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Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acid soluble pool or filtrate form a living tissue is rich in

A

Organic compounds

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2
Q

The carbon compounds extracted from living tissues are called

A

Biomolecules

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3
Q

A fully burnt tissue i.e., ash will give you access to ____ elements

A

Inorganic elements

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4
Q

The predominant element in human body, after oxygen is

A

Carbon

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5
Q

Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and an acidic group and an acidic group as substituents on the same carbon i.e., the alpha-carbon. Hence, they are called

A

alpha - amino acids

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6
Q

Alpha amino acids are substituted _____

A

Methanes

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7
Q

Amino acids which occur in proteins are only ____ in number

A

Twenty

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8
Q

The R group of glycine is

A

Hydrogen

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9
Q

The amino acid possessing methyl group as an R group is

A

Alanine

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10
Q

The R group of serine is

A

Hydroxy methyl

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11
Q

Chemically, glutamic acid is an

A

Acidic amino acid

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12
Q

An example of a basic amino acid is

A

Lysine

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13
Q

The charge on valine under normal conditions is

A

Zero

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14
Q

The three aromatic amino acids are

A

Tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan

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15
Q

Structurally, Phenylalanine is an

A

Aromatic amino acid

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16
Q

Two ionisable groups of amino acids are particulary ___ and ____

A

-COOH and -NH2

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17
Q

The net charge on zwitter ionic form an amino acid is

A

Zero

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18
Q

Simple fatty acids which are not soluble in water are called

A

Lipids

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19
Q

In a fatty acid, R group is attached to ____ group

A

Carboxyl

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20
Q

Carbon atoms in an R group of fatty acid, excluding carboxyl carbon, can vary upto

A

19

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21
Q

A fatty acid containing 16 carbons in total is named as

A

Palmitic acid

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22
Q

Carbon atoms present in arachidonic acid are

A

20

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23
Q

Fatty acid without double bond are called

A

Saturated fatty acid

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24
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids contains one or more ____ bonds

A

C = C double

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25
Q

Glycerol is common name for

A

Trihydroxy propane

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26
Q

Monoglycerides are composed of both ___ and ____

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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27
Q

Oils remain as liquid even during winter due to

A

low melting point

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28
Q

Lecithin is an example of

A

Phosphoipid

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29
Q

The tissues having lipids with more compex structures are

A

Neutral tissues

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30
Q

A nitrogen base attached to sugar forms a

A

nucleoslide

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31
Q

Nucleotide is composed of nucleoslide and ___

A

phosphate group

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32
Q

Uridine is a

A

Nucleoside

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33
Q

A phosphate group attached to thymidine forms ____

A

Thymidylic acid (a nucleotide)

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34
Q

The building block of DNA and RNA is

A

Nucleotide

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35
Q

In nucleotide, phosphate group is attached to

A

Sugar

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36
Q

The two most abundant elements found in living organism, other than oxygen are

A

Carbon and nitrogen

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37
Q

The metabolite compounds other than primary metabolites found in plants, fungal and microbial cells are called ____

A

Secondary metabolites

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38
Q

Morphine and codeine are secondary metabolites categorized under

A

Alkaloids

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39
Q

The two secondary metabolites which function as plant pigments are ____ and ____

A

Carotenoids and anthocyanins

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40
Q

A terpenoid of ecological importance is

A

Monoterpenes or diterpenes

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41
Q

Name three compounds which are secondary metabolites used as polymeric substances

A

Rubber, gum and cellulose

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42
Q

The metabolites which are important for normal physiological processes are

A

Primary metabolites

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43
Q

A toxin produced as a secondary metabollite

A

Ricin or abrin

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44
Q

Antibiotics and spices are the examples of

A

secondary metabolites

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45
Q

The molecular weight of compounds in acid-soluble pool ranges from

A

18 - 800 daltons

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46
Q

The biomolecules having molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons are referred to as

A

micromolecules

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47
Q

Proteins, nuclei acids, lipids and polysaccharides are found in acid ____ fraction

