
syngamy
193
Second male gamete fuses with ___
diploid secondary nucleus
194
The other male gamete fuse with the diploid secondary nucleus to produce?
triploid primary endosperm nucleus
195
PEN is formed by the process of ____
triple fusion
196
Double fertilization involves two events, namely
syngamy and triple fusion
197
Double fertilization is unique to which division ?
Angiosperms
198
The structure which develops into embryo is
zygote
199
PEN during double fertilization develops into ___
endosperm
200
Endosperm provides nourishment to ____
developing embryo
201
The cells of embryo sac which disintegrate after fertilization are
synergids and antipodals
202
In angiosperms, ovules develop into ____
seeds
203
In angiosperms, which structure develops into fruit?
ovaries
204
The haploid plant body that produces gametes by the mitosis is called
Gametophyte
205
After fertilization, zygote divides mitosis to produce diplod plant body called
Sporophyte
206
Sporophytic generation is represented only by one - celled zygote in plants with ____ life cycle
haplontic
207
The dominant phase of life cycle in haplontic plants is free-living
gametophyte
208
Volvos and spirogyra represents which type of life cycle on the basis of alternation of generations?
haplontic
209
Name 3 plants possessing haplontic life cycle
volvox, spirogyra and chlamydomonas
210
The diploid sporophyte is sporophyte, photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant inwhich type of life cycle?
Diplontic
211
In diplontic plants, gametophytic phase is represented by
haploid gametophyte
212
The types of life cycle fucus possesses is
diplontic
213
Gymnosperms and angiosperms follow which type of life cycle with some variations?
diplontic
214
Haplo - diplontic phase is possessed by
bryophytes and pteridophytes
215
Dominant phase of life cycle in bryophytes is represented by
haploid gametophyte
216
Haploid gametophyte in bryophytes alternates with
short lived multicellular sporophyte
217
The dominant phase in life cycle of pteridophytes is
diploid sporophyte
218
In pteridophytes, gametophytic phase exists as
independent and short - livid haploid gametophyte
219
Name two alga which exhibit haplo - diplontic phase of life cycle
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia
220
Examples of Gymnosperm whose stems are brached
Pinus and Cedrus
221
Examples of Gymnosperms whose stems are branched
Cycas
