Biological Classification Flashcards
Who was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification and used simple morphological characters to classify plants?
Aristotle
On the basis of which characters Aristotle classified plants into trees, shrubs and herbs?
Simple morphological characters
Name of the two kingdoms that were developed during Linnaeus time
Plantae and Animalia
Who proposed the five kingdom classification system?
R-H Whittaker
Name the five kingdoms defined by the Whittaker-
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Sole members of Kingdom Monera are
Bacteria
Most abundant micro-organisms are
Bacteria
Spherical shaped bacteria are grouped under which category?
Coccus
Rod-shaped bacteria are under which category?
Bacillus
Comma-shaped bacteria are grouped under which category?
Vibrium(pl.:vibrio)
Spiral-shaped bacteria are grouped under which category?
Spirillium
Compared to many other organisms, which group show the most extensive metabolic diversity?
Bacteria
Archaebacteria that live in the salty areas are known as
halophiles
Archaebacteria that live in the hot springs are known as
thermoacidophiles
Archaebacteria that live in the marshy areas are known as
methanogens
Methanogens are reponsible for the production of which gas?
Methane (biogas)
The eubacteria are also referred as blue green algae
Cyanobacteria
Which chlorophyll pigment is present in cyanobacteria for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a
Some of blue green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called
Heterocyst
The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by
gelatinous/ mucilagnous sheath
Examples of blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen
Nostoc and Anabaena
Bacteria that oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia
Chemosynthetic autotrophic
Bacteria which play an important role in recycling nutrients, phosphorus, iron and sulphur
Chemosynthetic autotrophic
The bacteria that are used in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics and fixing nitrogen in legume roots is called
Heterotrophic bacteria
Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well known diseases caused by
Bacteria
Bacteria reproduce mainly by
fission
Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria produce
spores
Bacteria that completely lack cell wall is
Mycoplasma
Smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen is
Mycoplasma
Under which kingdom all single-celled eukaryotes are placed
Protista
Which group includes diatoms and golden algae(desmids) ?
Chryosphytes
The cell wall forms two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap box is known as
Diatoms
____ are the chief producers in the oceans
Diatoms
Two flagella; one lies longitudinal and other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates is present in
Dinoflagellates
Red dinoflagellates that undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red(red tides)-
Gonyaulax
Instead of cell wall, euglenoids have a protein rich layer called
Pellicle
Which protista group when deprived of sunlight behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms-
Euglenoids
Pigments of ____ are identical to those present in higher plants -
Euglenoids
Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called
Plasmodium
Which protista group is primitive relatives of animals ?
Protozoans
Entamoeba is which type of Protozoan?
Amoeboid protozoans
Amoeboid protozoans move and capture their prey by putting out
pseudopodia
Example of flagellated protozoan is
Trypanosoma
Example of ciliated protozoan is
Paramoecium
Example of sporozoan that is malarial parasite is
Plasmodium
Name the unicellular fungi which is used to make bread and beer
Yeast
Which rust-causing fungi is known as
Puccinia
Examples of fungus which is source of antibiotics
Penicillium
Fungi body consists of long, slender thread-like structures called
hyphae
The network of hyphae is known as
mycelium
Hyphae that are continous tubes with multinucleated cytoplasm- these are called
coenocytic hyphae
The cell wall of fungi is composed of
chitin and polysaccharides
Fungi can live as symboints- in association with algae known as
lichens
Symbiotic association of fungus with roots of higher plants is known as
mycorrhiza
Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes are called
plasmogamy
Fusion of two nuclei is called
karyogamy
In fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e. two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called
dikaryon
In Phycomycetes mycelium is
aseptate and coenocytic
Name the fungi which is also known as bread mould
Rhizopus
Ascomycetes are commonly known as
sac fungi
Fungi that grow on dung are known as
corprophilous
Mycelium in Ascomycetetes is
branched and septate
Asexual spores of Ascomycetes are known as
conidia
Sexual spores of Ascomycetes are known as
ascospores
An example of Ascomycetes that is extensively in biochemical and genetic work
Neurospora
Many members like ___ and ___ are edible and are considered delicacies
Morels and Truffles
The basidiospores are exogenously produced on the
basidium
Example of smut fungus is
Ustilago
Example of rust fungus is
Puccinia
Deuteromycetes is commonly known as
Imperfect fungi
Mycelium of Deuteromycetes is
Septate and branched
The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as
conidia
Examples of Deuteromycetes is
Alternaria, Collectotrichum
Examples of partially heterotrophic plants is
Bladderwort and venus fly trap and cuscuta
Example of plant as a parasite is
Cuscuta
Members of Kingdom Animalia store food reserves as
glycogen or fat
In member of Kingdom Animalia mode of nutrition is
holozoic
Name thescientist who gave the definition of virus as venom or poisonous fluid
Louis Pasteur
Certain microbes recognised as casual organism of the mosaic disease of tobacco is called
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Who demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants?