A

insoluble

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48
Q

The compound of acid insoluble pool which is not polymeric substance is

A

Lipids

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49
Q

The molecular weight of lipid molecular does not exceed ____ daltons

A

800

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50
Q

Compounds in acid insoluble pool with the exception of _____, have molecular weights in the range of ten thousand daltons and above

A

lipids

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51
Q

Acid insoluble pool includes macromolecules from both ____ and ____

A

cytoplasm and organelles

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52
Q

The most abundant chemical found in living organisms is

A

water

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53
Q

Proteins are linear chains of

A

Amino acids

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54
Q

Amino acids in a polypeptide are linked by ____

A

peptide bond

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55
Q

The type of amino acids supplied through our diet are called

A

Essential amino acids

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56
Q

The building blocks of enzymes are some hormones are

A

Proteins

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57
Q

Proteins which enables glucose transport in cells is

A

GLUT-4

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58
Q

The most abundant protein in animal world is

A

Collagen

59
Q

The most abundant protein in whole biosphere is

A

RuBisCO

60
Q

Polysaccharides are macromolecules that are composed of ____

A

Sugars

61
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of

A

Glucose

62
Q

Polymer of fructose is known as

A

Inulin

63
Q

The store house of energy in plant tissues is

A

Starch

64
Q

The molecules starch can hold in its helical structure are

A

I2 (iodine)

65
Q

Plant cell walls are made of ____

A

Cellulose

66
Q

The major component of paper and cotton fibre is

A

Cellulose

67
Q

Exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of

A

Chitin

68
Q

The fraction of living tissue in which nuclei acids are found is

A

Acid insoluble pool

69
Q

The building block of nuclei acid is

A

Nucleotide

70
Q

Nucleotide is composed of a heterocyclic compound, monosaccharide and _____

A

phosphate group

71
Q

The heterocyclic component of nucleotide is

A

nitrogenous base

72
Q

Adenine and guanine are substitued ____

A

Purines

73
Q

Cytosine is a substituted _____

A

Pyrimidine

74
Q

The sugar found in RNA is

A

Ribose or a monosaccharide pentose

75
Q

The sugar found in DNA is

A

2’ deoxyribose

76
Q

The pyrimidines found in nuclei acid are ____, _____ and ____

A

cytosine, uracil and thymine

77
Q

The structure of protein depicting the sequence of amino acids is

A

primary structure

78
Q

The first amino acid of a polypeptide chain is referred as

A

N-terminal amino acid

79
Q

The last structure of the primary structure of protein is

A

C - terminal amino acid

80
Q

The type of helix observed in secondary structure of protein is

A

Right-handed helix

81
Q

The protein structure which gives a 3-dimensional view is

A

Tertiary structure

82
Q

The structure of protein required for most of the biological activites is

A

Tertiary structure

83
Q

Proteins arranged as linear string of spheres and spheres arranged upon one another gives ____ structures

A

Quaternary

84
Q

Two types of subunits making up adult human haemoglobin are ____ and ____

A

Alpha and beta

85
Q

Total number of subunits making up the structure of adult human haemoglobin are

A

Four

86
Q

The chemical process involved in the formation of a peptide bond is

A

Dehydration

87
Q

Peptide bond is formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and ____ group of next amino acid

A

amino

88
Q

The molecule that get eliminated during the formation of peptide bond is

A

Water

89
Q

Individual monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are linked together by

A

Glycosidic bond

90
Q

Formation of glycosidic bond leads to the elimination of

A

water molecule

91
Q

The bond between phosphate and hydroxyl group of sugar in a nuclei acid is

A

Ester bond

92
Q

Nucleotides in a nucleic acid are linked by

A

Phosphodiester bond

93
Q

According to Watson Crick model, DNA exists in secondary structure as

A

Double helix

94
Q

The backbone of DNA is formed by

A

Sugar phosphate sugar chain

95
Q

The component of nuclei acid projecting inwards in DNA helix is

A

Nitrogenous base

96
Q

In DNA, A and T are linked to each other by

A

Two hydrogen bonds

97
Q

G and C in nucleic acid are bonded by

A

Three hydrogen bonds

98
Q

The number of base pairs involved in one full turn of helical strand are

A

10

99
Q

The pitch of DNA helix is

A

34 A

100
Q

The rise per base pair in B- DNA is

A

3.4 A

101
Q

Metabolites are converted into each other in series of linked reactions called

A

Metabolic pathways

102
Q

The catalyst which increase the rate of metabolic reaction in living system are called

