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Medicine > Reproductive/ Embryology > Flashcards

Reproductive/ Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prostate?

A

An exocrine muscular gland surrounding the male urethra

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2
Q

What is the Seminal Gland?

A

An exocrine gland which the Vas Deferens passes through

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3
Q

What is secreted by the Prostate Gland? and what does it include?

A

Prostatic secretions:

  • Prostate Specific Antigen - liquefies sperm
  • Prostasomes
  • Acid Phosphatase - when activated by H+ ions cleaves other substances to produce further energy
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4
Q

What is secreted by Seminal Glands?

A

accounts for 60% of overall semen.

  • Fructose - for energy
  • Prostagladins - to initiate smooth muscle contraction in the cervix
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5
Q

What stimulates the production of somites?

A

NOTCH

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6
Q

What is released that stimulates the differentiation of somites?

A

FGF-8

WNT3a

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7
Q

What growth factors stimulate the activation of muscle specific genes?

A

WNT

BMP4

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8
Q

What are the specific muscle genes switched on by WNT and BMP4 which promote the cell to differentiate into muscle cells.

A

MYOD

MYF5

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9
Q

What branch of the myotome cells migrate to produce the limbs?

A

Abaxial/ Hypaxial

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10
Q

What transcription factor is responsible for the production of tendon?

A

Scleraxis

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11
Q

What weeks does limb formation take place?

A

5-8

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12
Q

What promotes the direction of the limb formation - to grow outwards.

A

Apical Ectoderm Ridge

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13
Q

What is released by tge AER to prevent differentiation of the mesenchymal cells?

A

FGF-4

FGF - 8

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14
Q

What is the dorsal ridge of the mesoderm on the limb forming called?

A

Radical Fringe

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15
Q

What is the ventral ridge of the mesoderm on the limb forming called?

A

Engrailed

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16
Q

What growth factors are released from the mesoderm to promote the proliferation of the mesenchymal cells?

A

FGF-10

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17
Q

What genes control the differentiation of the limb whilst it forms?

A

HOX genes - 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

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18
Q

What protein is responsible for the production of chondrocytes from the mesenchymal cells?

A

Bone Morphogenic Protein - BMP

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19
Q

What Week does the neural tube fold?

A

Week 4

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20
Q

What week does the heart form?

A

Week 4

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21
Q

What week does ossification start?

A

Week 8

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22
Q

What is the part of the fetal placenta called?

A

Chorion Frondosum

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23
Q

What is the part of the maternal placenta called?

A

Decidua Basalis

24
Q

What day does the placenta begin to develop?

A

Day 7

25
Q

What day/weekdoes the primary villi of the chorionic form?

A

Day 14, week 2/3

26
Q

When is the tertiary chorionic villi formed?

A

Day 27/ End of week 3.

27
Q

What deformity can tetracyclines lead to?

A

Calcium deposits and loss of enamel

28
Q

What are the defects of Stretomycin in embryology?

A

Inner ear infection

29
Q

What is the protozoan parasitic infection of worry during pregnancy?

A

Toxoplasmosis Gondii

30
Q

During neuropore closure, is the concentration of Sonic Hedgehog higher or lower at the anterior neuropore? and what is the outcome of this?

A

SH protein is expressed in higher quantities at the anterior neuropore.
As a result there is increased suppression of Noggin. Which thus increases the levels of BMP4.
inhibiting the lateral hinge point formation

31
Q

At which month of fetal development do the testes decent out of the abdomen?

A

7th month

32
Q

What tubules produce sperm?

A

Seminferous tubules

33
Q

What is the most common type of testicular cancer?

A

Germ cell tumours

34
Q

Through which passage would a tumour from the prostate spread to the brain?

A

Vertebrae venous plexus of Batson

35
Q

What is the name of the structure that is the intermediate from epidymitis to the Vas deferens

A

Rete Testi

36
Q

What factor is not involved in early cardiac tissue development?

A

MYOD

37
Q

What tissue does the heart originate from?

A

Splanchinic mesoderm

38
Q

What factor is responsible for the production of smooth muscle?

A

Serum response factor

39
Q

What is the morula?

A

Ball of totipotent cells, the result of cleavage

40
Q

In the placenta, what are the transporters of glucose, amino acids, vitamins and amino acids called?

A

Hexoses

41
Q

What is Human Chorionic Somatomammatropin?

A

A hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts that gives the fetus priority to glucose. `

42
Q

What is Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin hormone?

A

A hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts, that is produced from implantation onward. It reduces the corpus luteum in the mother.

This is the hormone used in the detection of pregnancy.

43
Q

When does the yolk sac disappear?

A

week 20

44
Q

Name three sets of smooth muscle that do not derive from the mesoderm?

A

Pupillary muscles, mamary glands and sweat glands

45
Q

What signals inhibit BMP4?

A

Chordin and Noggin

46
Q

Define induction relationship

A

It involves two sets of cells.

  • Inductors
  • Responders

The inductors send out signal which cause a a change to cellular activity of the responders.

e.g Cells sending Gf’s to activate other cells.

47
Q

What does HcG do during early pregnancy?

A

Maintains progesterone levels by maintain the [corpus luteum] to keep producing progesterone

48
Q

What is the function of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Maintains the lining and integrity of the uterus.

Stops the release of another egg. i.e. menstrual cycle

49
Q

What T-BOX gene regulators differentiate the upper limb from the lower limb during development?

A

Upper Limb: T-BOX - 5

Lower Limb: T-BOX - 4 and PITX1

50
Q

What are the mechanisms which control folding of the neural tube?

A

Median Hinge Point

Dorsal Lateral Hinge Points

Intrinsic cell shape
- microtubule shape

Neural crest cells migration

Extrinsic folding of the fetus

51
Q

What controls the rate of limb growth?

A

Age of mesoderm. Not the ectoderm.

Transplantation of an old ectoderm onto a young mesoderm will continue to grow

52
Q

What are the three compartments of limb growth?

A

stylopod > Zeugopod > Autopod

53
Q

What day is digit separation complete?

A

Day 56

54
Q

What week is there primary ossification centres in the bone?

A

Week 12

55
Q

What is the mass on the ventral of the neural tube called and what signals promote its development?

A

Floor plate.

Sonic Hedgehog

56
Q

What inhibits smoothened molecule from carrying down stream signalling?

A

Patched

57
Q

What can result if there is only one copy of SHH?

A

Holoprosencephaly

Medicine (33 decks)

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