M.W Beijerinek
Who showed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consists largely of proteins?
W M Stanley
In virus capsid is made of small subunits is known as
capsomeres
Who discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle tuber disease?
T O Diener
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle is caused by
Prions
Analogous variant of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is ____ in humans
Cr Jacob Disease
Symbiotic association i.e. mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi is known as
Lichens
The algal component in Lichens is known as
phycobiont
The fungal component in Lichens is known as
mycobiont
Since the drawn of civilisation, there have been many attemy to classify ___ organisma
living
Earliest attempts of classifications were borne out of need to use organisms for our own use - for ____, _____ and ______
food, shelter and chlothing
Aristotle divided animals into two groups on the basis of presence of ___
red blood
____ didnot distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organism
Two kingdom system of classification
Classification of organisms into ___ and ___ was easily done and was easy to understand, but, a large number of organisms did not fall into either category
plants, animals
Besides, gross morphology a need was also felt for including other characteristics like ____, nature of wall, _____, habitat, methods of reproduction, _____, etc
cell structure, mode of nutrition, evolutionary relatonships
____ and ___ kingdoms have been a constant under all different classification systems.
Plant, animal
The ____ and ___ of other kingdoms have also been understood differently by differernt scientists over the time.
number, nature
The main criteria for classifcation used by Whittaker include cell structure, ____, mode of nutrition, ___ and phylogenetic relationships.
body organisation, reproduction
Earlier classification systems include bacteria, blue green algae, ___, mosses, ___, ____ and the angiosperms under ‘plants’
fungi, ferns, gymnsperms
The character that unified whole kingdom pf plant under earlier classification was that all the organisms included had a ___ in their cells.
cell wall
Earlier classification systems for plants brought together the ___ bacteria and blue green algae (cyanobacteria) with other groups which were _____
prokaryotic, eukaryotic
Earlier classification systems grouped together the unicellular organisms and the multicellular ones, say, for example, _____ and _____ were placed together under algae
Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra
Noncellulosic cell wall containing polysaccharide amino acid is found in kingdom _____
Monera
Cell wall is absent in kingdom _____
Animalia
Nuclear membrane is present in all kingdoms except _____
Monera
Loose tissue body organisation is found in kingdom ______
Fungi
Cellular body organisation is found in kingdom ____ and _____
Monera, Protista
Autotrophic mode of nutrition is present in kingdom _____, ______ and ______
Monera, Protista and plantae
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is present in kingdom ____ and _____
Fungi and Animalia
The fungi had ___ in their walls while green plants had a _____ cell wall.
chitin, cellulosic
All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under kingdom ____ and the unicellular eukaryotic eukaryotic organisms were placed in kingdom ____
Monera, Protista
Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflects not only the morphological, ____ and ____ similarities, but is also phylogenetic.
physiological, reproductive
Phylogenetic relationships are based on ____ relationships.
evolutionary
_____ occur almost everywhere
bacteria
Bacteria also live in extreme habitats sucha as ___, deserts, snow and _____ where very few life forms can survive
hot springs, deep oceans
Many bacteria live in or on other organisms as ______
parasites
Through the bacterial structure is very _____, they are very complex in ____.
simple, behaviour
____ bacteria synthesise their own food from inorganic substrates.
Autotrophic
Autotrophic bacteria may be ____ or _____
photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic.
The vast majority of bacteria are ____, i.e., they depend on other organisms or on dead ____ matter for food
heterotrophs, organic
Archaebacteria are special since they live in some of the most ____ habitants
harsh
Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different _____ structure.
cell wall
Having a different cell wall structure is responsible for survival of ______ in extreme conditions
archaebacteria
Methanogens are present in the gut of several ____ animals such as cows and buffaloes.
ruminant
There are thousands of different ___ or ‘true bacteria’
eubacteria
Eubacteria are characterised by the presence of rigid ____, and if motile, a ____
cell wall, flagellum
The cyanobacteria are ____, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/ marine or _____ algae
unicellular, terrestrial
Blue green algae often form ___ in polluted water bodies.
blooms
___ bacteria are most abundant in nature
heterotropic
Majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important _____
decomposers
Bacteria also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adapting a primitive type of _____ from one bacterium to the other
DNA transfer
Many mycoplasma are ____ in animals and plants.
pathogenic
All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under _____
protista
The boundaries of kingdom _____ are not well defined
protista
What may be ‘a photosynthetic protistian’ to one biologist may be ‘____’ to another
plant
Members of Protista are primarily _____
aquatic
Kingdoms protista forms a link with the others dealing with _____, ______ and _______.
plants, animals and fungi
Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a well defined nucleus and other ____ organelles.