A

Enzymes

103
Q

Enzymes are composed of

A

proteins

104
Q

Metabolic pathways that lead to synthesis of complex structures from simpler structures are called

A

Anabolic pathways

105
Q

Metabolic pathways that involve degradation of complex substances to yield simpler structures are called

A

Catabolic pathways

106
Q

During anabolic reactions, energy is

A

Consumed

107
Q

Degradation of glucose to lactic acid in skeletal muscles is an example of

A

Catabolic pathways

108
Q

The most important energy currency of living systems is

A

ATP

109
Q

The concentration of glucose in blood of a normal healthy individual is _____ mmol/L

A

4.2 - 6.1

110
Q

The nuclei acids that behave as enzymes are called

A

Ribozymes

111
Q

The structure of enzyme that depicts its active site is

A

Tertiary structure

112
Q

The site of enzymes where the substrate fits is called

A

Active site

113
Q

The catalyst that can work at high temperatures and high pressures are

A

Inorganic catalyst

114
Q

The catalyst which get damaged at high temperatures are

A

enzymes

115
Q

Rate of reaction doubles or decreases by half for every ___ change in either direction

A

10 C

116
Q

The enzyme catalysing the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is

A

Carbonic anhydrase

117
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, glucose in skeletal muscles is converted to ____

A

lactic acid

118
Q

In yeast, during fermentation, breakdown of glucose leads to the formation of

A

ethanol

119
Q

What is converted by enzymes into product?

A

substrate

120
Q

Transition state structure is formed when substrate binds to ____ site

A

Enzyme active

121
Q

The formation of which complex in an enzymatic process is a transient phenomenon?

A

ES complex

122
Q

When energy of product is lower that that of substrate, the rate of reaction is

A

Exothermic

123
Q

The difference in energy content of ‘S’ from that of transition state is called

A

activation energy

124
Q

Formation of which complex is essential for catalysis in a chemical reaction?

A

ES complex

125
Q

Enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular temperature called

A

Optimum temperature

126
Q

Enzyme remains inactive at low temperature while enzymatic structure denatures at ____ temperatures

A

High

127
Q

Velocity of an enzymatic reaction does not exceed beyond ___

A

Maximum velocity

128
Q

When an inhibitor closely resembles the substrates in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as

A

Competitive inhibitor

129
Q

Malonate closely resembles the substrate ____

A

succinate

130
Q

Dehydrogenases generally catalyse the reaction of ___

A

oxireduction

131
Q

Enzymes catalysing hydrolysis fall under the class-

A

Hydrolases

132
Q

Enzymes that catalyse removal of groups from substrate by mechanism other than hydrolysis, leaving double bonds are categorised under class-

A

Lyases

133
Q

Reaction linking together two compounds are catalysed by

A

ligases

134
Q

Enzymes involved in interconversion of optical, geometric or positional isomers are

A

isomerases

135
Q

Non-protein constituents that are bound to enzymes to make them catalytically active are called

A

Co-factors

136
Q

The protein part of enzymes is called

A

Apoenzyme

137
Q

Prosthetic groups, coenzymes and metal ions are

A

Co-factors

138
Q

The cofactors that are organic compounds tightly bound to apoenzyme are known as

A

Prosthetic groups

139
Q

The prosthetic group in peroxidase and catalase which catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is

A

Haem

140
Q

The organic compounds whose association with apoenzyme is transient, usually occurring during the course of catalysis are known as ___

A

Co-enzymes

141
Q

Coenzyme NAD contains vitamin-

A

Niacin

142
Q

The bond formed by metal ions during their association with active site as well as substrate are

A

Co-ordination bonds

143
Q

The metal ion acting as a cofactor for carboxypeptidase is

A

Zinc

144
Q

Write the name of amino acid which does not contain chiral centre?

A

NH2 - CH2- COOH (glycine)

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