membrane-bound
Some members of kingdom protista have _____ or ______
flagella, cilla
Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving _____ and ____ formation
cell fusion, zygote
Chrysophytes are found in _____ as well as in ____ environments
freshwater, marine
Chrysophytes are ____ and float passively in water currents
microscopic
Most of the chrysophytes are ___
photosynthetic
The walls of diatoms are embedded with ____ and thus the walls are indestructible
silica
Diatoms have left behind large amount of ____ deposits in their habitat
cell wall
Accumulation of diatom’s cell wall deposits over billions of years is referred to as ___
diatomaceous earth
Being ___ diatomaceous earth is used in _____, filtration of oils and syrups
gritty, polishing
Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and ____
photosynthetic
Dinoflagellates appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the main ___ present in their cells
pigments
The cell wall in dinoflagellates has stiff _____ plates on the outer surface
cellulose
____ released by large number of dinoflagellates may even kill other marine animals such as fishes
toxins
Majority of euglenoids are fresh water organisms found in ____ water
stagnant
Due to pellicle, the body of euglenoids is ___
flexible
Euglenoids are ____ in the presence of sunlight
photosynthetic
Slime moulds are ____ protists
saprophytic
The body of slime moulds moves along decaying twigs and leaves ____ organic material
engulfing
During unfavourable conditions, the ____ differentiates and forms ______ bearing spores at their tips
plasmodium; fruiting bodies
The spores of plasmodium possess true ____
walls
The spores of ____ are extremely ____ and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions
plasmodium; resistant
In plasmodium, the spores are dispersed by _____
air currents
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as ____ or _____
predators, parasites
There are ____ major groups of protozoans
four
Amoeboid protozoans live in freshwater, ____ or ____
seawater, moist soil
Marine form of amoeboid protozoans have _____ on their surface
silica shells
Examples of an amoeboid protozoan which is parasitic is _____
Entamoeba
Flagellated protozoans are characterised by the presence of ___
flagella
Flagellated protozoans are either _____ or _____
free - living, parasitic
____ is a parasitic form that causes diseases such as sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
Ciliated protozoans are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of ____
cilia
Ciliated protozoans have a cavity (___) that opens to the outside of the cell surface
gullet
The ____ movement of rows of cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the ____
coordinated, gullet
Sporozoans include diverse organisms that have an infectious ___ stage in their life cycle
spore-like
The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of ___ organisms
heterotrophic
The fungi show a great diversity in __ and habitat
morphology
The common mushroom you eat and _____ are ____
toadstools, fungi
White spots seen on _____ leaves are due to a parasitic fungus
mustard
Fungi are ____ and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants
cosmopolitan
Fungi prefer to grow in ___ and ____ places
warm, humid
We keep food in the refrigerator to prevent food from going bad due to ____ or ___ infections
bacterial, fungal
With the exception of yeats which are _____, fungi are ____
unicellular, filamentous
Some fungi may have ___ or ____ in their hyphae
septate, cross walls
Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called ____
saprophytes
Those fungi that depend on living plants and animals are called ____
parasites
Vegetative means of reproduction in fungi include _____
fragmentation, fission and budding
What are the asexual spores found in fungi?
conidia, sporangiospores, zoospores
What are the sexual spores found in fungi ?
oospores, ascospores and basidiospores
The various spores are produced in distinct structures called ____
fruiting bodies
The sexual cycle in fungi involves ___ steps
three
___ in zygote results in the formation of ____ spores
Meiosis, haploid
When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of ____ mating types come together and fuse
compatible
In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in ____ cells
diploid
Phase of occurence of an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e. two nuclei per cell) is called _____ of fungus
dikaryophase
The fungi form ____ in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation of ____ spores
fruiting bodies, haploid
The morphology of the mycelium, ___ and fruiting bodies from the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes
mode of spore formation
Members of _____ are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as ___ on plants
phycomycetes, obligate parasites
Asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by motile ____
zoospores
Asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by non-motile _____
aplanospores
The asexual spores are endogenously produced in ____
sporangium
A ____ is formed by fusion of two gametes
zygospore
The gametes that are similar in morphology are called ___
isogamous
The gametes that are dissimilar in morphology are called___
anisogamous or oogamous
___ is the parasitic fungi found on mustard
Albugo
An example of multicellular ascomycetes is ___
Penicillium
An example of unicellular ascomycetes is ___
yeast (Saccharomyces)
Conidia are produces exogenously on the special mycelium called ____
conidiophores
Conidia on germination produce ____
mycelium
Ascospores are produces ___ in sac like asci (singular ascus)
endogenously
The asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ____
ascocarps
Aspergillus and Claviceps belong to which class of fungi ?
Ascomycetes
Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are ____ bracket fungi or _____
mushrooms, puffballs
Basidiomycetes grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites, e.g., ____ and ____
rusts, smuts
The mycelium is ___ and ____ in basidiomycetes
branched, septate
The asexual spores are generally not found in ___
basidiomycetes
In basidiomycetes vegetative reproduction by ____ is common
fragmentation
In basidiomycetes sex organs are ____
absent
In basidiomycetes ____ is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different ___ or ______
plasmogamy, strains, genotypes
The resultant structure of plasmogamy in basidiomycetes is ____ which ultimately gives rise to basidium
dikaryotic
Plasmogamy in basidiomycetes results in a dikaryotic structure which ultimately gives rise to ____
basidium
Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium producing ____ basidiospores
four
The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called _____
basidiocarps
In deuteromycetes only the ___ or ____ phases of these fungi are known
asexual, vegetative
Fungi belonging to class ___ are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
deuteromycetes
Kingdom Plantae include all eukaryotic _____containing organisms commonly called plants
chlorophyll
The plants have eukaryotic structure with prominent ___ and cell wall mainly made of cellulose
chloroplasts
Plants includes _____
algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
Life cycle of plants has ___ distinct phases
two
The diploid sporophytic and the haploid ____ phase alternate with each other in plants
gametophytic
The length of haploid and diploid phases, and whether the phases are ____ or ___ on others, vary among different groups in plants
free-living, dependent
The phenomenon called alternation of generation is found in kingdom ____
plantae
The kingdom animalia is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are
multicellular
Members of kingdom animalia lack ____ in their cells
cell walls
Members of kingdom animalia directly or indirectly depend on ____ for food
plants
Mode of nutrition by ingestion of food is called ____
holozoic
Animals follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have a definite ____ and _____
shape, size
Higher forms of animals show elaborate ____ and _____ mechanism
sensory, neuromotor
Most members of kingdom _____ are capable of locomotion
animalia
In kingdom animalia sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by _____ development
embryological
In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of _____ and some acellular organisms
lichens
Name some acellular organisms
viruses, viroids and prions
Common cold or ‘flu’ is caused by ____
viruses
Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not considered truly _____
living
The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterized by having an ___ structure outside the living cell
Crystalline
Once a virus infects a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to ____ themselves, killing the host
replicate
Dmitri Ivanowsky found causal organism of the mosaic disease of tobacc to be smaller than ____
bacteria
M.W. Beijerinek called the infectious living fluid as _____
Contagium vivum fluidum
Viruses are inert outside their specific ____ cell
host
Viruses are obligate ____
parasites
In addition to ___ viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either ____
proteins, DNA or RNA
No virus contains both ___ and ____
RNA, DNA
A virus is a nucleoprotein and the ____ material is infectious
genetic
In general, viruses that infect plants have ____ RNA
single stranded
In general, viruses that infect animals have either ____ RNA or _____ DNA
single or double stranded, double stranded
___ are viruses that infect the bacteria
Bacteriophages
Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages are usually _____ DNA viruses
double stranded
____ protects the nuclei acid
capsid
The ____ are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms
capsomers
_____ causes diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza
Viruses
AIDS in humans is also caused by a _____
virus
In plants, the symptoms of viral infection can be ___
mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling
In plants, the symptoms of viral infections can be ____ and vein clearing, dwarfing and _____ growth
yellowing, stunted
The protein coat of virus is called ____
capsid
____ were found to be a free RNA
Viroids
Viroids lacked the ____ that is found in viruses
protein coat
The RNA of the viroid was of low ____
molecular weight
In moder medicine certain infectious _____ disease were found to be transmitted by an agent consisting of abnormally ____
neurological, folded protein
___ are similar in size to viruses
Prions
Phycobionts and mycobionts are ___ and ____, respectively
autotrophic, heterotrophic
In case of lichens, ____ prepare food for fungi
algae
In lichens, fungi provide ____ and mineral nutrients and ____ for its parter
shelter, water
If one saw a ____ in nature one would never imagine that two different organisms within them
lichen
Lichens are very good ____ indicators
pollution
___ do not grow in polluted areas
Lichens
Viruses are inert outside their specific ____ cell
host
Mark A, B, C and D in the given figure
A - Cocci
B - Bacilli
C - Spirilla
D - Vibrio
Mark A and B in the given figure
A - Heterocyst
B - Mucilagenous Sheath
Mark A, B and C in the given figure
A - Cell wall
B - Cell Membrane
C - DNA
Mark A and B in the given figure
A -Euglena
B -Paramoecium
Mark A, B and C in the given figure.
A - Mucor
B - Aspergillus
C - Agaricus
Mark A and B in the given figure
A - RNA
B - Capsid
Mark A, B , C, and D in the given figure
A - Head
B - Collar
C - Sheath
D - Tail Fibres
Mark A & B in the given figure.
A - Dinoflagellates, B - Slime moulds
